Abstract
The study aimed to determine the phytochemicals and to assess the antibacterial activities of crude extracts of different parts of Calpurnia aurea against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157 H:7, Salmonella typhi, and Campylobacter jejuni. The fresh and healthy leaves, barks, stems, and roots of the plant parts were collected, herbarium, dried, and grounded, and bioactive compounds were extracted by ethanol (99%) and water. Mass of crude extracts was determined by using the Whatman No. 1 filter paper and rotary evaporator. Major secondary metabolites were also screened using phytochemical screening tests. Antibacterial activities (inhibition zones, mm) and minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) were evaluated using agar-well diffused methods and agar dilution methods, respectively. The antibiotics ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, penicillin, and tetracycline were used as positive controls at concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml, while distilled water was used as the negative control. All the crude extracts were tested triplet (3x) for antibacterial activities against selected bacterial strains with two different concentrations 25 and 50 mg/ml and analyzed to compare the mean ± standard deviation between triplets. The results revealed that ethanol extracts showed high crude mass extracts, antibacterial activities, and major secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tennis, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and phlobatannins compared with aqueous extracts. Among antibiotics used, penicillin showed resistance to S. aureus and E. coli O157 H:7. C. jejuni was found to be the most susceptible bacterium to ethanol extracts' leaves, barks, and stems with MIC 3.125 mg/ml, whereas S. aureus was the least susceptible to all crude extracts. The study provided the traditional and scientific basis of Calpurnia aurea used against some bacterial diseases.
Highlights
In Ethiopia, people have been using ethnomedicinal plants traditionally to treat both human and animal diseases
It is documented that approximately 80% of the Ethiopian population relies on traditional medicine to cure ailments [1] since plants are rich in a wide diversity of secondary metabolites that have been found to exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-infectious, and antitumor activities [2]
Phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of the C. aurea leaf revealed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins
Summary
In Ethiopia, people have been using ethnomedicinal plants traditionally to treat both human and animal diseases. It is documented that approximately 80% of the Ethiopian population relies on traditional medicine to cure ailments [1] since plants are rich in a wide diversity of secondary metabolites that have been found to exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-infectious, and antitumor activities [2]. Natural herbivore animals consumed or grazed herbs which might have tremendous antimicrobial activities to improve their life quality and maintain their health [5]. Such traditional medicine is still being used in rural and urban areas, but it is more widely practiced in rural areas where there is limited modern health service. Little work has been done to promote traditional medicine which can be commercially available for veterinary practitioners [6]
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