Crude Ethanol Research Articles

Phytochemical Composition and Active Ingredients of Garcinia kola Extract Using Two Methods of Extraction the (Crude Ethanol and Aqueous Extract)

Phytochemical composition and active ingredients of Garcinia kola extract using two methods of extraction (crude ethanol and aqueous extract) was conducted. Tannin was present in both the aqueous (+) and ethanol extracts (++) of the Garcinia kola qualitative phytochemical analysis. Both the ethanol (-) and aqueous (-) extracts lacked pflobatannins. In ethanol extracts (+), glycoside was detected but not found in aqueous (-). In the ethanol extract (-), saponin was not present, while it was present (++) in the aqueous extract. Comparing the aqueous extract to the ethanol extract counterpart, the mean values of saponins (30.74±10.64), flavonoids (52.97±2.80), and anthraquinones (69.74±3.77) were higher in the aqueous extract, while the corresponding mean values for the ethanol extract were 0.00±0.00, 0.67±0.24, and 26.34±26.34 for saponins, flavonoids, and anthraquinones, respectively. Keywords: Phytochemical Garcinia kola Ethanol and Aqueous extracts

Examination of the Toxicity Pattern and Influence of Azadirachta indica on Testicular Function and Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Background: Malaria, a parasitic disease caused by a single-celled parasite called Plasmodium, poses a significant global health burden, especially in tropical regions such as Africa. The impact of malaria on human health is well-documented; however, its effects on the male reproductive system and the impact of herbal extracts remain underexplored. Objectives: This study aims to investigate Azadirachta indica's toxicity and its antimalarial potency's influence on testicular function and expression of proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA). Methods: The antimalarial activity of Azadirachta indica was determined using standard procedures. Thirty male mice were used and grouped into six. Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (P. berghei infected only - negative control), group 3 (Plasmodium berghei infected + lonart - standard drug), group 4 (P. berghei infected + 100 mg/kg BWT crude ethanol extract), group 5 (P. berghei infected + 200 mg/kg BWT crude ethanol extract), group 6 (P. berghei infected + 400 mg/kg BWT crude ethanol extract). Administration of A. indica leaf extract to infected mice for four consecutive days demonstrated promising results. Results: The extract significantly suppressed parasite multiplication, ameliorated testicular damage, and improved sperm quality. The non-toxic extract also reduced oxidative stress in the testes, suggesting its potential effectiveness as phytotherapy against malaria-induced male reproductive impairments. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of A. indica emphasize its potential as a natural remedy for malaria-induced reproductive complications, offering a new avenue for therapeutic intervention in malaria-endemic regions. This study contributes to our knowledge of the intricate relationship between malaria and male reproductive health and provides valuable insights for future research and clinical applications.

Food-fuel nexus beyond mean-variance: New evidence from a quantile approach

This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between crude oil, ethanol, and corn markets across various quantiles of return distributions, as well as at higher statistical moments. Using a quantile vector autoregression model and data from 2007 to 2022, we find that the cross-market linkages are quantile dependent, with the strongest connections observed in the tails of the distribution. A shock to the oil market significantly impacts ethanol and corn returns under extreme bearish and bullish conditions. Positive shocks to the corn market reduce ethanol returns when the ethanol market is highly bullish, but this effect becomes positive in the left tail of the distribution. We also identify significant co-movement in higher statistical moments between these markets. Extreme excess kurtosis in the food-fuel nexus is more likely to occur with high financial market uncertainty, a bullish stock market, contracting industrial production, and a strong US dollar. In addition to these variables, credit spreads, futures market liquidity, futures term structure, and hedging pressure also influence kurtosis in individual markets within the nexus.

Determination of Potential Anti Quorum Sensing Activity of Eleusine indica Ethanolic Crude Extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Determination of Potential Anti Quorum Sensing Activity of Eleusine indica Ethanolic Crude Extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, and anxiolytic effects of Adiantum philippense leaf extracts

Adiantum philippense (AP) is a source of various important phytochemicals and has been traditionally used to cure many diseases, including dysentery, ulcers, fevers, cooling, and elephantiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects of AP using a number of in vitro and in vivo test protocols. For this, dried leaves were extracted by the Soxhlet extractor using ethanol. The crude ethanol extract was then fractionated by treating with chloroform and n-hexane. A preliminary phytochemical screening was done for its crude extracts. The antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts of AP was tested against 10 pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of 500 µg/disc. The ethanol extract showed significant activity against Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) bacteria. In mice, the chloroform extracts showed significant (p <0.05) antipyretic and hypoglycemic effects, while the ethanol extract exerted significant anxiolytic effects on mice. The results obtained from this study indicate that AP leaf extracts contain important phytochemical groups and exert antibacterial, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, and anxiolytic effects. Further studies are required to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for these claimed biological activities.

Photoprotective properties of four structure propolis from Heterotrigona itama stingless beehive: Fractionation, bioactivity analysis, and chemical profiling

Heterotrigona itama stingless bee propolis extract is known for its diverse bioactive compounds, making it a potential natural shield against UV radiation. This research assesses the photoprotective potential of crude ethanol extract from H. itama propolis collected from four structures (involucrum, pillar, pot, and entrance) of five bee hives (H1-H5), totalling 20 samples. Initially, the samples underwent testing for SPF value and UV absorption spectra. The crude ethanol extract (E) from the involucrum (H4) with the highest SPF value and broadest spectrum was selected for fractionation using hexane and water. Subsequently, the extract (E) and its hexane (H) and water (W) fractions were subjected to SPF analysis, UVA/UVB absorption assessment, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging capacity, anti-collagenase effects, and cytotoxicity assessment. Additionally, LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify chemical constituents in the active fraction (W). The extract E demonstrated an SPF of 8.23 ± 0.09 and UV absorption. Notably, its fraction W exhibited the highest SPF (16.55 ± 0.24) at 100 μg/mL, surpassing the H fraction (SPF 5.7 ± 0.45). Phenolic content was highest in the H fraction (388.95 ± 4.54 mg/g GAE DW), followed by the W fraction (286.76 ± 6.48 mg/g GAE DW) and crude E (91.83 ± 4.12 mg/g GAE DW) from the involucrum. Regarding flavonoids, the fraction W led with 79.82 ± 6.21 mg/g QE DW, followed by the H fraction (45.56 ± 0.05 mg/g QE DW) and E (34.57 ± 1.11 mg/g QE DW). The extract E also exhibited modest DPPH scavenging (EC50 = 120 μg/mL), while the H fraction demonstrated stronger activity (EC50 = 4.37 μg/mL), and the W fraction displayed moderate effects (EC50 = 17.55 μg/mL). Notably, the W fraction showed remarkable anti-collagenase activity, outperforming the positive control, EG. HaCaT cell cytotoxicity revealed that the extract E was cytotoxic, whereas the H and W fractions showed no toxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis identified bioactive flavonoids (e.g., pratensein, quercetin) in the W fraction. These findings highlight the superior photoprotective properties of the water fraction from the involucrum of H. itama stingless bee propolis extract, suggesting its potential as a natural and effective ingredient for sunscreen and skincare formulations.

Anti Ovarian and Cervical Cancer Potential of Tamarindus Indica Leaf Ethanol Crude Extract and Its Bioactive Fraction, Apigenin

Anti Ovarian and Cervical Cancer Potential of Tamarindus Indica Leaf Ethanol Crude Extract and Its Bioactive Fraction, Apigenin

Phytochemical Composition, In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn Leaves Extracts against Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-Producing Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family associated with a wide range of diseases, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis and urinary tract infections. Infections caused by drug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae pose a significant threat to the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. Hence, this has led to the need to explore alternative antimicrobial therapies, especially natural products derived from plant sources. This study assessed the phytochemical composition and antibacterial properties and performed a molecular docking analysis of Henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis L.) extracts on strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Crude ethanol and methanol extracts of L. inermis L. were prepared at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/mL) and tested on extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytocompounds were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and further subjected to virtual ligands screening with DataWarrior (v05.02.01) and a molecular docking analysis using AutoDock4.2 (v4.2.6). The active compounds of L. inermis L. were determined by the docking analysis, including phytochemical, physicochemical, pharmacokinetics and docking score. The GC-MS analysis identified 27 phytoconstituents, including ethyl acetate, sclareol, 2-[1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-9-[β-d-ribofuranosyl] hypoxanthine, α-bisabolol and 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 3-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutyl)-coumarin-4-yl carbonate. The 27 compounds were then screened for their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The results revealed that the methanol extracts at 100 mg/mL showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) zones of inhibition (13.7 ± 1.2 mm), while the ethanol extracts at 50 mg/mL were significantly lower (6.3 ± 0.6 mm) compared to all the other treatments. The docking analysis revealed that out of the 27 compounds identified, only twelve (12) compounds have a drug-likeness activity. The 12 compounds were further subjected to docking analysis to determine the binding energies with the CTX-M protein of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Only one compound [CID_440869; (2-[1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-9-[β-d-ribofuranosyl] hypoxanthine)] had the best binding energy of −9.76 kcal/mol; hence, it can be considered a potentially suitable treatment for infections caused by ESBLs-producing strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study has demonstrated that L. inermis L. extracts have antibacterial effects. Further research could explore the potential antimicrobial applications of L. inermis L. extracts to many bacterial strains.

Study of Subacute Toxicity in Wistar Rats Challenged with Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn

Phyllanthus amarus, a widely used plant in complementary and alternative medicine practice in Southern Nigeria, is used in treating and managing numerous metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This study is designed to assess the subacute toxicity of P. amarus in Wistar rats using body and relative organ weight, renal function, in-vivo antioxidant status and organ histology indices as a baseline. The twenty adult male rats weighing 120.00 ± 6.18 g were apportioned into four groups with five rats per group. Group A (Control) received 1.0 mL of distilled water, group B received 1000 mg/kg group C received 1500 mg/kg and group D received 2000 mg/kg body weight of the crude ethanol extract. The extract from P. amarus was administered orally once daily at 8:30 am using an oral cannula attached to a 2 mL syringe. Subacute toxicity was evaluated after 14 days. The findings showed no visible and noticeable overt signs of toxicity throughout the experimental period, non-significant adverse change in body and relative organ weight, renal function and organ histopathology of the rats in the treated and control groups. However, P. amarus significantly improved in-vivo antioxidant status while significantly reducing the level of malondialdehyde, a biological indicator of oxidative stress in the living system.

GC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic Activity, and ADMET Study of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Ex A. DC. Ebenaceae Stembark

The present study carried out GC-MS analysis, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and ADMET study of the crude ethanol extract (CRE), ethyl acetate (EAF), and aqueous (AQF) fractions of Diospyros mespiliformis (DM). Grandiflorenic (25.36%) and cis, cis-linoleic (27.13%) acids were the most abundant of the 59 and 40 compounds identified in the EAF and AQF, respectively. The EAF and CRE exhibited total antioxidant capacity of 77.78 ±0.01 ascorbic acid equivalent (mg AAE/g extract) and 60.20 ±0.01 mg AAE/g extract, respectively, significantly (p &lt; 0.05) than the AQF (29.63 ±0.01 mg AAE/g extract). Furthermore, the EAF (38.27% ±2.44) exhibited a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher percentage inhibition via the ferric thiocyanate assay than the CRE (17.45% ±2.18) and AQF (15.91% ±2.11). All the extracts showed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower malondialdehyde concentrations than AA in the thiobarbituric acid assay. Additionally, the AQF exhibited a significantly higher percentage of H2O2 scavenging than the AA and EAF at 100 µg/ml. Diazoprogesterone (compound III) identified in the EAF exhibited the lowest respective binding affinity and inhibition constant, interacting with myeloperoxidase (-9 kcal/mol and 0.25 µM), xanthine oxidase (-9.9 kcal/mol and 0.05 µM), 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (-10 kcal/mol and 0.05µM), and sirtuin 6 (-10 kcal/mol and 0.05 µM). The molecular dynamics simulations showed residue fluctuations of the diazoprogesterone-docked complexes with the highest observed at Ser42 (5.14 Å), Cys1325 (8.96 Å), Ser281 (7.71 Å), and Leu78 (3.91 Å) for myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and sirtuin 6, respectively compared to the undocked targets. Moreover, diazoprogesterone was predicted to possess good ADMET properties. Conclusively, DM possesses significant antioxidant and antidiabetic potential, containing compounds that might be a source of novel therapeutics against oxidative stress and diabetes.

Phytochemical investigation, in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxicity assessment of ethanol leaf extract of Sabicea gigantistipula

Phytochemical, in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxicity assessment of ethanol leaf extract of Sabicea gigantistipula (Schum) was investigated on the basis of the usage of the leaves of the plant in traditional medicine by Idoma tribe in Otukpo Benue State and other parts of Northern Nigeria to treat malaria disease. Crude ethanol leaf extract obtained from the plant was fractionated and screened for their antiplasmodial activity (in vitro), existence of bioactive secondary metabolites and for activities in the Artemia salina Leah (Brine Shrimp) lethality assay for cytotoxicity profile. In the phytoconstituents screening, ethanol leaf extract shows the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids. At the maximum test dose of 5000 µg/ml, ethanol extract and its fractions revealed antiplasmodial suppression activity in the range of 85.25% - 91.80% while at the minimum dose of 500 µg/ml, the extract and fractions exhibited malaria parasites percentage elimination activity in the range of 64.75 % - 77.00% showing that the extract and fractions under investigation were less active when compared with the percentage parasitic inhibition of the standard drug at highest concentration of 5000 µg/ml (93.44%) and at the least dosage of 500 µg/ml (81.97%). Interestingly, extract and its fractions were non-cytotoxic as they all exhibited LC50 values &gt; 1000 µg/ml since an extract or its fractions is considered non-cytotoxic if its LC50 value is greater than 1000 µg/ml. The findings of this research supports the continuous use of the extract from the leaves of Sabicea gigantistipula to cure malaria infection (as an antimalarial herb) as it has wide range of safety at relatively low/moderate dose and not at unregulated high dosage. Also, studies on the in vivo antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity of the extract/compounds from the leaf of the crude extract are worthy of further investigations.

Phytochemical profile and in vitro biological activity of the crude ethanol extract and root fractions of Eryngium horridum Malme, from the department of Cordillera, Paraguay

Eryngium horridum, es una especie vegetal que ha tenido estudios como maleza, pero con escasa información dentro del contexto de investigaciones fitoquímicas o actividades biológicas de la misma, pero si del género Eryngium. Esta especie es utilizada en la medicina popular como antiinflamatoria en infusión, especialmente las raíces y hojas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue trazar el perfil fitoquímico del extracto de raíces de la especie Eryngium horridum Malme, que se encuentra en el departamento de Cordillera, Paraguay, evaluando además su eficacia frente a bioensayos específicos buscando su potencial farmacológico. Para ello, se secaron las raíces, se trituraron y sometieron a maceración con etanol al 96%. Luego se llevó a cabo el perfil fitoquímico del extracto crudo y de las fracciones solubles en diferentes solventes (éter de petróleo, diclorometano, acetona y metanol), se realizó el perfil cromatográfico en GC-MS, los fenoles totales y actividad biológica como actividad antimicrobiana, antioxidante y hemolítica. Según resultados obtenidos, se verificó la presencia de compuestos como aldehídos, fenoles, lactonas, entre otros. La fracción soluble en acetona (E3) mostró un valor de 160,6 mg GAE.g-1 de fenoles totales. En cuanto a las actividades biológicas, se mostró capacidad inhibitoria ante 9 de las 10 cepas utilizadas, cuyo mayor porcentaje de actividad fue de 70,10% con la Pseudomonas aeruginosas, un poder antioxidante de 20,49% con el método de DPPH, y una actividad hemolítica de 97,8% en la fracción soluble en acetona (E3). Podemos concluir que la especie estudiada presenta metabolitos secundarios, actividad antimicrobiana, antioxidante y hemolítica.

Determination Of Total Flavonoids Extract of White (Magnolia Alba (Dc.) Figlar) Using Spectrophotometry UV-Vis Method

Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites produced by plants that have the potential to influence pharmacological activity. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content of the ethanol crude extract of white cempaka flowers (Magnollia alba(DC.) Figlar) using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. This study used colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods using quercetin as a comparison. The qualitative test research results proved that cempaka putih (Magnolia alba (DC.) Figlar) flowers contain flavonoid coumpound. Then a maximum wavelength of 432 nm is obtained with an absorbance of 0.1236, the absorbance calculation for each quercetin concentration and the sample is calculated using a maximum wavelength of 432 nm. Based on the linear regression equation obtained from the standard quercetin curve, the total flavonoid content of the crude ethanol extract of cempaka putih flowers with 3 different concentration variations, at a concentration of 100 ppm, the results obtained for the total flavonoid content were 276,83 ± 17,7 mgQE/g, 500 ppm. total flavonoid levels of 105,189 ± 8,16 mgQE/g, 1000 ppm obtained total flavonoid levels of 79,115 ± 8,33 mgQE/g.

LC-MS and HPTLC Profile of Crude Ethanol Extract of Plant Michelia champaca Linn.

LC-MS and HPTLC Profile of Crude Ethanol Extract of Plant Michelia champaca Linn.

Preparative Fractionation of Brazilian Red Propolis Extract Using Step-Gradient Counter-Current Chromatography.

Propolis is a resinous bee product with a very complex composition, which is dependent upon the plant sources that bees visit. Due to the promising antimicrobial activities of red Brazilian propolis, it is paramount to identify the compounds responsible for it, which, in most of the cases, are not commercially available. The aim of this study was to develop a quick and clean preparative-scale methodology for preparing fractions of red propolis directly from a complex crude ethanol extract by combining the extractive capacity of counter-current chromatography (CCC) with preparative HPLC. The CCC method development included step gradient elution for the removal of waxes (which can bind to and block HPLC columns), sample injection in a single solvent to improve stationary phase stability, and a change in the mobile phase flow pattern, resulting in the loading of 2.5 g of the Brazilian red propolis crude extract on a 912.5 mL Midi CCC column. Three compounds were subsequently isolated from the concentrated fractions by preparative HPLC and identified by NMR and high-resolution MS: red pigment, retusapurpurin A; the isoflavan 3(R)-7-O-methylvestitol; and the prenylated benzophenone isomers xanthochymol/isoxanthochymol. These compounds are markers of red propolis that contribute to its therapeutic properties, and the amount isolated allows for further biological activities testing and for their use as chromatographic standards.

Evaluation of the phytochemical Constituent, acute toxicity and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts

ABSTRACT The phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity, and antiulcer activity of Duranta erecta fruit extracts were determined in rodents. The antiulcer activity was tested utilizing a pylorus ligation. For the pylorus ligation-induced ulcer model, positive controls received ranitidine 10 mg kg−1. The negative controls were given ethanol (1 mL). The hydroethanolic fruit extracts of D. erecta demonstrated no mortality or notable behavioral effects up to 5000 mg kg−1. The crude ethanol fruit extract of D. erecta demonstrated antiulcer effects on pyloric ligation in rats at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 doses. The values obtained at 1000 mg kg−1 dose are equivalent to those obtained with ranitidine.

Systematic investigation of the material basis, effectiveness and safety of Thesium chinense Turcz. and its preparation Bairui Granules against lung inflammation

BackgroundThesium chinense Turcz. (Named as Bai Rui Cao in Chinese) and its preparations (e.g., Bairui Granules) have been used to treat inflammatory diseases, such as acute mastitis, lobar pneumonia, tonsillitis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and upper respiratory tract infection. However, the material basis, pharmacological efficiency, and safety have not been illustrated.MethodsAnti-inflammatory activity-guided isolation of constituents has been performed using multiple column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and ECD calculations. The inhibitory effects on lung inflammation and safety of the crude ethanol extract (CE), Bairui Granules (BG), and the purified active constituents were evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated acute lung inflammation (ALI) mice model or normal mice.ResultsSeven new compounds (1–7) and fifty-six known compounds (8–63) were isolated from T. chinense, and fifty-four were reported from this plant for the first time. The new flavonoid glycosides 1–2, new fatty acids 4–5, new alkaloid 7 as well as the known constituents including flavonoid aglycones 8–11, lignans 46–54, alkaloids 34 and 45, coumarins 57, phenylpropionic acids 27, and simple aromatic compounds 39, 44 and 58 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that anti-inflammation of T. chinense was attributed to flavonoids and alkaloids by regulating inflammation-related proteins (e.g., TNF, NF-κB, TGF-β). Furthermore, constituents of T. chinense including kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside (KN, also named as Bairuisu I, 19), astragalin (AG, Bairuisu II, 12), and kaempferol (KF, Bairuisu III, 8), as well as CE and BG could alleviate lung inflammation caused by LPS in mice by preventing neutrophils infiltration and the expression of the genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and COX-2. After a 28-day subacute toxicity test, BG at doses of 4.875 g/kg and 9.750 g/kg (equivalent to onefold and twofold the clinically recommended dose) and CE at a dose of 11.138 g/kg (equivalent to fourfold the clinical dose of BG) were found to be safe and non-toxic.ConclusionsThe discovery of sixty-three constituents comprehensively illustrated the material basis of T. chinense. T. chinense and Bairui Granules could alleviate lung inflammation by regulating inflammation-related proteins and no toxicity was observed under the twofold of clinically used doses.

Phytochemicals, antioxidant ability and in vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts from Vitexnegundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of crude aqueous, methanol, ethanol, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts of Vitex negundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae. Phytochemical analysis to identify the number of compounds in extracts was done by chemical tests and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrophotometer detector (GC-MS). First off all the effectiveness of dried plant materials was evaluated on larval development by mixing powdered material (no nano particles) to faecal cultures from donor sheep. Adding powder to the faecal culture resulted into 100% inhibition in larval development at 200 and 300mg/g of faeces. The anthelmintic activity was assessed using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval mortality assay (LMA). Comparison of mean inhibition percentage of egg embryonation, mean inhibition percentage of egg hatching and mean percentage of larval mortality at different concentrations with control was performed by one-way ANOVA. The means were compared for statistical significance using DMRT at P < 0.05. For both the assays, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) were calculated by probit analysis. Chemical test revealed presence of high concentration of saponin and flavoinoids and moderate concentration of total phenols in leaves. The antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity, RSA %) measured was 35.47%. On GC-MS, the methanolic leaves extract revealed 30 phyto-compounds. On EHA, there was marked effect on inhibition of egg hatching by aqueous, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts. On LMA all the five extracts showed excellent larvicidal activity. V. negundo leaves methanol extract mediated silver nanoparticles were found very effective at much lower concentrations as compared to crude methanol extract. The results indicated that the V. negundo leaves crude extracts possessed excellent in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal properties against H. contortus which needs more investigation, especially in vivo trials for the control of parasite.

Assessment of in vitro Anti-inflammatory and Anti-acne-inducing Bacterial Activities of Kameng (Eclipta prostrata Linn.) Cultivated in Suphan Buri Province, Thailand

This research investigates extracts from Kameng (Eclipta prostrata Linn.), originally employed in traditional medicinal recipes, with the aim of developing an extract that can serve as an alternative to antibiotics. For this purpose, the anti-inflammatory and anti-acne-inducing bacterial activities of Kameng crude ethanol extract, grown in Suphan Buri Province were investigated, with anti-inflammatory properties assessed by the inhibition of protein degradation and proteinase inhibitory assays. Findings indicated the potential of Kameng extracts as anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce protein degradation and proteinase activities. Kameng extract concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 4.0 x 104 ppm inhibited protein degradation and proteinase activity by 14.66%-50.75% and 28.57%-72.08%, respectively. The agar disc diffusion method revealed that Kameng extracts had strong inhibitory effects against S. aureus and C. acnes, with inhibition zone diameters of 31.15±0.47 and 37.28±0.47 mm, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Kameng extract against S. aureus and C. acnes was 5.0 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL while minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Kameng extract against S. aureus and C. acnes was 20.0 mg/mL and 10.0 mg/mL, respectively. Results suggested the potential of Kameng extract to cure acne and skin inflammation as a herbal cosmetic product.

Phytochemical investigation, in-vitro antiplasmodial assessment and cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of whole plant of Crotalaria arenaria (Benth)

Crotataria arenaria (Benth) is a native plant from Northern part of Nigeria which is employed as antimalarial herb in traditional medicine in the communities where it grows. The phytochemical composition, In-vitro antiplasmodial activity and in-vitro cytotoxic effect of the extract and fractions of the whole plant of Crotalaria arenaria were investigated. The mature and fresh whole plant of C. arenaria were collected, air dried and pulverized. The pulverized form of the plant were soaked in ethanol for two weeks and later decanted, filtered and concentrated using rotatory evaporator at 40oC and evaporated to dryness and labeled CRA-1. The dried ethanol solid extract (CRA-1) was patitioned/fractionated using water, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 18% aqueous methanol, n-hexane which afforded chloroform fraction (CRA-1-01), water fraction (CRA-1-02), ethyl acetate fraction (CRA-1-03) aqueous methanol fraction (CRA-1-04) and n-hexane (CRA - 1- 05) and they were dried and tested for their photochemicals and In-vitro antiplasmdial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strain (K1). The ethanol extract and its fractions were found to significantly inhibited/suppressed multi-drug resistant strain of P. falciparium (K1) in the range of 86.73% - 65.31% at varied concentrations of 5000 µg/ml, 2000 µg/ml, 1000 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml. The ethanol extract and its fractions showed the presence of tannins, saponins and alkaloids which could be responsible for the In-vitro antiplasmodial activity of the whole plant extract of C. arenaria and each of its fractions. Ethanol crude extracts of whole plant of Crotalaria arenaria and its fractions were investigated for cytotoxicity in Brine shrimp lethality Test (BSLT). Larvicidal activities were noticed with dosage concentration from 1000 µg/ml down to 10 µg/ml of the plant extract and all its fractions. The relative cytotoxic effects of extract and fractions obtained from whole plant of Crotalaria arenaria were found to be dose-dependent because higher dosage brought about an increase in mortality of Artemia salina Leach. Sea salty water of the crude ethanol extract and its fractions served as the negative control. The chloroform fraction was observed to be most cytotoxic killing 30% of brine shrimp larvae at lowest concentration of 10 µg/ml with average percentage lethality of 46.67%. Aqueous methanol and ethanol crude extract appears to show similar and closely related activities against brine shrimp larvae at highest concentration of 1000 µg/ml. The ethanol crude extract and aqueous methanol fractions are toxic at higher dosage as they were found to induce significant mortality effect (In-vitro) against Artemia salina Leach particularly at concentration of 1000 µg/ml and therefore not safe for oral consumption especially at higher uncontrolled doses but at relatively low/moderate doses. The findings in this present study demonstrated that the extract of C. arenaria (whole plant) and fractions have significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity and this has justified the traditional use of the whole plant extract of Crotaria arenaria in the folklore medicine to cure malaria related illness. The results obtained in this study may serve as key data for utilization of Crotalaria arenaria in the development of bioactive agents which could be used as antimalarial, anticancer, pesticidal, insecticidal and anti-proliferation agents. The study recommended in-vivo antiplasmodial assay of the extract of the whole plant of Crotalaria arenaria to further substantiate the findings of this present study.