Crude Apple Research Articles

Effect of apple pomace-based antioxidants on the stability of mustard oil during deep frying of French fries

Production of harmful compounds during deep frying in repeatedly used oils is a serious concern faced by the food industry. In this study, apple pomace-based antioxidants (crude apple pomace extract and quercetin) were evaluated to check the stability of high oleic mustard oil during deep frying of French fries. Apple pomace extract (APE) obtained from ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) shows a rich bioactive profile with total phenols (5.58 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (5.42 ± 0.45 mg QE/g), and an antioxidant activity of 76%. RP-HPLC analysis of apple pomace extract revealed that quercetin (QE) was the major polyphenolic compound present. Mustard oil incorporated with apple pomace-based antioxidants show higher stability and quality in terms of various physico-chemical indices and sensory evaluation as compared to TBHQ (tertiary butyl hydroquinone). The stability conferred by antioxidants in the frying oil was of the following order QE ˃APE ˃TBHQ ˃ Control. Thus, natural antioxidants have the potential to replace synthetic antioxidants effectively in conferring stability to deep-fried oils.

Effect of crude apple extract on the cariogenic factors of Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study

The aim was to assess the effects of crude extract of whole apple on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans by evaluating (1) its growth, (2) its adherence property, and (3) changes caused by acid produced by S. mutans in the presence of sucrose (in vitro). Kashmiri Apples (sourced from the local market) were used for the study. Whole apple extracts including the skin were used to obtain undiluted crude apple extract. The growth of S. mutans in the presence of the crude apple extract was evaluated by agar diffusion test as well as direct contact inhibition test. The effects of the crude extract on the adherence of S. mutans was assessed by modified O'Toole method in which the viable cell counts of S. mutans which remained adherent on the microtitre plate were calculated. The effects of the test materials on pH changes caused by S. mutans in the presence of sucrose were assessed using pH meter. Crude extract of the whole apple showed no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. mutans while a significant inhibitory activity on the adherence of S. mutans was observed. Furthermore, the significant inhibitory effect on the pH drop was recorded, although pH remained below the critical value of 5.5 at all times. Crude whole apple extract has considerable anti-cariogenic effect on S. mutans and hence can be used as a natural alternative which can aid in the prevention of dental caries.

Effects of L-Ascorbic Acid, Bentonite and Gelatin on Clarification of Apple Concentrate and Optimization with Desirability Function

The main aim of this study is using of L-ascorbic acid to improve quality of apple concentrate. Generally, the bentonite-gelatin mix is used to improve a quality of fruit juice and concentrate, but in this study, L-ascorbic acid as a new clarificant matter was used to improve apple concentrate quality (clarity and color enhancement and turbidity decrease) by flocculation and precipitation. So two mix, including 1- bentonite-gelatin mix (as a blank mix) and 2- L-ascorbic acid-gelatin-bentonite mix was used. The mix solution was added to apple concentrate in the four separate stages including; 1: to the mash enzyme tank product, 2: to the crude apple juice, 3- to the fining tank product (in single-stage) and 4- to the fining tank product (in two-stage). The ratio of bentonite, gelatin and L-ascorbic acid in the mix solution and adding stage were studied by General Full Factorial Design (GFFD). Bentonite, gelatin and L-ascorbic acid concentration in two levels as a numeric factor and adding stage in four levels as text factor were considered. The linear regression method was used to study the relation between bentonite, gelatin and L-ascorbic acid concentration and adding stage of the clarificant mix. The desirability function (D) was used to find the optimum condition for analysis. The results showed that L-ascorbic acid had a significant effect on the clarification process and adding of clarificant mix to the fining tank product (in single-stage) is the best way to adding the clarificant mix.

Antioxidant ability of fractionated apple peel phenolics to inhibit fish oil oxidation

Polyphenols isolated from frozen and dried apple peels were studied as potential natural antioxidants to stabilize omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3 PUFA) enriched fish oil. The ethanolic extracts of apple peels were fractionated by reversed phase chromatography using gradient elution of 20–100% aqueous ethanol. The collected fractions were analyzed by ultra pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of each fraction were evaluated by Folin–Ciocalteu (FC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assays. Inhibition of fish oil oxidation was studied using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Polyphenols fractionated using frozen apple peel extract had significantly higher FC, FRAP and DPPH· scavenging values than those of dried apple peel (p<0.05). The flavonol-rich fractions inhibited fish oil oxidation by 40–62% at a total phenolic concentration of 200μg/ml. The fractionated polyphenols from both dried and frozen apple peel showed higher inhibition of lipid oxidation compared to α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxytoluene and crude apple peel extracts.

Determination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid in Apple and Peach Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Fluorescence Detector

A new, sensitive, and simple HPLC method was described for the determination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in apple and peach extracts. The method was based on the derivatization of ACC with fluorescamine in borate buffer systems of pH 8.0 to yield a highly fluorescent product. The experimental parameters affecting the derivatization reaction efficiency were optimized by fluorimetric analysis. Under optimum derivatization conditions, the derivative product of ACC in apple and peach extracts without extra purification was successfully chromatographed on a C-18 column by HPLC coupled to fluorescence detection. The derivative product of ACC with fluorescamine could be well separated from other concomitant substances or their derivatives that might interfere with the determination of ACC. The linearity of ACC was measured in the range of 23.82–238.82 µg · L−1 with a good correlation coefficient of 0.9997. Based on signal-to-noise ratio of 3, a low detection limit of 5.0 µg · L−1 could be reached. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of ACC in the crude apple and peach extracts without extra purification with low RSDs of 0.19–1.9% and good recoveries of 90.89–104.4%. The sensitive HPLC quantitative method is of great significance for the investigations of ACC metabolism in plants.

Apple extract induces increased epithelial resistance and claudin 4 expression in Caco‐2 cells

The small intestinal epithelium functions both to absorb nutrients, and to provide a barrier between the outside, luminal, world and the human body. One of the passageways across the intestinal epithelium is paracellular diffusion, which is controlled by the properties of tight junction complexes. We used a differentiated Caco-2 monolayer as a model for small intestinal epithelium to study the effect of crude apple extracts on paracellular permeability. Exposure of crude apple homogenate to the differentiated Caco-2 cells increased the paracellular resistance, determined as trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). This increase was linearly related to the concentration of apple present. The TEER-enhancing effect of apple extract was due to factors mainly present in the cortex, and the induction was not inhibited by protein kinase inhibitors. Apple-induced resistance was accompanied by increased expression of several tight junction related genes, including claudin 4 (CLDN4). Crude apple extract induces a higher paracellular resistance in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Future research will determine whether these results can be extrapolated to human small intestinal epithelia.

Apple Polyphenols and Fibers Attenuate Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice

Atherosclerosis, which is closely linked to nutritional habits, is a major cause of mortality in Western countries. Most of the previous investigations carried out on health effects of apples have been focused on their capacity to lower lipid concentration as well as on their antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antiatherosclerotic effects of apple polyphenols and fibers. A crude apple polyphenol extract and low-viscosity apple fibers isolated from cider apples were administered separately or in association with the diet of apo E-deficient mice. After 4 months of supplementation, lipemia and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured and atheroslerotic lesions assessed by histomorphometry. Total plasmatic cholesterol and triacylgycerol levels were not affected by supplementation, and hepatic cholesterol level was lower in the group supplemented with both fibers and polyphenols. Uric acid concentrations and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) in plasma were reduced in all groups supplemented with polyphenols or fibers. The mean lesion area was reduced by 17, 38, and 38%, respectively, for the polyphenol, fiber, and polyphenol + fiber groups. Apple constituents supplied at nutritional doses therefore limit the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of apo E-deficient mice. On the basis of the results, we hypothesize that apple fibers and polyphenols may play a role in preventing atherosclerosis disease by decreasing uric acid plasma level.

Anti-cancer properties of phenolics from apple waste on colon carcinogenesis in vitro

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in Western countries. The World Health Organisation identifies diet as a critical risk factor in the development and progression of this disease and the protective role of high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption. Several studies have shown that apples contain several phenolic compounds that are potent anti-oxidants in humans. However, little is known about other beneficial properties of apple phenolics in cancer. We have used the HT29, HT115 and CaCo-2 cell lines as in vitro models to examine the effect of apple phenolics (0.01–0.1% apple extract) on key stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, namely; DNA damage (Comet assay), colonic barrier function (TER assay), cell cycle progression (DNA content assay) and invasion (Matrigel assay). Our results indicate that a crude extract of apple phenolics can protect against DNA damage, improve barrier function and inhibit invasion ( p < 0.05). The anti-invasive effects of the extract were enhanced with twenty-four hour pretreatment of cells ( p < 0.05). We have shown that a crude apple extract from waste, rich in phenolic compounds, beneficially influences key stages of carcinogenesis in colon cells in vitro.

Inhibitory Effect of Polyphenol-Enriched Apple Extracts on Mast Cell Degranulationin VitroTargeting the Binding between IgE and FcεRI

Extracts from immature fruit of the apple (Rosaceae, Malus sp.), which contain procyanidins (polymers of catechins) as the major ingredients, are known to inhibit histamine release from mast cells. We analyzed in this study the mechanism for the anti-allergic activity of two polyphenol-enriched apple extracts. These extracts, termed "crude apple polyphenol (CAP)" and "apple condensed tannin (ACT)", reduced the degranulation of mast cells caused by cross-linking of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) with IgE and the antigen in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of the intracellular signal-transduction molecules caused by cross-linking of FcepsilonRI was markedly decreased by the addition of CAP or ACT. We then analyzed the effects of CAP and ACT on the binding of the IgE antibody to FcepsilonRI on mast cells, which is the first key step in the allergic reaction mediated by mast cells, and found that this binding was markedly inhibited by both CAP and ACT. These results indicate that the inhibition of binding between FcepsilonRI and IgE by either CAP or ACT was the probable cause of the suppression of mast cell activation. This is the first report demonstrating the molecular mechanism for the anti-allergic effect of procyanidin-enriched extracts from apples.

Determination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in apple extracts by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in apple tissues has been described. This method is based on the derivatization of ACC with 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (FQ), and separation and quantification of the resulting FQ–ACC derivative by capillary electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE–LIF). Our results indicated that ACC derivatized with FQ could be well separated from other interfering amino acids using 20 mM borate buffer (pH 9.35) containing 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10 mM Brij 35. The linearity of ACC was determined in the range from 0.05 to 5 μM with a correlation of 0.9967. The concentration detection limit for ACC was 10 nM (signal-to-noise = 3). The sensitivity and selectivity of this described method allows the analysis of ACC in crude apple extracts without extra purification and enrichment procedure.

Direct thiolysis on crude apple materials for high-performance liquid chromatography characterization and quantification of polyphenols in cider apple tissues and juices

Direct thiolysis on crude apple materials for high-performance liquid chromatography characterization and quantification of polyphenols in cider apple tissues and juices

Inhibitory Effects of Apple Polyphenols on Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Cells into Adipocytes.

A crude apple polyphenol (CAP) fraction partially purified from unripe apples was found to inhibit adipose differentiation in mouse fibroblast 3T3-L1 cells. CAP inhibited the increase in intracellular levels of glycerophosphate-3-dehydrogenase (GPDH), one of the most important enzymes in the pathway for triacylglycerol biosynthesis, that occurs upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes and decreased the triglyceride content of the cells. In particular, apple condensed tannins (ACT), purified from CAP, inhibited the increase in GPDH activity when these cells differentiated. In contrast, phloridzin, (+)-catechin, and (−)-epicatechin, which were also present in the CAP fraction, decreased the triglyceride content of the cells but did not inhibit the increase in GPDH activity These results suggest that ACT such as procyanidins inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes.

Lipid-transfer proteins are relevant allergens in fruit allergy

Background: Allergy to apple and Prunus fruits is frequently associated with birch pollinosis, with the principal cross-reacting allergens involved being members of the Bet v 1 family. However, a major 13-kd component, nonimmunologically related to Bet v 1, has been implicated as allergen in patients allergic to Prunoideae fruit but not to birch pollen. Objective: We sought to isolate and characterize the 13-kd allergen present in apple and peach. Methods: Sera from patients allergic to both fruits were selected on the basis of clinical symptoms, skin prick tests responses, and specific IgE levels. Allergens were purified by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, MALDI analysis, specific IgE immunodetection, and immunoblot inhibition assays. Results: A 13-kd protein band was recognized in crude apple and peach extracts by 9 of 10 and 10 of 10 sera from patients allergic to fruit, respectively. The isolation and characterization of the corresponding allergens allowed their identification as lipid-transfer proteins, with a molecular mass of 9058 d for the apple protein and 9138 d for the peach protein. Both purified allergens were recognized by sera from patients allergic to fruit and fully inhibited the IgE binding by the 13-kd component present in the 2 crude fruit extracts. Conclusion: Lipid-transfer proteins are relevant apple and peach allergens and, considering their ubiquitous distribution in tissues of many plant species, could be a novel type of panallergen of fruits and vegetables. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:514-9.)

Inhibitory effects of apple polyphenol on induced histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells and rat mast cells.

The anti-allergic activities of polyphenol fractions extracted from immature fruits of apple (Rosaceae, Malus sp.) were evaluated by in vitro assays. A crude apple polyphenol (CAP) fraction, which had been obtained from the juice of immature apples by reverse-phase column chromatography, was further purified by LH-20 column chromatography to obtain an apple condensed tannin (ACT) fraction consisting of linear oligomeric epicatechins from the dimer to pentadecamer. ACT strongly inhibited the release of histamine from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells stimulated by the antigen-stimulation and from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated by compound 48/80. The IC50 values for histamine release were 30 micrograms/ml and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively. ACT also inhibited hyaluronidase activity and the increase in intracellular free calcium concentration in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with the antigen. These results suggest that ACT affected early signal transduction including the calcium influx.

Cutinostatin B as a New Cutinase Inhibitor Produced by Actinomycete.

Cutinostatin B was purified from a culture filtrate of a strain No. 3112-4 of an actinomycete which had been isolated from a soil sample collected in Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. The structure of this compound was determined mainly by 2D NMR experiments to be N(α)-[N(α)-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-ornithyl]-N(δ)-hydroxyornithine-δ-lactum. Cutinostatin B inhibited the cutinase activity of Cladosporium fulvum when using β-naphthyl caproate as the substrate with an IC50 value of 28.9 μm (11.0 μg/ml), and inhibited 95% when using crude apple cutin as the substrate with a concentration of 263 μM (100 μg/ml).

Enzymatic Browning Inhibited in Fresh and Dried Apple Rings by Pineapple Juice

ABSTRACTSliced apple rings were treated with water (control), canned pineapple juice, frozen pineapple juice, ion‐exchanged pineapple juice, frozen orange juice, ascorbic acid, a commercial antibrowning preparation or sodium bisulfite. The rings were either left exposed to air, vacuum packaged, or dehydrated. Browning was measured calorimetrically and by visual examination over extended periods of time. Pineapple juice was an effective browning inhibitor in both fresh and dried apples. Pineapple juice was fractionated using various size and charge separation procedures. All fractions inhibited enzymatic browning of crude apple extracts by at least 26%. Results indicate that the inhibitor is a neutral compound of low molecular weight.

Transformation reactions of phloridzin in the presence of apple leaf enzymes

The transformation reactions of phloridzin in apple leaf homogenates and in the presence of crude apple leaf enzymes have been elucidated. Simultaneously with hydrolysis to phloretin, phloridzin is oxidized via 3-hydroxyphloridzin to the corresponding o-quinone. The second oxidation step, o-diphenol → o-quinone, can be inhibited with cysteine or ascorbic acid. The o-quinone is a transient intermediate which rapidly undergoes polymerization reactions. 4-Methylcatechol and phloroacylophenones react under the influence of oxidizing agents to form coupling products. Structures of these compounds have been elucidated. It is suggested that in leaf homogenates the o-quinone—from 3-hydroxyphloridzin reacts correspondingly with phloretin and phloretin derivatives.

In vitro culture of tomato ovaries

Excised tomato ovaries of which growth was induced parthenocarpically by 5ppm 2, 4-D treatment were planted in NITSCH'S basic medium supplemented with various plant saps and chemicals. Effects of supplements, light, temperature and the stages of floral development on the development of the ovaries were investigated. Except the plots treated in dark and by high temperature, all of cultures were incubated in a room kept at 20°C constant under natural day length condition.Cultured ovaries were harvested both 80 and 85 days after planting and then fruit weight, rooting, coloration of fruits and others were examined.1. Among the supplements tested, crude apple juice as well as crude tomato juice promoted effectively the ovary development (Table 2, Fig. 1).2. The ovaries cultured in the dark increased also their weight as well as those cultured in the natural day length. However, the percentage of rooted fruits is higher in the former than in the latter, but in the case of colored ones resulted reverse (Table 2). Even in the plot treated in dark, they showed some coloration of which ton was pink.3. Non-pollinated ovaries planted on the medium containing 0.1ppm 2, 4-D developed much less than others, though callus formation was observed at the pedicel (Table 2).4. The stages of floral development did not affect essentially upon ovary development (Table 3).5. The ovaries cultured in dark kept at 30°C grew in weight more than those kept at 20°C (Table 4). It was observed also that in the former plot the degree of callus formation and the amounts of root emerged were much larger than in the latter.6. In general, the fruits cultured were abnormal in shape (Fig. 4), some of which did not show any development of ovaries but their sepals were thickened abnormally and colored after a certain period (Fig. 7). Observing swollen part of the fruits it was found that the pericarp, gelatinous placental tissue and ovules were developed especially better than the other portions (Fig. 5).

A naturally fortified milk modifier: I. Laboratory studies of apple syrup as a carbohydrate for infant feeding

Summary Apple syrup has been found to be a good source of the simple sugars: levulose, dextrose, and sucrose. Its iron content (about 10 mg. per 100 c.c.) has been shown to be readily available in the correction of anemia in test animals (albino rats). The apple syrup has been found to be stable and bacteria-free when prepared from apple juice by evaporation under vacuum at 140° F. For use in infant feeding formulas the crude apple syrup has to be partly neutralized to a pH of about 5.0. The vitamin C content has been shown to be relatively stable, losing about 33 per cent of its strength in six months, when the apple juice is stored at room temperature, and 25 per cent when stored at refrigerator temperature. Added vitamin C shows approximately the same rate of stability.

A naturally fortified milk modifier: II. Clinical studies of apple syrup as a carbohydrate for infant feeding

Summary Apple syrup has been found to be a good source of the simple sugars: levulose, dextrose, and sucrose. Its iron content (about 10 mg. per 100 c.c.) has been shown to be readily available in the correction of anemia in test animals (albino rats). The apple syrup has been found to be stable and bacteria-free when prepared from apple juice by evaporation under vacuum at 140° F. For use in infant feeding formulas the crude apple syrup has to be partly neutralized to a pH of about 5.0. The vitamin C content has been shown to be relatively stable, losing about 33 per cent of its strength in six months, when the apple juice is stored at room temperature, and 25 per cent when stored at refrigerator temperature. Added vitamin C shows approximately the same rate of stability.