Crucial Sentence Research Articles

Contextual embedded text summarizer system: A hybrid approach

AbstractSelecting crucial sentences from a document is a pivotal task in automatic text summarization systems. Abstractive summarization involves rephrasing key content through advanced natural language techniques, generating a concise, new text conveying critical information. Conversely, extractive summarization reproduces important material from the original text. In the proposed method, a hybrid ensemble approach combines BERTsum for extractive summarization and Longformer2Roberta for abstractive summarization for generating a contextual semantic rich summary for a huge collection of text. These proposed system‐generated summaries were evaluated against reference summaries using the ROUGE package at three rouge levels (Rouge‐1, Rouge‐2, and Rouge‐L). The Proposed contextual embedded hybrid text summarization model has shown significant performance improvement in multiple levels of Rouge score and word mover distance (WMD) of generated summary with a reference summary. The proposed hybrid model demonstrates superior performance over existing state‐of‐the‐art summarizing models on three distinct datasets CNN dataset, WikiSum, and Gigaword dataset. The proposed hybrid model as a text summarizer involves leveraging its capabilities to process longer sequences of text with domain‐specific contextual summaries. This transformers‐based text summarization model has great potential in developing expert systems in various research domains such as health decision support systems, the education sector, customer support chatbots, financial analysis investment recommendations, and financial assistance.

Graph Ranked Clustering Based Biomedical Text Summarization Using Top k Similarity

Text Summarization models facilitate biomedical clinicians and researchers in acquiring informative data from enormous domain-specific literature within less time and effort. Evaluating and selecting the most informative sentences from biomedical articles is always challenging. This study aims to develop a dual-mode biomedical text summarization model to achieve enhanced coverage and information. The research also includes checking the fitment of appropriate graph ranking techniques for improved performance of the summarization model. The input biomedical text is mapped as a graph where meaningful sentences are evaluated as the central node and the critical associations between them. The proposed framework utilizes the top k similarity technique in a combination of UMLS and a sampled probability-based clustering method which aids in unearthing relevant meanings of the biomedical domain-specific word vectors and finding the best possible associations between crucial sentences. The quality of the framework is assessed via different parameters like information retention, coverage, readability, cohesion, and ROUGE scores in clustering and non-clustering modes. The significant benefits of the suggested technique are capturing crucial biomedical information with increased coverage and reasonable memory consumption. The configurable settings of combined parameters reduce execution time, enhance memory utilization, and extract relevant information outperforming other biomedical baseline models. An improvement of 17% is achieved when the proposed model is checked against similar biomedical text summarizers.

XAI-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach for Text Summarization of Social IoT-Based Content

The purpose of automatic text summarising technology is to condense a given text while properly portraying the main information in the original text in a summary. To present generative text summarising approaches, on the other hand, restructure the original language and introduce new words when constructing summary sentences, which can easily lead to incoherence and poor readability. This research proposes a XAI (explainable artificial intelligence)-based Reinforcement Learning-based Text Summarization of Social IoT-Based Content using Reinforcement Learning. Furthermore, standard supervised training based on labelled data to improve the coherence of summary sentences has substantial data costs, which restricts practical applications. In order to do this, a ground-truth-dependent text summarization (generation) model (XAI-RL) is presented for coherence augmentation. On the one hand, based on the encoding result of the original text, a sentence extraction identifier is generated, and the screening process of the vital information of the original text is described. Following the establishment of the overall benefits of the two types of abstract writings, the self-judgment approach gradient assists the model in learning crucial sentence selection and decoding the selected key phrases, resulting in a summary text with high sentence coherence and good content quality. Experiments show that the proposed model's summary content index surpasses text summarising ways overall, even when there is no pre-annotated summary ground-truth; information redundancy, lexical originality, and abstract perplexity also outperform the current methods.

Linguistic Pattern-Infused Dual-Channel Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory With Attention for Dengue Case Summary Generation From the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases-Mail Database: Algorithm Development Study.

BackgroundGlobalization and environmental changes have intensified the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases worldwide, such as outbreaks of dengue fever in Southeast Asia. Collaboration on region-wide infectious disease surveillance systems is therefore critical but difficult to achieve because of the different transparency levels of health information systems in different countries. Although the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED)–mail is the most comprehensive international expert–curated platform providing rich disease outbreak information on humans, animals, and plants, the unstructured text content of the reports makes analysis for further application difficult.ObjectiveTo make monitoring the epidemic situation in Southeast Asia more efficient, this study aims to develop an automatic summary of the alert articles from ProMED-mail, a huge textual data source. In this paper, we proposed a text summarization method that uses natural language processing technology to automatically extract important sentences from alert articles in ProMED-mail emails to generate summaries. Using our method, we can quickly capture crucial information to help make important decisions regarding epidemic surveillance.MethodsOur data, which span a period from 1994 to 2019, come from the ProMED-mail website. We analyzed the collected data to establish a unique Taiwan dengue corpus that was validated with professionals’ annotations to achieve almost perfect agreement (Cohen κ=90%). To generate a ProMED-mail summary, we developed a dual-channel bidirectional long short-term memory with attention mechanism with infused latent syntactic features to identify key sentences from the alerting article.ResultsOur method is superior to many well-known machine learning and neural network approaches in identifying important sentences, achieving a macroaverage F1 score of 93%. Moreover, it can successfully extract the relevant correct information on dengue fever from a ProMED-mail alerting article, which can help researchers or general users to quickly understand the essence of the alerting article at first glance. In addition to verifying the model, we also recruited 3 professional experts and 2 students from related fields to participate in a satisfaction survey on the generated summaries, and the results show that 84% (63/75) of the summaries received high satisfaction ratings.ConclusionsThe proposed approach successfully fuses latent syntactic features into a deep neural network to analyze the syntactic, semantic, and contextual information in the text. It then exploits the derived information to identify crucial sentences in the ProMED-mail alerting article. The experiment results show that the proposed method is not only effective but also outperforms the compared methods. Our approach also demonstrates the potential for case summary generation from ProMED-mail alerting articles. In terms of practical application, when a new alerting article arrives, our method can quickly identify the relevant case information, which is the most critical part, to use as a reference or for further analysis.

Effective Text Processing utilizing NLP

Summarizing is the practice of condensing a body of material into a more manageable size while retaining all of the key data elements and the intended meaning. Automatic text summarizing systems can now quickly retrieve summary phrases from input documents. However, it has a number of shortcomings, such as duplication, insufficient coverage, incorrect extraction of key lines, and poor sentence coherence. In this study, a new concept of summarizer technique is proposed using the Python spacy package. It extracts the most significant information from the text. The scoring system is also used to compute the score for the words in order to determine the word frequency. The findings show that the proposed method completes the summary process faster than the current algorithm. An online tool called the text to summary converter aids in material summarizing. This programmer will give us a summary of the data that we upload. The primary goal is to accurately summaries the data entered. The most crucial sentences will be removed before the unnecessary ones.

Extractive Text Summarization Using Recent Approaches: A Survey

In this era of growing digital media, the volume of text data increases day by day from various sources and may contain entire documents, books, articles, etc. This amount of text is a source of information that may be insignificant, redundant, and sometimes may not carry any meaningful representation. Therefore, we require some techniques and tools that can automatically summarize the enormous amounts of text data and help us to decide whether they are useful or not. Text summarization is a process that generates a brief version of the document in the form of a meaningful summary. It can be classified into abstractive text summarization and extractive text summarization. Abstractive text summarization generates an abstract type of summary from the given document. In extractive text summarization, a summary is created from the given document that contains crucial sentences of the document. Many authors proposed various techniques for both types of text summarization. This paper presents a survey of extractive text summarization on graphical-based techniques. Specifically, it focuses on unsupervised and supervised techniques. This paper shows the recent works and advances on them and focuses on the strength and weaknesses of surveys of previous works in tabular form. At last, it concentrates on the evaluation measure techniques of summary.

On Arthur Waley’s English Version of the View of “Tian”, “Tao” and Their Relevant Content in Tao Te Ching

Chinese classic Tao Te Ching has been rendered into the English world overwhelmingly, but the controversial views on the translation of “Tian” (?) and “Tao”(?) are still in the ascendant. Among the diversified versions, Arthur Waley’s is highly acclaimed, however, translation analysis of historical semantic representation and comprehensive source text is far from sufficient. It is reasonable to start from the historical semantic representation of “Tian” and “Tao” in the relevant Chinese classic books, to observe and study the available diachronic and synchronic cross influence. With the assistant of general semantic interpretation and Arthur Waley’s relevant translation study, it analyzes three crucial sentences reflecting the view of “Tian”, “Tao” and their relevant content in chapters 16, 25 and 77, generalizing their culture sources, influential annotations, ideologies interplay, source and target text exposition. The translation appreciation would take on the profound comprehension to specific source text, bilingual cultural considerations, and some translation thinking, in order to evaluate the particular target text impartially in comparatively complete perspectives.

Keynes's March 31 ,1937 Message to Hicks About the IS-LM Model: 'At One Time I Tried the Equations, as You Have Done, with I in All of Them'

Keynes told Hicks very clearly on March 31st, 1937 that Keynes had already done what Hicks had done on page 156 of his 1937 Econometrica paper, which was to add Aggregate Actual Income I (Keynes’s Y) into the three equation set comprising Hicks’s later version of Keynes’s IS-LM model. However, Keynes then told Hicks that that was an error that he had already rectified in the General Theory. He clearly told Hicks that it was Expected Aggregate Income, and not Actual Income, that belonged in the Investment equation. Unfortunately, Hicks refused to follow Keynes’s advice until 1981. Forty-five year later, Hicks admitted in a retraction published in the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics that he had erroneously altered the IS-LM model of Keynes by removing expectations and uncertainty from it. It is quite impossible for Hicks, or Hicks-Hansen, to be regarded as the creators of a model that Keynes had already presented and applied in Section IV of Chapter 21 of the General Theory in 1936. It is also quite impossible to view Keynes’s IS-LP(LM) version as a neoclassical model. I suggest that the correct way of categorizing the model is as the Keynes-hicks-hansen IS-LM model with Keynes’s name capitalized and Hicks’s and Hansen’s names not capitalized. Keynes made it crystal clear that his model was a set of “equations”. Keynes then told Hicks that “present income has a predominant effect in determining liquidity preference and savings that it does not possess in its influence over the inducement to invest.” It is quite impossible to support the Joan Robinson claim that Keynes’s Theory of the rate of interest was a purely monetary one. Joan Robinson’s lack of even a basic understanding of pre-algebra explains her complete failure to grasp Keynes’s crucial sentence to Hicks, “I tried the equations, as you have done, with I (Keynes’s Y-authors insert) in all of them.”

In Flaundres

The Biennial Chaucer Lecture In Flaundres David Wallace Vniversity ofPennsylvania for Miri Rubin Social anxiety ...is just maladjustment to change.But who has anticipated, or adjusted to, the scale of change in Southern California over the last fifteen years? ...the urban galaxy domi­ nated by Los Angeles is the fastest growing metropolis in the ad­ vanced industrial world. Mike Davis, City ofQuartz T,space of Chaucec studies is still p,eeminently England: ostensibly fourteenth-century England, but often the England of those Victorian founding fathers honored by one ofour sessions. 1 The time of Chaucer studies has been closely complicit with that of regnal history; recent interest in the Lancastrians may confirm the habit of situating Chaucer along the timeline of emergent English nationalism. But This text represents "In Flaundres," a talk given at the Huntington Library on 27 July 1996. Some substantiating details, sacrificed to the fifty-minute format, have been re­ stored. I have reprieved one paragraph (cut for the talk) on Sir Thopas as a Flemish tap­ estry; I have added one crucial sentence on the discovery of Flanders, as recorded by Bavaria Herald, as "dat woeste land" ("the waste land"). 1 "Foundational Moments: England"; Derek Brewer, presiding, with Sigmund Eisner, Charlotte Brewer, and Steve Ellis. Ellis, in his unpublished paper "Chaucer's England, England's Chaucer," discusses fascinating and egregious Victorian attempts to endow Chaucer with essential Englishness. F. D. Maurice, for example, wrote in 1866 that Chaucer "has been called a Wycliffite. He is not that. He is simply an Englishman. He hates friars, because they are not English and not manly. He loves the poor parson, because he is English and manly" (qtd. in Ellis, p. 2). 63 STUDIES IN THE AGE OF CHAUCER fourteenth-century Chaucer is not, in these senses, a poet of England: his native ground-the place where he spent most of his time-is not "England," but rather the eastern quadrant of a terrirory immediately abutting continental Europe. In strict political terms, this territory ex­ tended into the continental landmass, after 1347, with Edward Ill's col­ onizing ofCalais; Flanders was hence to be seen as a border country.2 In simple economic terms,hence in the practice ofeverydaylife-the myr­ iad exchanges of language, manufacturing, foodstuffs, tydinges, and merchandise-England and Flanders had long been interdependent.3 It would be difficult to isolate a discourse ofEngland in Chaucer, but there is a discourse ofFlanders� As a discourse, this bears some relation to a territory called Flanders, has consequences for those tagged as Flemish, but speaks most eloquently of the anxieties and desires of its English authors. "Flaundres" plays in Chaucer like certain names that reverber­ ate through our own cultures: Belfast and East LA; Brixton, Brooklyn, and Berkeley-we may never have been to these places, but we know 2 I follow May McKisack in speaking of colonization: ". . . on 4 August 1347," McKisack writes, Edward III "entered the town and proceeded to evacuate almost all the inhabitants, in order ro people it with English colonists whose descendants were to hold it for another two hundred years"; The Fourteenth Century, 1307-1399 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), p. 137. 3 It is important ro note that exchanges between England and the Low Countries in­ cluded both luxury items and the staples of everyday life. "Londoners," Vanessa Harding writes, "drank Dutch beer and perhaps some Rhenish wine, and ate imported apples, pears, onion, and garlic"; "Cross-Channel Trade and Cultural Contacts: London and the Low Countries in the Later Fourteenth Century," in Caroline Barron and Nigel Saul, eds., Englandandthe LliW Countries in the Late Middle Ages (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 163. On the extraordinary mixing of Middle Dutch and Middle English terms that occurs in select fifteenth-century business documents, see Laura Wright, "Trade between England and the Low Countries: Evidence from Hisrorical Linguistics," in ibid, pp. 169-79. Dutch terms for activities associated with beer-brewing and boatbuilding proved especially influential. 4 Citation of "Flaundres" in Chaucer hence works in ways comparable to the nam­ ing of "Lombardy." "Lumbardye" evokes both the historical terrirory ruled by northern Italian despots, or tyrants-an imaginative terrain explored by...

Leonard Bernstein: A Research and Information Guide, Second Edition, by Paul R. Laird, and Hsun Lin

Reviewed by: Leonard Bernstein: A Research and Information Guide, Second Edition, by Paul R. Laird, and Hsun Lin Matthew Mugmon Leonard Bernstein: A Research and Information Guide, Second Edition. By Paul R. Laird and Hsun Lin. New York and London: Routledge, 2015. [xiii, 319 p. ISBN 978-1-138-91333-2 (print) $160. ISBN 978-1-315-69154-1 (e-book)] Writing of Leonard Bernstein in 2009, Nadine Hubbs described “the difficulties of placing him in relation to the categories by which musicological discourse proceeds” (Nadine Hubbs, ‘Bernstein, Homophobia, Historiography’, Women in Music 13 [2009]: 24). What made Bern stein a challenge to pin down, Hubbs suggested, were in part his apparent contradictions: he was a composer who was also, or perhaps primarily, a conductor; an eclectic innovator who held tight to an old-fashioned romanticist aesthetic; a crusader for high art who was also a guru of popular music; and a gay man who was also a dedicated husband to his wife Felicia. The multi-faceted nature of Bernstein’s life and work are reflected in the impressive scope of Paul R. Laird’s and Hsun Lin’s Leonard Bernstein: A Research and Information Guide, which reveals a recent explosion of interest in Bernstein’s life and work. In addition to serving as a comprehensive annotated bibliography, this research guide provides a thorough biographical sketch, detailed discussions of Bernstein’s compositional style, synopses of his works, and a catalogue of his own writings. An updated second edition of a guide first published in 2002, it appears just in time to help steer what promises to be a busy season of Bernstein research as the hundredth anniversary of his birth approaches in 2018. Laird’s summary of Bernstein’s life and work (Chapter 1) is at once concise and wide-ranging, admirably contending with Bernstein’s varied work as a composer, conductor, educator, and pianist. Laird’s division of the chapter into such categories will prove a sensible starting point for future work as long as researchers keep in mind the possible intersections among these interconnected spheres. The biographical sketch [End Page 246] does feature a new section, “Lenny of the Letters: The Man Behind the Musician”, which draws on the recent and widely-discussed volume The Leonard Bernstein Letters (2014), edited by Nigel Simeone. Here, Laird provides a useful and thorough map of these letters, commenting on what they reveal about Bernstein’s sexuality, spiritual life, musical ancestry, and creative process. Especially fascinating is an extended account of “abandoned projects”, including ideas that were circulated for films and operas. Aside from this new section, the biographical sketch is almost wholly identical to that in the first edition. One small but noteworthy change, however, relates to the newly published letters. In discussing the early 1950s, around the time of Trouble in Tahiti, Laird added the crucial sentence that Bernstein’s marriage to Felicia “probably helped legitimize Bernstein as an acceptable cultural figure in the conservative 1950s, but his homosexuality is well known today and he pursued affairs with men throughout his life” (p. 6). Today’s musicologists are better positioned than ever before to explore Bernstein’s sexuality and its relevance to music history in the twentieth century, thanks in part to the work of scholars like Nadine Hubbs. It is encouraging to see that the newest edition of the research guide—a book that promises to help direct Bern stein scholarship for years to come—reflects the very latest perspectives. Also largely carried over from the first edition is the outline of Bernstein’s compositional style (Chapter 2)—an outline that is both useful for scholars already steeped in Bernstein’s music and accessible to Bernstein neophytes. Here Laird carefully selects and highlights examples from Bernstein’s oeuvre of his melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic language, as well as his eclecticism and uses of vernacular materials. Again, recent research helpfully informs the discourse; a new section called “Jewish Elements and Sensibility” draws on Jack Gottlieb’s 2010 memoir Working with Bernstein, which posits tantalising links between Bernstein’s music and his Jewish identity. An inventory of selected compositions by Bernstein (Chapter 3), slightly expanded from the first edition, is followed...

Does Homily Work as a Theory of Truth?

Patristics increasingly attracts new scholars. Both philosophers and students of human sciences deserve Patristics for its richness of topics, until now discussed under the label of semantics, ontology and theory of knowledge: Fathers are especially appealing for the content of their writings. Without disavowing such an approach, my paper would like to observe how the Fathers did work. Its concern is rather the Signifier, than the Signi­ficatum. How did the Greek Fathers approach the word of God? Before any writing, they held their talks, in a special form of speech, inherited by the synagogue-proclamation and termed a homily. From a logical point of view, a homily is more profitably approached if it is seen as a “language-game,” whose goal was stating the truth-conditions of some crucial sentences proclaimed in their form of life. The homilist succeeded in his task by pairing each sentence of Holy Scripture with a sentence of his own. Thus, the truth-conditions were shown not as a matter of fact, but of replaceable pronouns and other referring expressions.

The Founding Fathers and the debate over religion in Revolutionary America: a history in documents

The Founding Fathers and Debate over Religion in Revolutionary America: A History in Documents. Edited by Matthew L. Harris and Thomas S. Kidd. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012, Pp. ix, 196. $19.95, paper.); Faith of Founders: Religion and New Nation, 1776-1826. By Edwin S. Gaustad. 2nd ed. (Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2011, ix, 173, illus.. $24.95 paper.); Faith of Postwar Presidents: From Truman to Obama. By David L. Holmes. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012, xiii, 396. $29.95.)The first book, an anthology edited by Matthew L. Harris and Thomas S. Kidd, offers forty-three documents centering on role of in revolutionary America. The perceptive introduction, together with accompanying selections, reveals complexity of issues relating to or nature of founder's beliefs. It is hardly surprising that Anyone trying to project current political disputes onto revolutionary past quickly stumbles (23). Some documents contain surprises. One learns, for example, that many revolutionary state constitutions included religious oaths for office-holding, with the Christian Protestant religion declared as established faith of South Carolina (43). More evidence is needed for authors' claim that Madison saw humans as basically good (85). The omission of two crucial sentences from selection of Franklin's Autobiography (1791), leads to less nuanced portrait of man's than was actually case (166). The authors assert that Hamilton favored elite merchants and profit-driven manufacturers while Jefferson sought nation dominated by independent farmers, claim that such works as Forrest McDonald's Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas,1976) have found at best simplistic.The late Edwin Gaustad, long major figure in writing American church history, offers revision of his Faith of Founders, first published in 1986. Based on James Sprunt lectures delivered at Union Theological Seminary (Richmond), this beautifully written book shows complexity of church-state relations in early republic. Gaustad portrays Jefferson and Madison as libertarians: Jefferson was sufficiently secular to oppose thanksgiving proclamations, days of prayer, and times of devotion; Madison did not want military chaplains. The author calls Franklin surely freethinker (51) though Autobiography and 1790 letter to Yale president Ezra Stiles convey more conventional deism. Similarly Gaustad claims that George Washington, though nominally an Anglican, manifested a cool deism (64). The worldview of John Adams might be most fascinating of all, for second president found doctrine of original sin, in Gaustad's words, a cheap and easy escape from moral responsibility (77). Adams saw John Wesley as one of most remarkable Characters that enthusiasm, superstition, fanaticism ever produced (80). He took peculiar position of detesting Calvinism while affirming God's absolute sovereignty.The third book is written by David Holmes, who has contributed another valuable work on this topic, The Faiths of Founding Fathers (New York: Oxford, 2006). In an equally excellent study, Holmes now tackles span of presidents ranging from Truman to Obama. Holmes's style is lively, his research extensive, showing grounding in myriad of biographies, articles, websites, and manuscript collections in presidential libraries. …

Die Etymologie von tekri-, einem hapax legomenon in den ,Mannestaten Suppiluliumas‘

One of the best-known episodes described in the “Deeds of Suppiluliuma” is, when the Hittite king receives a letter from an Egyptian queen whose name is given as “Dahamunzu” in the cuneiform script. One crucial sentence in this part of the text (tekri-wa naḫmi) has always been difficult to understand since the exact meaning of the lexeme tekri- is not known. Nevertheless, many scholars have guessed a translation such as “I fear such disgrace” or similar. Since “Dahamunzu” has long been discovered to be the rendering of the Egyptian royal title tᴈ-ḥᵓ m.t nsw , an Egyptian etymology of tekri- does not seem unlikeley. It can indeed be interpreted as phonologically equivalent to Late Egyptian tᴈ-kᴈ.t “vulva” or “cunt” in the sense of “prostitute” or simply as a disrespective designation for a woman.

The influence of lexical familiarity on ERP responses during sentence comprehension in language learners

Previous research on event-related potentials (ERPs) on second language processing has revealed a great degree of plasticity in brain mechanisms of adult language learners. Studies with natural and artificial languages show that the N400 as well as the P600 component appear in learners after sufficient training. The present experiment tests if and which ERP components in response to syntactic and thematic processes generalize to unfamiliar lexical material in adult language learners. Learners of a miniature version of Japanese were presented with correct and incorrect sentences, half of which contained an unfamiliar word in the crucial sentence position. Incorrect sentences were either case-marking violations or word category violations. When all words were familiar, case-marking violations elicited a biphasic N400—P600 pattern and word category violations led to an early negativity that was followed by a P600. When the case violation occurred on an unfamiliar noun, only a P600 was seen. Word category violations that involved unknown verbs led to an early negativity and only to a reduced P600. The results suggest a high degree of nativelikeness for the learners during processing of familiar sentences. Unfamiliar words seem to entail additional processing costs and specifically lead to difficulties in the domain of case processing.

Is German V-to-C Movement Really Semantically Motivated? Some Empirical Problems

1. The central issue for a linguistic theory of sentence types is to what extent their meanings (‘sentence moods’) can be compositionally derived from their form. T[ruckenbrodt]'s paper is a valiant, and altogether fascinating attempt to identify a specific contribution of the central formal feature of German sentence types – verb position viz. finite verb movement to C (V-to-C ) – to these meanings. His central claim is that V-to-C is triggered by a context index in C containing crucial sentence mood elements that must be checked in order to yield the appropriate illocutionary interpretations of V-in-C root clauses. In short, according to T, German V-toC has a purely semantic viz. illocutionary motivation. It is this central claim that I will take issue with in the following.

Dubbelzinnigheid als historische deugd. Een antwoord aan Knegtmans, Zondergeld en Caljé

Klaas van Berkel, Ambiguity as an historical virtue. A response to Knegtmans, Zondergeld and CaljéAcademic illusions is indeed a rather ambiguous book, but that does not excuse a reviewer from the obligation to cite it correctly. Had Knegtmans in fact done this, he would have acknowledged that the University of Groningen, where the ideals of the academic community were adhered to so strongly, was indeed representative of the common academic pattern in the Netherlands, whereas the denominational universities deviated from this pattern only temporarily. In the case of Zondergeld, the habit of misreading crucial sentences seems to indicate an unwillingness to acknowledge that there are more ways of looking at so-called facts and people’s behaviour than just one. Caljé on the other hand does indeed recognize the ambiguity of the past, but fails to appreciate the essential ambiguity of the university. He is correct in stressing the political element in the history of the university, but forgets that the university also professes to be functionally detached from society. This repsonse is part of the discussion forum 'Academische illusies' (K. van Berkel).

"Until It Was Historical": A Letter and an Interview

There can hardly be any surprise in the revelation of Bernard Shaw's sexual intimacy with Molly Tompkins. After all, Charles A. Berst built the case for such a revelation with a masterful analysis in his 1986 article (in SHAW 5, 81-114), Passion at Lake Maggiore: Shaw, Molly Tompkins, and Italy, 1921-1950. Although the particulars ofthat sexual intimacy have thus far been preserved by Peter Tompkins in the privacy of his personal archives, he has now agreed to the publication in full of Shaw's 4 December 1944 letter, a document previously published without three crucial sentences.

Chance and the Text of Experience: Freud, Nietzsche, and Shakespeare's Hamlet (review)

136Philosophy and Literature is how to persuade that Ingarden and some others are right. Ifthe accumulated experiences of ages are anything to go by, humanity will go on alternately enjoying art in its own perverse ways, or destroying it when its mood changes— caring not a bit for the broad Ingardenian theses, never mind their subdeties and distinctions. The present selection consists ofeight papers and a monumentalbibliography of works by and on Ingarden, which takes up over a quarter of the book. McCormick endeavors to convince us that he has put together a balanced representation ofIngarden's crucial works, but he has simply gathered scattered papers that have become available in translation since 1961. In addition to the one already cited, these include: "On Philosophical Aesthetics," "Phenomenological Aesthetics: An Attemptat Defining Its Range," "A Marginal Commentary on Aristotie's Poetics," "Psychologism and Psychology in Literary Scholarship," "Artistic and Aesthetic Value," "Aesthetic Experience and Aesthetic Object," and "The Physicalistic Theory of Language and the Work of Literature." Nor has McCormick paid much attention to the detail of editorial responsibilities . The paper on psychologism is preceded by the translator's (John Fizer's) useful introduction, but such material should either have been incorporated into the editor's general introduction or each paper given a similar separate introduction for consistency's sake. Moreover, in this book obviously aimed at readers with no German, Fizer is allowed to quote in German some crucial sentences from Ingarden's The Literary Work of Art, which he refers to as Das Literarische Kunstwerk and claims, against McCormick's testimony to the contrary, that it is not yet available in English. Ingarden's own texts have not been checked for similar inconsistencies and Husserl's work is sometimes referred to as Logische Untersuchungen, sometimes as Logical Investigations. The dust jacket correcdy informs that Ingarden died in 1970, but Fizer is allowed to say he died a year earlier, while the Congress Catalog rubric gives his date of birth as 1983 and implies, perhaps not surprisingly, that he is still alive. Curiously, the book is published in a series devoted to "Austrian intellectual history." LondonAdam Czerniawski Chance and the Text of Experience: Freud, Nietzsche, and Shakespeare's Hamlet, by William Beatty Warner; 308 pp. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986, $29.95. Iffinding the rightjacket photo is a matter ofchance, this author was certainly Reviews137 lucky. The cover shows Nietzsche and Paul Rèe drawing a small cart; in the driver's seat, holding a whip and smiling like the Mona Lisa, is Lou Salomé. Chance brought them together, chance provided the props and, if one were writing about those photographed, the intersection of their chances with one's own would be a chance too good to miss—a chance that would not only compel interpretation but would also offer the writer some purchase, some mastery over the labyrinths of those texts, those lives. Warner's book explores what is at stake for the subject who accommodates the threats and opportunities chance brings its way. At the same time, Warner also offers a program for biographical criticism. By studying the archive of a life and thought in the making, he aims to recuperate the role chance plays in the production of texts. This archive or "life-writing" is often directed to or against another person in a dialogue that is only pardy under conscious control and, for Freud in the 1890s, that other was Wilhelm Fliess. Warner's account of the role chance plays in Freud's life and thought in the 1890s begins with an explication of the interplay between memory and fantasy in psychic life and moves on to a detailed reading of Freud's "non-vixit" dream. Where Freud relates the dream to a single primal scene of rivalry, Warner's analysis is more concerned with the mechanisms that allow Freud to settle on such a singular reading. Other scenes compete with the one Freud privileges, but Freud feels interpellated by a linguistic coincidence and his response to this chance guides his interpretation in a self-serving way. It protects the self who interprets from its dissolution in interpretation; it turns Fliess into the defeated rival Freud...

Is there more than one Generation of Matter in the Enneads?

There has been some controversy, which has not yet been resolved, concerning the generation of the matter of the physical universe in the Enneads. In an early article O'Brien argued that the partial soul generates matter.' This was later rejected by Schwyzer.2 By interpreting the protasis of a crucial sentence in I, 8, 14 (51-53: xaL yC' dQ aELciT i VpvXi% Tljv i5Xrkv ~yEvvrIoE JuaOofjoa, xcai EL EXOLVWVfJlOEV cUvTn xCi syeviVTo xaxiq, in i5XrT atiTa naQo1vaa) as an unreal condition, Schwyzer argued that matter was eternal and ungenerated. Other relevant passages, he maintained, were all ambiguous, but could be more readily explained as referring to the generation of body. For Schwyzer, then, there is no generation of matter in the Enneads. In the present article I shall first attempt to settle this basic debate. Then I shall go on to argue that the whole question is more complicated than has been recognized. Plotinus has more than one view of the generation of matter. In fact, it is possible to argue that there are three different generations of the matter of the physical universe in the Enneads. Finally, I shall suggest that to regard sensible matter as a static substratum will just not do for all of Plotinus' thinking.3 Certain passages compel us to the view that

CORRECTION

Dear History Workshop-Two readers have pointed out an ambiguity in a crucial sentence at the start of my essay ‘The Workers' Opposition in Nazi Germany’, HWJ no 11. p.120. The sentence reads: the workers'opposition 'posed a massive, but not a fundamental, principled challenge to the regime’. To make the intended sense absolutely clear, the sentence ought to read: the workers' opposition ‘posed a massive, yet neither fundamental not principled challenge to the regime’. My apologies for creating uncertainty on this important point.