CRT Glass Research Articles

Recycling and optimum utilization of CRT glass as building materials: An application of low CO2 based circular economy for sustainable construction

The construction industry is the major contributor of CO2 emission around the globe. The rapid advances in the electronics industry have transformed the disposal of cathode ray tube glass waste (CRT-WG) into a prominent environmental concern. Recycling of CRT glasses as building materials can help in the production of sustainable construction. Numerous previous studies have documented that CRT-WG can be utilized either as a component of fine aggregate or binder material as it provides a cleaner solution and reduce carbon emission. Under this cleaner production and low CO2 emission perspective, this paper provides a thorough review of the previous studies on the utilization of CRT glass as a partially and fully substitute of sand and cementitious material in mortar production and propose an application of CO2 based circular economy model for reduce carbon emissions. This paper summarized the fresh, mechanical and durability properties of mortar incorporating treated and un-treated CRT-WG with different mineral additives and w/b ratios. Furthermore, this research explores the optimal proportions of CRT glass that can be use as replacements for sand and cement powder to make eco-friendly and sustainable low carbon mortar suitable for both structural and non-structural applications. More particularly, this review emphasizes the benefits, the need for additional research, and the drawbacks of CRT-WG use in construction building. Overall, this study proposes that incorporating CRT glass into building materials through a low CO2 based circular economy offers significant potential advantages. This study will help in optimization of CRT glass in concrete mix design in combination with waste materials for sustainable construction.

Synthesis and characterization of metakaolin-based geopolymers doped with CRT waste glass for radiation shielding applications

This study presents the influence of CRT glass on the gamma-ray interaction processes in metakaolin-based geopolymers. Four batches of G-CRT composites (namely, G, G-10CRT, G-20CRT, and G-30CRT, which represent geopolymer (G) samples doped with 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt% of CRT glass) were prepared using the cold hydrostatic press method. The mass attenuation coefficients of the prepared C-xCRT samples were computed using XCOM and FLUKA simulations for photons within the energy range of 15 keV–15 MeV. The density of the pristine geopolymer increased from about 1.86 g/cm3 to 2.09, 2.26, and 2.34 g/cm3 for G-10CRT, G-20CRT, and G-30CRT, respectively. The photon mass and linear attenuation coefficients of the geopolymers increased with CRT glass concentration. The half-value layer and mean free path were within the ranges 0.070–18.079 cm and 0.101–26.083 cm for G; 0.036–15.110 cm and 0.052–21.799 cm for G-10CRT; 0.024–13.197 cm and 0.014–19.039 cm for G-20CRT; and 0.018–12.074 and 0.026–17.419 cm for G-30CRT. The G-30CRT had the best gamma attenuating prowess in contrast to other G-xCRT. CRT-rich G-xCRT had a higher effective atomic number. For 10 mm thick geopolymer, the absorbed dose rates were 0.211 μR/h, 0.66 μR/h, 1.11 μR/h, and 1.55 μR/h for G, G-10CRT, G-20CRT, and G-30CRT, respectively, for 100 keV photons. The introduction of CRT glass into the geopolymer matrix improved their photon interaction cross-section. The geopolymers showed outstanding photon interaction ability compared to ordinary concrete and some shielding glasses at low photon energies. The CRT glass-doped geopolymer samples are useful for preparing radiation shielding concrete.

Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of UHPC in Modern Construction Practices

A comprehensive examination was undertaken to investigate various aspects related to the development and application of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC). The research explored eco-friendly approaches, such as incorporating supplementary cementitious materials and nanoparticles, optimizing binder systems, and assessing chemical activators. These modifications improved mechanical properties and reduced environmental impact, including embodied CO2 emissions. Additionally, the utilization of waste materials like CRT glass showed energy savings and reduced emissions. Studies focused on optimizing UHPC mix designs, emphasizing a balance between performance and environmental impact. Techniques like statistical mixture design methods and dynamic testing assessed UHPC's environmental and economic impacts, highlighting significant energy savings and reduced CO2 emissions with waste material recycling. Overall, the research contributes valuable insights into UHPC development and its ecological footprint in construction

Optimization of wire-cut EDM parameters using Taguchi and entropy coupled COPRAS approach for machining of CRT glass powder reinforced magnesium surface composite developed using friction stir processing

Optimization of wire-cut EDM parameters using Taguchi and entropy coupled COPRAS approach for machining of CRT glass powder reinforced magnesium surface composite developed using friction stir processing

Concrete Resistance Achieved with Subtly Ground Tube Glass of Cathode Ray as Supplementary Cementitious Material to Sulphate Attack

One of the essential requirements in modern civil engineering is a sustainable building, with the aim of reducing the harmful impact on the environment. Since the early XXI century, usage of recycled materials has been insisted on, which could, at least partly, substitute traditionally used materials. Although there is no serial manufacturing of TV sets with cathode ray tubes anymore, piles of cathode ray tube glass (CRT) at the waste disposal sites have still been on the increase. This experimental research was supposed to determine the potential for using subtly milled CRT glass as a supplementary cementitious material and to check the resistance of similar concretes to the sulphate action. Six testing concrete batches were made. The percentage of cement replacement percentage with CRT was: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 35%, by mass. Durability assessment of concrete to sulphate action was done by visual estimation of concrete appearance as well as through testing the compressive strength variations of treated concrete specimens 3, 6, 12 and 36 months old. After soaking the specimens in a 5% solution of Na2SO4 for 36 months, concretes with 15% to 20% of replaced cement with finely ground CRT glass have simultaneously satisfactory compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack. In this sense, this range of replacement of cement with finely ground CRT glass can be recommended for practical application.

Experimental Study on the Partial Replacement of the Cement with Waste Marble Dust and Fine Aggregate with CRT Waste

Abstract: The attention of the world towards sustainable development is one of the major concerns from the past few years. This act of using huge volume of natural aggregates in construction industry leads to the shortage of natural aggregate in construction process. The latest trend in construction industry is to use alternate materials which can be best substitute of natural aggregates so that there is no compromise in terms of strength and durability considerations of structure. Reusing waste materials as an alternative to natural aggregates can help in reducing environmental problems, pollution, waste disposal and global warming. From the last few years, it has been found that the waste generated from demolition of construction site and old structures is increasing at more rapidly. Thus, reusing and recycling these wastes may reduce the usage of natural aggregates and thus contribute in reducing environmental hazards. In the present experimental work, the natural fine aggregates are partially replaced by crushed CRT Glass aggregates with replacement ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and cement is partially replaced by marble dust with replacement ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Five different mixes of were prepared and based on the results. In this experiment, five different mixes of combined Marble Dust and crushed CRT aggregates were used in the present study. The different mixes are studied for mechanical and durability properties of M-35 concrete. The results have demonstrated that the concrete mixes with 5% CRT aggregates and 10% marble dust replacement gives compressive strength and split tensile strength slightly more than the normal design mix.

Green Conversion of the Hazardous Cathode Ray Tube and Red Mud into Radiation Shielding Concrete.

The present investigation was aimed at the utilization of alternate materials, emphasizing hazardous industrial products (red mud and cathode ray tubes), as constituents of radiation shielding concrete. The usage of these hazardous industrial products improves the sustainability and performance of the radiation shielding concrete. Five concrete blocks were cast and their density, compressive strength, gamma shielding factors, radiation absorption ratio, and transmission factor were explored. For this purpose, gamma-ray shielding measurements were done with the help of an HPGe detector. Mix-1, with zero contents of red mud and CRTs, had the lowest LAC. The LAC results demonstrated that the shielding performance of the current concretes would be better with the increase in red mud and cathode ray tube glass. The Transmission factor (TF) for the prepared concretes with a thickness of 2 cm varied between 11.9–26.1% at 0.06 MeV, while it varied between 4–13% for a thickness of 3 cm. The TF results showed that the composites with a thickness of 2, 3, or 5 cm are good shields against lower energy radiation. The radiation absorption ratio (RAR) for the prepared concretes is high at low energy, suggesting that these new composites can absorb most of the low-energy photons. The RAR results emphasize that the increase in CRTs in the new composites enhanced the radiation shielding features, and when the CRT glass is at a maximum, more attenuation was achieved.

Durability Properties of Concrete Supplemented with Recycled CRT Glass as Cementitious Material.

This paper presents the testing of the durability of concrete where a part of cement was replaced with ground panel cathode ray tube glass (CRT) finer than 63 µm. The percentage of cement replaced with glass is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 35%, by mass. The highest percent share of mineral admixtures in CEM II (Portland-composiste cement) cement was chosen as the top limit of replacement of cement with glass. In terms of the concrete durability, the following tests are performed: freeze-thaw resistance, freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts-scaling, resistance to wear according to the Böhme test, sulfate attack resistance, and resistance to penetration of water under pressure. A compressive strength test is performed, and shrinkage of concrete is monitored. In order to determine the microstructure of concrete, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analyses were performed. The obtained research results indicate that the replacement of a part of cement with finely ground CRT glass up to 15% by mass has a positive effect on the compressive strength of concrete in terms of its increase without compromising the durability of concrete. The results obtained by experimental testing unequivocally show that concrete mixtures made with partial replacement (up to 15%) of cement with finely ground CRT glass have the same freeze-thaw resistance, resistance to freeze/thaw with de-icing salt, resistance to wear by abrasion, and resistance to sulfate attack as the reference concrete. In terms of environmental protection, the use of CRT glass as a component for making concrete is also very significant.

Influence of the Composition and Curing Time on Mechanical Properties of Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer.

This paper presents novel research on a fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ash-based geopolymer as a contribution to the problem of FBC fly ash disposal, and a proposal for a new geopolymer composition—an environmentally friendly material that is possible to use in construction. Geopolymer samples of various composition (containing FBC fly ash as the main raw material, metakaolin and CRT glass as additional components, and sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as activators) were subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests. An investigation on the effect of the demolding time was carried out on one selected mixture. The test showed that both the composition and the demolding time have a decisive influence on the basic mechanical properties. A mixture containing FBC fly ash to metakaolin in a mass ratio of 3:1, removed from the mold after 14 days, was found to be the best in terms of the mechanical parameters expected from a material that could be used in construction, e.g., for the production of precast elements. According to the results obtained, FBC fly ash is a promising and environmentally friendly raw material for the production of geopolymer, with good mechanical properties and low density. Moreover, a high compressive strength can be obtained by curing the geopolymer at ambient temperature.

Encapsulation of toxic heavy metals from waste CRT using calcined kaolin base-geopolymer

Hazardous materials like barium and lead present in discarded Cathode Ray Tubes, CRT's, may represent a big problem to the environment if they are not properly disposed. In the present study, solidification/stabilization of crushed waste CRT (CRT glass particles), through a calcined kaolin base-geopolymer as metal-immobilizer is presented. Two different compositions of raw materials using 5, 10, and 20% wt of CRT glass particles were studied. The geopolymers were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TG-DTA/DSC, FTIR, leaching tests. The microhardness of coatings on mild steel was tested. The results and the differences in properties are explained based on the microstructure evolution of the geopolymer with CRT glass particles. The results showed that low alkaline medium was effective in the encapsulation of toxic heavy metals from the CRT glass even though they were used as coatings on mild steel samples.

Characterization of foam glass produced from waste CRT glass and aluminium dross

Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings has become very pertinent currently. This will be implemented by employing eco-friendly materials such as foam glass. Glass foaming is a process that depends strongly on the foaming mechanism and the initial composition of the mixture. This study deals with the investigation of foam glass properties consisting of recycled bottle glass material, CRT glass and aluminium dross. Experiments were carried out to investigate the thermal behaviour, optimal foaming temperature, density, water absorption, thermal conductivity and compressive strength of the foams. Microstructure and cell size distribution was analyzed as well. Effect of the CRT glass and the aluminium dross on the properties of the foams was evaluated in this paper. Adding aluminium dross decreased the foaming temperature, increased the foaming height and enhanced the compressive strength of the foam glass.

Utjecaj dodavanja sitno mljevenog CRT stakla na svojstva cementne paste i morta

Utjecaj dodavanja sitno mljevenog CRT stakla na svojstva cementne paste i morta

Preparation of Sintered Glass-Ceramic from CRT Glass and Red Gypsum Wastes for Tiling Application

This study aims to prepare sintered glass-ceramic (SGC) from a combination of cathode ray tube glass and red gypsum wastes specifically for tiling application. Bentonite clay which acted as a binder was also added to the prepared formulation. The starting materials were milled individually, mixed and compacted into button shape by using a uniaxial hydraulic press machine. The effects of sintering temperature and red gypsum content on the physical- mechanical properties and crystallization behaviour were investigated. The test results revealed that the glass-ceramic sintered at 850°C with 20 wt.% of red gypsum gave the best combination of physical-mechanical properties. Modulus of rupture and linear shrinkage were measured at 33.75 MPa and 6.47 %, respectively. Water absorption was low enough and recorded at 0.4759 % while the density was measured at 2.6638 g/cm3. The results also discovered that increasing red gypsum content by 10 wt.% and sintered at similar temperature deteriorated the quality of the glass-ceramic. Therefore, this particular sintered glass-ceramic has the potential to be used as outdoor walkway tile or brick owing to the high physical-mechanical properties, colour suitability as well as low production cost.

Waste recycling of cathode ray tube glass through industrial production of transparent ceramic frits

ABSTRACTCathode ray tube (CRT) glass contains significant amounts of alkali and alkaline earth oxides, making it a useful by-product for use in the ceramics industry. Among the various alkali oxides present, those of strontium (SrO), calcium (CaO), and magnesium (MgO) are well known flux materials used widely in the ceramics industry. The most effective flux, SrO, is also a limited resource. In this study, we aimed to develop an environmentally friendly, low-cost method for recycling CRT waste by using it to produce transparent ceramic frits on an industrial scale. Four different samples were fabricated containing between 13 and 25 wt.% CRT panel glass. The color values, sintering behaviors, phases, and microstructural properties of the corresponding samples were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that a composition containing 25 wt.% CRT panel glass could pass the ISO 10545 test. Thus, the results confirm that CRT glass can be used to inexpensively produce transparent ceramic frits at an industrial scale.Implications: The recycling of electronic waste (e-waste), including CRT waste, has increased by high rates of computer and TV consumption. This increase in consumption is likely to increase the rate at which CRTs are discarded. However, CRTs cannot be recycled in the desired amount. Owing to the high silicate, barium and strontium content of CRTs, it has great potential for glass ceramics such as frits. CRT panel glass to produce commercial transparent frit at low cost through an industrial production route for use in single-fire sintered products. Thus, CRT wastes can be recycled cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly.

Influence of CRT Glass Quantity on the Properties of Red Mud-CRT Glass Ceramics Fired at Different Temperatures

Influence of CRT Glass Quantity on the Properties of Red Mud-CRT Glass Ceramics Fired at Different Temperatures

The influence of addition of CRT Glass cullet on selected parameters of concrete composites

In recent years, with the abandonment of use of CRT television and computer screens the waste dumps observe systematic growth of amounts of CRT glass. This type of waste is non-biodegradable and unsafe for the environment. The best way to overcome this negative influence of glass waste on the nature surrounding us is to reuse it. The article investigates the influence of addition of CRT glass cullet on selected mechanical properties of concrete and mortar. Composition of two batches of concrete utilized 0-2 mm fraction of glass cullet, as replacement of sand, in amounts of 10 and 15%. The remaining 3 batches utilized CRT glass cullet as addition to dust fraction, calculated in relation to the mass of cement (5, 7.5 and 10% respectively) with volumetric deduction of aggregate. The following were measured for 6 resulting batches of concrete: compression strength after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing; frost resistance for 100 cycles of freezing and defrosting, water absorption and specific gravity. The CRT glass cullet was added to mortar in the following quantities: 5, 7.5 and 10% of cement mass, deducing cement. Research results indicate the validity of use of the previously unused CRT glass cullet in production of concretes.

More Intel on the territorial limits of EU competition law

The recent increased focus of the European Commission on cartels formed and operated outside of the EU, which nonetheless harm competition in the internal market, has led to a corresponding increase in private damages actions being pursued in the English courts for losses occasioned by those cartels. Those private damages actions have tested both the jurisdictional reach of the English courts and the territorial scope of EU competition law. This article discusses the successful appeal by iiyama against the partial strike out of its private damages claims in the English High Court for losses occasioned by the CRT Glass and LCD cartels. The impact of the Court of Justice's decision in Intel, which was handed down between iiyama's damages actions being struck out and its successful appeal, is also discussed, together with the High Court's subsequent decision in Unlockd, which followed Intel and iiyama. Taken together, these cases provide significant increased clarity on the issues of jurisdiction and applicable law in private damages actions before the English courts.

Synthesis of Foam Glass-Ceramic from CRT Panel Glass using One-step Powder Sintering

Foam glass-ceramic with high mechanical strength property was synthesized from waste CRT panel glass by using one-step sintering technology. This product contains columnar crystals in their microstructure and the crystal phases consist of Sr5(PO4)3F and Pb3(PO4)2. The content of additive agents and heating program on the bulk density and the compressive strength were evaluated. Physical properties of sintered material was measured, including the compressive strength 3.42 MPa, the density 0.78 g/cm3, the water absorption 0.41 wt.% and the thermal conductivity 0.052 w/m2·k. The results show that the CRT glass is susceptible to be used for high-performance foam glass-ceramic as building materials.

Influence of Morphology of Cathode-Ray Tube Glass as Coarse Aggregates on Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Concrete

The study on the substitution for natural coarse aggregates using waste CRT funnel glass in spherically shapes is still limited. In this paper, the waste CRT glass has been processed to form a spherical CRT glass (GS) and crushed CRT glass (GC), which were used as a coarse aggregate in concrete production. Results indicated that the inclusion of GS and GC has lower the compressive strength and decreased the rate of capillary water absorption of concrete. It was demonstrated that the morphology properties of GS and GC (shape, surface texture, size, grading) is significantly affected the concrete properties.

Composite materials with primary lead slag content: Application in gamma radiation shielding and waste encapsulation fields

This paper presents a study on the valorization of primary lead slag as substituent of aggregate in concrete for gamma radiation shielding and as a component of cementitious binders with application in low level radioactive solid waste encapsulation. The first part of the paper outlines the impact of primary lead slag on the compressive strength and gamma radiation shielding properties of concrete. The presence of the primary lead slag as aggregate substituent in concrete, along with steel shot and barite, enhances the density and shielding efficiency against gamma radiation for Ir192, Cs137, Co60 radioactive elements with average gamma energies of 0.37 MeV, 0.662 MeV and 1.25 MeV. The results showed that even the presence of primary lead slag led to a decrease in compressive strength and all the tested concretes exhibited compressive strengths higher than 50 MPa. The utilization of primary lead slag could be recommended as aggregate in heavyweight concrete. The second part of the paper focuses on the experimental investigation of the physic-mechanical properties and low level radioactive solid waste encapsulation capacity of grout based on binders with primary lead slag content. Two binders (30% and 50% lead slag content) were used in cementitious grouts with different binder:sand ratio (1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2), two types of sand (river sand or crushed concrete sand), different grain size distribution of sand and water/binder ratio of 0.3. It was observed that the grouts exhibit compressive strengths higher than 30 MPa, regardless of the binder:sand ratio. The increase in the binder:sand ratio influenced negatively the flow ability and positively the drying shrinkage. The low level radioactive solid waste encapsulation capacity of studied grout was lower than that of the reference grout with CRT glass waste.