Crown Lands Research Articles

Perceived Unmet Need for Mental Health Care for Canadians With Co-occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders

Previous analyses demonstrated an elevated occurrence of perceived unmet need for mental health care among persons with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in comparison with those with either disorder. This study built on previous work to examine these associations and underlying reasons in more detail. Secondary data analyses were performed on a subset of respondents to the 2002 Canadian Community Health Survey (unweighted N=4,052). Diagnostic algorithms classified respondents by past-year substance dependence and selected mood and anxiety disorders. Logistic regressions examined the associations between diagnoses and unmet need in the previous year, accounting for recent service use and potential predisposing, enabling, and need factors often associated with help seeking. Self-reported reasons underlying unmet need were also tabulated across diagnostic groups. Of persons with a disorder, 22% reported a 12-month unmet need for care. With controls for service use and other potential confounders, the odds of unmet need were significantly elevated among persons with co-occurring disorders (adjusted odds ratio=3.25; 95% confidence interval=1.96-5.37). Most commonly, the underlying reason involved a preference to self-manage symptoms or not getting around to seeking care, with some variation by diagnosis. The findings highlight potential problems for individuals with mental and substance use disorders in accessing services. The elevated occurrence of perceived unmet need appeared to be relatively less affected by contact with the health care system than by generalized distress and problem severity. Issues such as stigma, motivation, and satisfaction with past services may influence help-seeking patterns and perceptions of unmet need and should be examined in future work.

Social Justice in the Forest: Aboriginal engagement with Australia's forest industries

What remains of Australia’s native forests are important to Aboriginal people for environmental, cultural and economic reasons. Managers of forests in protected areas at State and Commonwealth levels have policies for involving Aboriginal people in forest management and for protecting the intangible and tangible values that Aboriginal people place on forests, but there are limited opportunities for significant economic returns to Aboriginal communities. Outside of conservation reserves, there are native timber production forests on crown land, plantations on private and public land and, forests on Aboriginal land, that offer a range of opportunities for Aboriginal people to engage with forest industries. Cultural traditions and values continue to play a role but they are manifest in different ways, depending on the local situation.

Alberta's Resources Negotiations and Bannf and Jasper National Parks

The Government of Canada retained control of Crown lands and mineral and water rights in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba until 1930 when they were transferred to the three provincial governments as a result of agreements reached in 1929. In the case of Alberta, the agreement also settled the boundaries for Banff and Jasper national parks. The national parks discussions helped establish the principle that resource extraction would not take place in national parks anywhere in Canada. This paper examines the political background to the discussions over national parks and the process for setting the boundaries of these parks, with an emphasis on a report on park boundaries that addressed resource development and wildlife management in and near the parks, issues that parks administrators continue to face today.

Parthisch uzbar(i) und georgisch zvari

AbstractThis paper shows that Georgian zvari, Old Georgian zwari "large vineyard, wine-growing estate" is a direct loan, without Armenian transmission, from Sasanian Parthian *(i)zßar going back to Arsacid Parthian uzbar(i) with the meaning "subject to taxation, profitable" and denoting a certain category of vineyard of an estate in the Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa of the 1st century B.C. Its Old Persian correspondence was also current as a loan in Late Babylonian with the meaning "crown land". The Georgian form is documented twice in the Old Testament: 1 Samuel 22,7 showing that a zwari consisted of several venaq'i "vineyard"; and in 1 Samuel 8,12 mezware "guard or keeper of a zwari", misread in the Mc'xet'a Bible but correct in the Oški Bible. A further mistake in the Mc'xet'a Bible shows that its Georgian translator misinterpreted the Armenian model. Again, the differring text in the Oški Bible is correct. The word is mentioned by Sulxan-Saba Orbeliani in the 17th century and was explained by Niko Č'ubinašvili and his nephew Davit' Č'ubinašvili by a folk etymology connecting it with mzvare "sunny place", an erroneous explanation, which has also crept into modern publications.

The Crown Lands Department, the Government, and the Settlers of McNab Township, Canada West

After the 1837-38 rebellions, it was important to maintain public trust in government. At the same time people expected significant reforms and, ultimately, responsible government. The circumstances surrounding Archibald McNab and the settlers whom he had located in McNab Township in the 1830s and 1840s, highlight ways in which the transition to responsible government took form. The settlers, deceived and oppressed by McNab, became useful political tools and their plight was highly publicized by reformers. McNab came to represent the old ways of using position and power to further one’s own status and wealth while a new ideal of serving the public interest was moving to the fore. Because so many of the settlers’ problems stemmed from land distribution, the government had to handle the issue carefully. Encouraging settlement was the most important activity of the government in this period and its policies needed to apply consistently across Canada West in order to maintain trust and stability. Its handling of the difficulties in McNab was both consistent and flexible, raising no cries of special treatment.

Forest and economic impacts of alternative management strategies on Crown land in New Brunswick

This study evaluated the long-run economic impacts of four alternative forest management strategies on New Brunswick’s Crown land forests: two volume-based strategies focused on business as usual (BAU) and intensive (INT) timber volume production and two value-based strategies focused on forest manufacturing sector contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) and government surplus (GOV). These were defined within an extended wood supply model that incorporated both economic indicators (logging sector profit, government surplus, forest manufacturing sector shipments, and forest manufacturing sector GDP) and timber supply indicators (harvest levels, operable growing stock, and products). Results showed that a number of indicator trade-offs emerge under each strategy. For instance, the GOV strategy produced the highest present value government surplus value (at $1.2 billion, exceeding INT, BAU, and GDP strategies by $352 million, $302 million, and $169 million, respectively) and logging sector profit (at $2.4 billion, exceeding BAU, INT, and GDP strategies by $4 million, $11 million, and $8 million, respectively) over an 80 year planning horizon. However, this strategy also produced the lowest forest manufacturing sector contribution to GDP (at $12.8 billion, below the GDP, INT, and BAU strategies by $4.3 billion, $1.6 billion, and $1.4 billion, respectively) and the lowest annual softwood volume harvest, operable growing stock, and silvicultural investment of all strategies. Thus, although these findings emphasize that value-based strategies can produce some favourable economic outcomes, a number of trade-offs emerge that need to be further investigated before such strategies can be supported.

‘British Columbia Is Open for Business’: Environmental Justice and Working Forest News in the Vancouver Sun

This paper analyses the Vancouver Sun's coverage of the Working Forest Initiative, which the provincial government of British Columbia (BC), Canada, introduced in 2002. The Working Forest originally defined forestry as the primary use of all forested Crown land in BC that was not within protected areas. By 2003, this policy initiative was transformed into a largely symbolic recognition of the importance of the forest industry. Through the Sun, the debate over the Working Forest is simplified into a conflict between a discourse of ‘certainty and stability’ for the forest industry and an oppositional discourse that challenges the conflation of the interests of forestry corporations with a reified ‘general interest’. In the Sun, debate over the Working Forest is dominated by sources from government, environmental organizations and the forest industry. Other important news sources are rendered silent, including First Nations and forestry labour voices.

Psychiatric institutions, their architecture, and the politics of regional autonomy in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy

This paper examines the planning process and architecture of two public psychiatric institutions built around 1900 in Trieste and Lower Austria. From 1864, the building of new asylums was the responsibility of Crown land governments, which by the end of the nineteenth century had emerged as sites of power and self-presentation by minority groups and new political parties. At the same time, the area of asylum planning was establishing itself as a branch of asylum psychiatry and promoting the idea of the asylum as model settlement, contributing to social reform. I analyse the interaction of psychiatrists, architects and government officials involved in planning the two institutions in the context of Crown land governments’ self-positioning within the empire and internationally (especially in relation to Italy and Germany). The Trieste asylum planners were working for a government controlled by Italian nationalists, but their desire for a ‘modern’ asylum turned them towards German models. The Christian Social government in Lower Austria sought to supplant Germany as the leader in this branch of science. The spatial arrangement and visual articulation of the two asylums is interpreted in the context of the interaction of psychiatry and the politics of regional autonomy.

Expanding socio-economic considerations in the management of New Brunswick's Crown land forests

New Brunswick is in the midst of a forest policy debate regarding wood supply. This paper outlines the historical context, presents recent data and provides a detailed update on policy activities related to this debate. In 2004, the bi-partisan Legislative Select Committee on Wood Supply produced a report complete with recommendations for action. We report on the provincial government response to those recommendations, which has been to: broaden public input into forest management and planning; broaden the range of forest values considered in forest management/policy; and employ new tools, indicators and analysis to provide information to policy-makers. Key words: New Brunswick, wood supply, Crown land policy history, policy debate, socio-economic indicators, public participation in forest management

Environmental, landscape and social predictors of native grassland loss in western Victoria, Australia

Understanding the causes, processes and ecological consequences of land use change is a conservation priority in fragmented, human dominated landscapes but is often difficult due to insufficient environmental and social data or data at different spatial scales. We assessed changes in the extent of relictual native grasslands in western Victoria, Australia, by comparing native grasslands recorded by targeted vegetation surveys in the 1980s and early 1990s, with those present in 2004. Of the 880 ha of native grassland recorded by the earlier surveys, approximately 225 ha were destroyed by 2004. The area of grassland on road reserves was reduced by 169 ha (36%), with 67 ha (32%) and 18 ha (14%) lost from private property and Crown land, respectively. However, due to incomplete surveys in 1984, the area of private native grassland destroyed is likely to have been severely underestimated. Bayesian logistic regression models determined that social factors had a greater influence on the probability of native grassland destruction than environmental variables (i.e. soil type, distance to stream). The conservation ranking of native grassland patches and the fire brigade area the patch was located in were found to be particularly important. These results highlight the destructive effect of altering roadside fire prevention techniques from controlled burning to herbicide spraying, but suggest that this change is due to a complex interaction of social, economic and cultural factors.

Flowering phenology and seed viability of native and non-native poplars in north-central Alberta

In Alberta, Canada, the provincial government currently restricts the establishment of hybrid poplars to private land or small research plantings on Crown lands, because of the unknown risks associated with using non-native trees. Industry is interested in utilizing hybrid poplars on a larger scale for fibre production and reclamation. This interest has driven the need to better understand the genetic risks associated with the deployment of these non-native trees within a matrix of natural poplar stands and agricultural plantings. The first step to understanding the potential risks associated with the use of non-native poplars is to assess flowering phenology and seedling development of both native and non-native poplars growing in the same region. Flowering data were collected and graphed for 38 clones of native Populus balsamifera, 20 clones of native P. tremuloides, and 13 non-native poplar clones (seven hybrid poplar clones and six P. davidiana seedlings) in north-central Alberta. Based on the overlapping flowering patterns and the development of normal seedlings, some potential for hybridization between native and non-native poplars exists. Key words: hybridization, hybrid poplars, Populus balsamifera, P. davidiana, P. tremuloides, risk

Does the Canadian forest sector have a viable future? Is current forest management acceptable to the general public? Would you advise your kids to take forestry?

The forest sector in Canada is in the midst of some major changes, with mill closures and rationalization, major public reviews of Crown land management in several provinces, and declining enrollment in forestry programs across Canada and internationally. I will address the three questions in my title, provide some information, as well as my opinions regarding the answers (yes, no, and yes, respectively). Key words: forest industry competitiveness, public consultation, future directions of Crown land management, public perception, forestry enrollment

Pattern and Process in Northern Rocky Mountain Headwaters: Ecological Linkages in the Headwaters of the Crown of the Continent1

Abstract: The Crown of the Continent is one of the premiere ecosystems in North America containing Waterton‐Glacier International Peace Park, the Bob Marshall‐Great Bear‐Scapegoat Wilderness Complex in Montana, various Provincial Parks in British Columbia and Alberta, several national and state forest lands in the USA, and Crown Lands in Canada. The region is also the headwater source for three of the continent’s great rivers: Columbia, Missouri and Saskatchewan that flow to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, respectively. Headwaters originate in high elevation alpine environs characterized by high snow accumulations in winter and rainstorms in summer. Most headwaters of the region contain high quality waters with few ions in solution and extremely low nutrient concentrations. Alpine streams have few species of aquatic organisms; however, they often possess rare species and have hydrogeomorphic features that make them vulnerable to climatic change. Subalpine and valley bottom streams of the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem (CCE) flow through well forested watersheds. Along the elevation gradient, the streams and rivers of the CCE flow through series of confining and nonconfining valleys resulting in distinct canyon and floodplain reaches. The alluvial floodplains are characterized by high species diversity and bioproduction maintained by the hydrologic linkages of habitats. The streams and rivers of the CCE have low nutrient concentrations, but may be significantly affected by wildfire, various resource extraction activities, such as logging or mining and exurban encroachment. Wildfire has been shown to increase nutrient loading in streams, both during a fire and then following the fire for as much as 5 years. Logging practices increase nutrient loading and the algal productivity of stream periphyton. Logging and associated roads are also known to increase sediment transport into Crown of the Continent streams directly affecting spawning success of native trout. The CCE is one of the fastest growing regions in the USA because of the many recreational amenities of the region. And, while the region has many remarkably pristine headwater streams and receiving rivers, there are many pending threats to water quality and quantity. One of the most urgent threats comes from the coal and gas fields in the northern part of the Crown of the Continent, where coal deposits are proposed for mountain‐top removal and open‐pit mining operations. This will have significant effects on the waters of the region, its native plants and animals and quality of life of the people.

Borderlines and nation-building: Bukowina 1848 to 1947

The current drawing up of (internal and external) frontiers on the territory of the Bukowina is the result of the idea of the nation state in the 19th century. The external borders of the former Austrian crown land emerged when this territory still was in a pre-national period. They were exclusively based on political and strategic considerations. State concepts fraught with national ideas, although the Habsburg Empire tried to avoid them right to its disintegration, began to gradually split the cultural landscape. It developed in more than 100 years of political and social continuity. There was a deliberate attempt to repress the grown regional identity by restructuring borders. Even the Soviet Union, which claimed to be supranational, was not able to emerge fully from the shadow of the Russian Empire. In the end, in this case too, national ‘liberation claims’ were the driving force behind territorial greed. In the area of Upper Moldavia the longue duree of political structures has remained particularly obvious to this day, even though the appearance has radically changed. First, the Habsburg and Russian Empires filled the power vacuum of political instability left by the Ottoman Empire. Both tried to consolidate the territory in different ways by exercising the power of a centralised state and to offer a new structure. Finally, the development of a regional identity, which had started in the late 19th century, in the course of the radicalisation of national claims during World War I, turned out to be too weak to act as a sufficient counterbalance to the latter. For both Ukraine and Romania, the striving for national union and demarcation has been a constant and dominant factor to this day. The repeated major revisions of the frontiers of the Bukowina in the first half of the 20th century are the result of this. The artificial dividing lines between the ethnic groups, which were drawn up on the basis of the nation state ideology, became manifest in the changing territorial structure of the Bukowina after 1918. At the moment, it is unforeseeable whether in view of this situation the historical Bukowina will be able to develop a common regional identity beyond national claims, which is supported by a majority (for instance in the Euro region Upper Pruth). Moreover, this will to a large extent depends on future European integration. Projecting national ideas of the 19th century and at the same time establishing programmatic guidelines for the future, as Ion Nistor did, is obviously not in the interest of a European spirit. It tries to overcome the nation state idea with its frontiers und promote identities that are linked to a cultural landscape. The Bukowina is certainly a Europe en miniature in both the positive and the negative sense. The overcoming of the political nation state concept in this peripheral area of Europe thus might become an indicator of the seriousness of a new supranational Europe. The following probably applies to the cultural landscape of the Bukowina more than to any other European region: “Territory is not; it becomes, for territory itself is passive, and it is human beliefs and actions that give territory meaning.”

Пророк у своїй вітчизні: Франко та його спільнота (1856–1886) по Ярослав Грицак (review)

449 Ab Imperio, 3/2007 Serhy YEKELCHYK Ярослав Грицак. Пророк у своїй вітчизні: Франко та його спільнота(1856-1886).Київ:“Кри- тика”, 2006. 631 с., илл. Покажчик имен, Покажчик географичнiх назв, Покажчик продовжуваних видань, альманахiв, установ та органiзацiй. ISBN: 966-7679-96-9. In this long-awaited and brilliant book, Yaroslav Hrytsak, a leading Ukrainian historian who is also well known in the West, presents the first half of his biography of Ivan Franko (1856-1916). A great writer, social scientist, and prominent civic figure in the western Ukrainian region of Galicia, which became a stronghold of Ukrainian nationalism during his lifetime, Franko is considered one of modern Ukraine’s “founding fathers .” To offer a fresh reading of his life is a challenge because for a century Ukrainian schoolchildren have been memorizing – depending on the time and place where they went to school – one of two dominant interpretations : Franko the great socialist and revolutionary poet, or Franko the great patriot and nation builder. But Hrytsak rises to the occasion. In order to deconstruct the familiar grand narratives and recover the complexities of nineteenth-century political imagination, he turns to micro-history. The phrase “his community” in the book’s title could also read “his communities,” since Hrytsak carefully examines the numerous micro-contexts of Franko’s life and work: his native village, his school, the student circles of which he was a member, the readers of his works, the journals he edited, the industrial city of Boryslav as a setting for his socialist propaganda and literary works, the women in his life, etc. While refusing to see Franko’s life as part of some Ukrainian grand narrative – whether socialist or nationalist – the author puts each of his micro-historical studies into the broad European comparative framework . Comparative and conceptual angles come naturally to Hrytsak’s 450 Рецензии/Reviews narrative because the author reads widely in German and English. Thus, the vignette chapters of this biography begin with solid historical introductions on theAustrian crown land of Galicia, the notions of time in traditional and modern societies, the concepts of local and national Motherland , the birth of mass literature, the formation of the working class in Eastern Europe, anti-Semitic motifs in nineteenth-century socialism, and so on. It is fascinating to watch how Hrytsak deconstructs the received wisdom to recover the pre-national, traditional, and ambiguous identity concepts of the poet’s youth. Every educated Ukrainian knows that Franko (stress on the last syllable) was born in 1856 in the village of Nahuievychi into a Ukrainian peasant family. Hrytsak explains, however, that a contemporary peasant would say that Franko (with the “a” stressed) was born in the suburb of Viitivska Hora “after the hungry years,” his parents being a wellto -do blacksmith of German background and a Polish gentry woman, who spoke Ruthenian (Ukrainian) at home. The image of a peasant poet, the Ukrainian national identity, and the Ukrainian-sounding emphasis in his name are all conscious identity choices that Franko made later in his life. These choices were not predetermined either. As Hrytsak shows, at the age of twenty Franko was for a time close to conservative Russophile circles and signed his name Russian-style in the minutes of the Lviv Academic Circle as “Ivan Yakovlevich ” (P. 159). He also dreamt of becoming a fashionable salon writer for Ruthenian clerical and intelligentsia readers while securing a steady income as a high school teacher (P. 188). Franko became the social and national activist we now “know” only after a series of events in 18761878 , which changed his life and life plans. A meeting with Mykhailo Drahomanov, a socialist thinker and Ukrainian activist from the Russian Empire, Franko’s subsequent arrest and trial for his participation in a socialist conspiracy, and the resulting restriction of traditional career choices liberated Franko from the conventions of polite society. Not yet a socialist when he stood trial for socialist propaganda in 18771878 , Franko later became a leading leftist voice among Ukrainians in Galicia. In the famous “Boryslav cycle” of short novels, he not so much describes as invents new character types in Ukrainian literature , including that of a worker activist. As Hrytsak shows, the writer’s imagination ran ahead of the times – the workers’ strike at the Boryslav oil fields depicted in Boryslav Is Laughing actually happened twenty years...

The Bacchus Marsh Council Trench, Its Geological Significance and Recent Conservation

The Council Trench at Bacchus Marsh in central Victoria contains the only known outcropping of Triassic-aged sedimentary rock in Victoria. It is a geologically and historically important site that has been recognised and given State heritage status by the Geological Society of Australia. From its original gazettal in 1873 as a stone reserve, through the discovery of Triassic plant fossils in its rock late in that century and until 2000, the Trench site remained a public reserve. In 2000, despite its geological heritage significance, the Victorian government offered the site for private sale and development. From 2000 to 2003 a dedicated group worked to have the sale offer withdrawn and for the site to remain in public ownership. They were successful. The Bacchus Marsh Council Trench Crown Land Reserve was gazetted in 2003 and a Committee of Management was soon formed. Since 2003 the committee has gained two grants from the State government. These funds have been used to provide a visitor access path to the Trench, to fence the site and to carry out an intensive, on-going program against environmental weeds and rabbits. The successful action by a dedicated group to prevent a geological heritage site being sold for development and to have it declared a Crown Land Reserve, may represent the first occasion that such action has been taken in Victoria.

Is Intensive Forest Management a misnomer? An Ontario-based discussion of terminology and an alternative approac

The term forest management refers to the science and business of operating a forest property, which, on Crown lands in Ontario, is typically a forest management unit. Silviculture is a component of forest management that refers to the suite of stand-level activities used to control stand composition and growth. Intensive forest management (IFM) is a concept that has been discussed and considered in Ontario for at least 30 years. Originally, it referred to an intensively managed forest in which most stands are subject to relatively intensive silvicultural practices. Over time, both professional foresters and stakeholders began using the term IFM as if it were synonymous with intensive silviculture. As a result, IFM has been inappropriately used to reference stand-level activities in several published definitions and key policy documents, creating confusion among the science community, professionals, and the public. This confusion has made it difficult to implement aspects of the 1999 Ontario Forest Accord, which calls for the use of IFM (meaning intensive silviculture) to increase forest growth and productivity in some areas to offset the withdrawal of lands for parks and protected areas. We call on forest managers to refer to the term IFM correctly and to portray forest management to stakeholders as consisting of a portfolio of natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance regimes. With this approach, forest managers could more meaningfully define the intensity of forest management and silviculture on their landbase.Key words: forest policy, land use planning, intensive silviculture, portfolio concept of forest management, triad principle of land-use zoning, Forest Research Partnership, NEBIE Plot Network

A national portrait of community forestry on public land in Canada

Despite the interest community forestry generates, there is little published literature on the array of initiatives currently taking place across Canada. This paper presents the results of nationwide survey of community forestry initiatives on public land. The survey focused on basic characteristics such as objectives, organizational structures, and tenure types. The research revealed that there are over one hundred community forest initiatives currently taking place on public land, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Most of them are run through local government organizations. Approximately 60% operate on Crown land while the remaining 40% operate on land owned fee simple by local governments. The median land base is 4200 ha. The average age of community forests is 10 years. Key words: community forestry, community-based management, public participation, local governance, forest management organizations, Canada

Bäume und Wald in den Böhmischen Ländern im Lichte geographischer Namen. Die Buche

This Article deals with geonames in the Czech Republic, i.e. the former Bohemian crown lands of Bohemia, Moravia, and parts of Silesia. The main focus of investigation are place names related to trees and other plants, forests and clearings. In particular, names derived from the beech tree (tagus silvaticus) are analyzed with regard to postglacial vegetational history, hypsometrlc biogeocenosis, history of settlement, and linguistic patterns. 84 place names derived from the beech tree have been verified at an average altitude of 425 m.

A habitat-based framework for grizzly bear conservation in Alberta

Grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos L.) populations in Alberta are threatened by habitat loss and high rates of human-caused mortality. Spatial depictions of fitness would greatly improve management and conservation action. We are currently challenged, however, in our ability to parameterize demographic rates necessary for describing fitness, especially across gradients of human disturbance and for land cover types. Alternative approaches are therefore needed. We describe here a method of estimating relative habitat states and conditions as surrogates of fitness using models of occupancy and mortality risk. By combining occurrence and risk models into a two-dimensional habitat framework, we identified indices of attractive sinks and safe harbour habitats, as well as five habitat states: non-critical habitats, secondary habitats (low-quality and secure), primary habitats (high-quality and secure), secondary sinks (low-quality, but high risk), and primary sinks (high-quality and high risk). Primary sink or high attractive sink situations were evident in the foothills where bears were using forest edges associated with forestry and oil and gas activities on Crown lands, while primary habitats or safe harbour sites were most common to protected alpine/sub-alpine sites. We suggest that habitat states and indices be used for setting baseline conditions for management and comparison of habitat conditions over time and identification of grizzly bear conservation reserves. A no net loss policy of critical habitats could be used to maintain existing habitat conditions for landscapes threatened by human development. Under such a policy, conversions of primary habitat would require restoration of equivalent amounts of primary sinks through decommissioning of roads.