Crown In Relation Research Articles

Crown and Canopy Structure in Relation to Productivity.

Crown and Canopy Structure in Relation to Productivity.

Hanšû Land and the Rab Hanšî

This article aims to open up a discussion of the term hanšû as applied to land in the Neo-Babylonian period. With this in mind, a complete list of the hanšû references known to us is included, to aid any further study of the term. Hanšû is found in the following forms, 50, 50ú, 50ú.meš, 50meš, 50meš.e, 50e and 50e. meš, and is so far attested from the cities of Babylon, Borsippa, Dilbat, Hursagkalamma, Nippur and Uruk. It appears from the reign of Marduk-apla-iddina II to that of Darius.Turning to the dictionaries, we find hanšû to be “land held in feudal tenure by 50 men”. One thinks of a parallel with the Late Babylonian bīt qašti texts, in which groups of men, known individually as bēl qašti, held land in return for military duties. Approaching hanšû with this in mind, we should look for the duties that these fifty men performed in return for their land. Further, we should look for other aspects of feudalism in Neo-Babylonian society. Yet it is exactly these which are not to be found. One is made aware of a strong temple interest in land, and the ownership of land by private individuals is also very well attested. In contrast, however, evidence for the activities of the crown in relation to land (or the army) is meagre. Royal land, the pīhat šarri, did exist, but we have gained little idea as to its extent or as to how it was exploited. Thus, if we are to argue that hanšû land was feudal land, held by fifty men who performed feudal duties, the proof must come from within the hanšû texts, as external proofs are not to be found.

The effects of leaf position and leaf age in foliar analysis ofGmelina arborea

Analysis of macro-and micronutrient content of leaves ofGmelina arborea, a deciduous tree widely planted in the lowland tropics, was undertaken to determine the effects of leaf position within the crown and leaf age in relation to time of flushing on foliar nutrient levels. Within the crown, foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, and boron levels decreased, and calcium and iron levels increased, with increasing amount of leaf shading. Evidence of a genuine trend of declining nitrogen and potassium levels with increasing leaf ‘age’ is presented, the fact of which will greatly complicate sampling procedures.

Some Tree Growth – Wood Property Relationships of Eucalypts

The relationship between level of longitudinal growth strain and stress, modulus of elasticity, basic density, volumetric shrinkage, fiber classification, and stem form was investigated with 10 Eucalyptusregnans regrowth trees. Close relationships were observed. It is suggested that variations in these properties within trees are closely controlled, possibly to enable optimum positioning of the tree crown in relation to its immediate environment. The concept of fiber structure varying as a response to environment is supported by the observed variation in wood properties within and between trees of this species. The often-reported association between eccentric radial growth and reaction wood was not substantiated in this study.The data indicate that if economically justifiable, it would be possible to segregate trees that are likely to contain material that is hard to season.

An account of the enamel cord in setonix brachyurus (marsupialia) and on the presence of an enamel knot in trichosurus vulpecula

The disposition of the enamel cord was studied in a dated series of pouchyoung of Setonix sectioned transversely and stained with Masson's trichrome. In the upper jaw the enamel cord was associated with the incisal edges of the three functional incisors, the crest of the ridge of the first functional premolar and the paracone of the deciduous premolar. In the lower jaw the enamel cord was associated with the crest of the ridge of the first functional premolar, the protoconid of the deciduous premolar, the protoconid, metaconid and crest of the protolophid of the first molar as the cord passed transversely across the surface of the crown, and the metaconid of the second molar. Two exceptions to the normal disposition of the enamel cord, which generally runs antero-posteriorly in relation to the primary ridge, were observed in the lower jaw. In the first molar the enamel cord passed transversely across the crown in relation to the protolophid, and in the second molar the cord was associated with the anterolingual metaconid. The antero-posterior dimension of the enamel cord in certain enamel organs, especially the upper second incisor, was such that the structure should more correctly be called an enamel septum. It would seem that the enamel septum has been derived from the enamel cord. The alternative explanation is that the enamel cord and the enamel septum are entirely different structures. In the upper second incisor an enamel septum was present 22 days after the appearance of the enamel cord. The significance of the enamel cord is discussed. An enamel cord was not encountered in every tooth germ in Setonix and indicates either that the cord is sometimes so transitory as to pass unobserved or that the cord is not essential during tooth ontogeny. An enamel knot was observed in the upper second molar of Trichosurus.

Crown and Bridge Work in Relation to Balanced Occlusion in Open Bite Cases

Crown and Bridge Work in Relation to Balanced Occlusion in Open Bite Cases