Crowdsourcing Research Articles

Beliefs and perceptions towards congenital anomalies in Dilla town, Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia; a qualitative study

IntroductionMorbidity and mortality associated with congenital anomalies are higher in low-income countries. People’s knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes towards congenital anomalies vary from community to community. In some communities, it is believed to be untreatable and the burden remains devastating. Studies addressing the societal perspectives were scarce, therefore this study aimed to explore beliefs and perceptions in the community about congenital anomalies.MethodologyThis study was conducted in Southern Ethiopia, Dilla town from September to November 2023. A qualitative study with a community-based exploratory study design was implemented. A total of 33 participants who were selected conveniently among permanent residents of Dilla town were included. Data were collected using face-to-face in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The collected data were transcribed verbatim and translated into the English language. Data analysis was implemented thematically using Open Code 4.03 software. Finally, the result was presented descriptively based on the themes that emerged. Trustworthiness was ensured throughout the data analysis.ResultIn this study, most participants poorly understood congenital anomalies. God’s punishment, curse, parents’ sin, magical practices and evil spirits, illness, lack of pregnancy care and contraceptive pills were the believed causes of congenital anomalies. The burden of congenital anomalies dismantles the social, economic, and psychological dimensions of the life of parents. In addition, the study identified attitudinal variations and doubts about treatment outcomes and prevention strategies of congenital anomalies.ConclusionThis study highlights that people’s perceived knowledge, beliefs, and awareness of congenital malformations were limited to socio-cultural and religious roots. Understanding beliefs and perceived knowledge would be significant in planning risk-reduction strategies. Hence health education, behavioral change communications, and information dissemination strategies should be strengthened at each community level.

Differences in Perspectives between Facility Managers and Crowd Workers in Accessibility Mapping

Differences in Perspectives between Facility Managers and Crowd Workers in Accessibility Mapping

PREVALENCE AND THE ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF MULTIMORBIDITY AMONG OLDER NEPALIS IN WESTERN NEPAL

Abstract Multimorbidity, the concurrent presence of multiple chronic diseases, is a global public health issue, with higher prevalence rates observed among older age groups and individuals of lower socioeconomic status. This study aims to determine the prevalence of morbidity levels and the associated factors across all three ecological regions of Western Nepal. Utilizing a community-based cross-sectional design, 612 participants were interviewed face-to-face. Levels of morbidity were grouped as “no morbidity,” “single disease,” and “multiple diseases.” Ordinal logistic regression examined the association between levels of morbidities and various sociodemographic, economic, and health behavior factors. Probabilities models were cumulated over the higher-ordered levels of morbidity. Among sociodemographic variables, participants of urban residents (OR=1.68, CI: 1.16—2.44), of age 70 years and above (OR=1.55, CI: 1.10—2.17), females (OR=2.43, CI:1.61—3.66) and with disability (OR=1.58, CI:1.14—2.18) were associated with increased odds of being in a higher category (increasing morbidity) rather than lower category than their respective counterparts after adjusting for the covariates. Economic factors did not establish significant relationships with morbidity levels. Among health behavior factors, those who consumed alcohol had 41% decreased odds of higher morbidity compared to non-consumers (OR=0.59 CI:0.37—0.92). This study identified significant associations between multimorbidity and specific demographic groups in urban areas, notably older females and individuals with disabilities. It highlights the necessity of providing tailored behavior change information and implementing screening programs to reduce the prevalence of health issues in these populations.

Plastics in the city: spatial and temporal variation of urban litter in a coastal town of France.

Plastics are ubiquitous in the environment, causing pollution recognized as a marker of the Anthropocene era. All environments are affected, including coastal and river ecosystems, where studies have shown that plastic waste contamination is proportional to the level of urbanization. This study, to our knowledge, is the first in France to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of litter across the Land-Sea continuum, using debris classifications based on OSPAR (Oslo-Paris Convention 1992) and EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility). Two samplings, involving the local population and various non-governmental organizations, were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in the coastal town of Banyuls-sur-Mer, France, located near the Spanish border, with the Baillaury River running through it. The entire town, as well as the port and Central Beach, were sampled. A total of 30,899 debris (1357kg) were collected over 47.7km of streets, riverbanks, port, and beach. Most of the debris collected in the port consisted of tires. The amount of waste collected in the town was lower than that observed on the riverbanks or at Central Beach, suggesting that coastal areas serve as the final repository for mismanaged waste. Plastics represent approximately 70% of the collected debris and exceed the precautionary threshold for ecological and socio-economic nuisances defined for European Union (EU) beaches (i.e., 20 debris per 100m), by the Technical Group on Marine Litter of the Framework Directive "Strategy for the Marine Environment" (FD SMM). The data collection and standardization methods used in this study facilitated direct comparison across the continuum land-sea between cities, riverbanks, ports, and beaches, and with other studies, highlighting the value of participatory science in informing decision-making.

From spectators to stewards: Transforming public involvement in natural history collections

A comprehensive overview of volunteer-driven public programs focused on activities to enhance natural history collections (NHCs) is provided. The initiative revolves around the WeDigBio events and the Collections Club at the Field Museum, aiming to deepen the public’s connection with scientific collections, enhance participatory science, and improve data associated with natural history specimens. The implementation and journey of these programs are outlined, including surveys conducted from 2015 through 2021 to gauge participant motivation, satisfaction, and the impact of these events on public engagement with NHCs. Results show trends in on-site and virtual volunteer participation over the years, especially during the peak period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of participants expressed high satisfaction, indicating a willingness to continue participating in similar activities. The surveys revealed a shift towards more altruistic motivations for participation over time, with increased emphasis on supporting the Field Museum and contributing to the scientific community. The success of participatory science events demonstrates the potential of volunteer-driven programs to contribute meaningfully to the preservation, digitisation, and understanding of biodiversity collections, ultimately transforming spectators into stewards of natural history. From 2015 to present participants celebrate a significant milestone, with over a thousand community scientists contributing to the inventorying, collection care, curation, databasing, or transcription of 286,071 specimens, objects or records. We also discuss accuracy and quality control as well as a checklist and recommendations for similar activities.

KNOWLEDGE VS PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH NURSING: INSIGHTS FROM NURSING OFFICERS & CHOS IN ODISHA

Mental health care is a greatly underserved aspect of the general well-being, especially in resource-lacking settings. In India, mental healthcare has faced challenges of vast untreated mental disorders within populations. Community mental health care nursing has proven to be a very promising strategy. The objective of the study is to analyze the community mental health services about the curriculum for community mental health nursing. A quantitative research approach has been adapted to accomplish this by using a community-based survey research design. A total of 200 nursing service workers including Nursing Officers & CHO have been selected by following a multistage sampling strategy from four selected districts of Odisha. Demonstrating gradual improvements with experience, practice scores had a mean ± SD and median (IQR) each with a significant p-value of 0.015. It was found that most of the cases (56%) had a good or very good level of knowledge of mental health nursing, but 45.5% had good or very good practice in mental health nursing. The study revealed that the knowledge and the practice of the service gap of mental health were minimal. The majority of participants displayed good knowledge and sound practice. Recommendations by the nursing personnel included in-service education and training programmes to improve their knowledge along with the provision of adequate numbers of staff to manage the cases efficiently.

Green Financing for SMEs in Bangladesh by developing an Integrative Islamic Crowd Funding Framework

In several Muslim nations, such as Pakistan, Malaysia, and Indonesia, Islamic crowd funding is a relatively new phenomena. It gives business owners a Shariah-compliant way to raise capital for their ventures. There are a few crowd sourcing sites in Bangladesh, however they don't do much. Bangladesh, a country with a large Muslim population, has not yet developed a sizable crowd funding platform. According to the World Bank Productivity and Investment Climate Survey, access to finance is among the key challenges faced by SMEs in Bangladesh. Loans from banks are the predominant source of finance for small and medium enterprises and it can satisfy up to 80 per cent of SME capital needs. However, past studies have discussed the struggle of SMEs with access to finance from the banking sector. Lack of access to finance acts as a driver for other key challenges faced by an SME and diminishes its growth opportunities.

Where is Delftia? Implementing citizen science into the biotechnology and environmental science curriculum.

The Delftia acidovorans citizen science project integrates participatory science and community engagement into three courses (ES100-Introduction to Environmental Science, BIOL2700-Environmental Problems, and BIT479/579-High-Throughput Discovery course). Undergraduate students enrolled in ES100 and BIOL2700 collected samples from various locations as part of a class assignment. Students in the BIT479/579 course analyzed the samples using automation and high-throughput molecular biology approaches to reveal the genetic diversity in a portion of a key gene ("gold gene") needed to produce the peptide delftibactin with gold detoxification properties. The project emphasizes the abundance of microbes such as Delftia acidovorans with potentially useful genes. The ES100 and BIOL2700 students were assessed using a pre- and post-survey and Delftia assignment. This study describes an approach to actively engage undergraduate students in interdisciplinary explorations of public science, further explores the presence and genetic diversity of a key delftibactin gene of Delftia acidovorans, and seeks to understand the environments in which Delftia acidovorans reside while contributing to the discovery of new knowledge.

Nursing care plan for the clinical management of children with pneumonia in Otavalo

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age, especially in contexts with limitations in the quality and consistency of nursing care. The objective of this study was to develop a specific Nursing Care Plan for children under five years of age with pneumonia, aimed at optimizing the quality of care and the effectiveness of interventions performed by nursing staff at the San Luis De Otavalo Hospital, Ecuador. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, with a community-based design and an observational, prospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive focus, including as a population the nursing staff attending children with pneumonia in the hospital. Data were collected through structured surveys and document analysis, with a representative sample of 50 professionals selected via stratified probabilistic sampling. Results showed that 70% of the staff have undergraduate-level training, and 49% have less than five years of work experience, which limits the systematic implementation of the Nursing Care Plan. Additionally, 38% rarely use the plan in practice, and 28% have not received continuous training on the subject. The designed Plan addresses these gaps by incorporating strategies to enhance training, standardize practices, and empower caregivers in managing the disease. This study concludes that the designed Plan represents a key tool for strengthening the quality of pediatric care in the hospital setting

The Dual Nature of Trust in Participatory Sciences: An Investigation into Data Quality and Household Privacy Preferences

There is a duality of trust in participatory science (citizen science) projects in which the data produced by volunteers must be trusted by the scientific community and participants must trust the scientists who lead projects. Facilitator organizations are third-party organizations that engage their members in participatory science to enrich their members’ experience at their organization. In Crowd the Tap, we engaged participants through facilitator organizations including high schools, faith communities, universities, and a corporate volunteer program. We used Kruskal Wallis tests and chi-square tests with Bonferroni post hoc tests to assess how data quality and privacy preferences differed across facilitator groups and amongst those who participated in the project independently (unfacilitated). Faith communities provided higher data quality while students provided lower data quality. Data quality in education settings differed based on the level of investment of the project in terms of both time and money as well as student age. We also found that demographic and household characteristics seemed more important in predicting privacy preferences than facilitation. Our results suggest that project leaders can support diverse participation by extending protection of participant privacy and investing in needed resources to support facilitators. They also suggest that education-oriented facilitators may need to prioritize data quality to ensure authentic learning opportunities. Ultimately our results reveal several tradeoffs that project leaders can weigh when deciding to work with facilitators.

A Positionality Tool to Support Ethical Research and Inclusion in the Participatory Sciences

Scientific research is not value-neutral but builds on the stated and unstated values of those leading the research, influencing the choice of study topics; decisions about methods, judgments, or inferences with data; and considerations of the consequences of errors. In some fields, researchers create a positionality statement to disclose bias as a way to manage or neutralize the influence of values. Positionality refers to the way in which an individual’s worldview, and thus perceptions and research activities, is shaped by the frameworks, social identities, lived experiences, and sociopolitical context within which they live. Thinking about positionality is a valuable, yet missing, element for practitioners of participatory sciences. In this essay, we suggest that those leading participatory science projects explore their positionality, irrespective of whether or not they choose to disclose it, in order to manage values for several goals: research integrity, ethical data practices, and equity and inclusion. By reviewing and synthesizing literature, we created a tool to help leaders of participatory science projects think reflectively (for awareness of their identities and characteristics) and reflexively (from an external position for critical observation of themselves) to recognize their influence on project design and implementation. We view examining positionality as a precursor to anticipating and taking actions to minimize epistemic injustices and ultimately enhance the unique capacity of each project to advance equity, inclusion, and scientific productivity.

Seasonal macro‐demography of North American bird populations revealed through participatory science

Avian population sizes fluctuate and change over vast spatial scales, but the mechanistic underpinnings remain poorly understood. A key question is whether spatial and annual variation in avian population dynamics is driven primarily by variation in breeding season recruitment or by variation in overwinter survival. We present a method using large‐scale volunteer‐collected data from project eBird to develop species‐specific indices of net population change as proxies for survival and recruitment, based on twice‐annual, rangewide snapshots of relative abundance in spring and fall. We demonstrate the use of these indices by examining spatially explicit annual variation in survival and recruitment in two well‐surveyed nonmigratory North American species, Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus and northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis. We show that, while interannual variation in both survival and recruitment is slight for northern cardinal, eBird abundance data reveal strong and geographically coherent signals of interannual variation in the overwinter survival of Carolina wren. As predicted, variation in wintertime survival dominates overall interannual population fluctuations of wrens and is correlated with winter temperature and snowfall in the northeastern United States, but not the southern United States. This study demonstrates the potential of participatory science (also known as citizen science) datasets like eBird for inferring variation in demographic rates and introduces a new complementary approach towards illuminating the macrodemography of North American birds at comprehensive continental extents.

Adherence to and predictors of iron-folate acid supplementation among pregnant women in a pastoral population in Ghana: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Iron-Folate Acid Supplementation (IFAS) interventions have been recognized globally as key in reducing the burden of anemia among pregnant women. However, adherence to and determinants of IFAS remain indistinct, as it is the main constraint with supplementation therapy, particularly among minority populations. Hence, this study sought to determine the adherence to and predictors of IFAS among nomadic Fulani pregnant women in the West Gonja Municipality of Ghana. A community-based cross-sectional design was employed to involve 130 respondents between February to July, 2022 in the West Gonja Municipality of Ghana. Fulani pregnant women aged 15-49years, possessing maternal and child health record book and were given iron-folate supplements within 16weeks and resided within the study area ≥ 6months before/during the data collection period were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of IFAS using SPSS version 25.0 (p ≤ 0.05 deemed statistically significant across all models). ResultsUptake of and adherence to IFAS was 47.7% and 35.5% respectively. Major barriers to IFAS uptake were forgetfulness (25.7%) and unavailability (20.0%). About 65.4% of the respondents revealed poor knowledge of IFAS. Spousal occupation (AOR = 0.17, p = 0.010), spousal income (AOR = 4.125, p = 0.050) and knowledge on IFAS (AOR = 0.259, p = 0.039) were predictors of IFAS. Poor adherence to and knowledge on IFAS were noted in the study and highlighted as a grave public health concern. Thus, nutrition and antenatal educational programs should give necessary attention to adherence to IFAS during pregnancy, particularly among nomadic and other vulnerable and minority populations to limit the burden of illnesses.

Volunteer Accuracy in a Benthic Macroinvertebrate Participatory Science Project

Concerns about the accuracy of volunteer-derived aquatic macroinvertebrate identifications and the resulting influence on calculated water quality metrics can limit use of volunteer-generated data in freshwater-focused participatory science programs. To address these concerns, we assessed 357 benthic macroinvertebrate quality control (QC) samples collected by volunteers using leaf packs, kick nets, and visual assessments between 2011 and 2016 for the Environmental Quality Institute (EQI) in North Carolina, USA. We reviewed each sample for quality, and compared macroinvertebrate identifications and water quality metric scores determined by volunteers to identification and metrics determined by an entomologist. About 80% of the QC samples were identified to be of high quality, indicating proper preparation, preservation, and labeling of samples. The majority of samples that received low quality ratings were improperly or poorly preserved. We recommend use of 95% (rather than 70%) ethanol for macroinvertebrate preservation, and increased communication to volunteers during QC sampling periods to enhance their success in properly preserving samples. We observed significant (p < 0.005) linear relationships between volunteer and entomologist-derived water quality metrics including a biotic index, Taxa Richness, and percent intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa. However, visual assessments – those in which no sampling equipment was used to collect aquatic macroinvertebrates – reduced the goodness of fit between volunteer and entomologist-derived biotic index scores and artificially increased the goodness of fit between volunteer and entomologist derived Taxa Richness and percent EPT scores. We recommend calculating water quality metrics based only on leaf pack and kick net samples collected by volunteers.

Individual and community level determinants of minimum meal frequency among breastfeeding children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey data.

Minimum meal frequency (MMF) is a vital indicator of whether a child's energy needs are being met. Previous studies in Ethiopia on MMF have primarily focused on individual factors, often using basic logistic regression models with limited scope and small sample sizes. In contrast, this study aims to identify the key determinants of MMF among breastfed children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia, examining both individual and community-level factors through multilevel logistic regression analysis, utilizing nationally representative data. The study utilized a community-based cross-sectional design with a sample of 1,245 6-23 month breastfed children in Ethiopia, using data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic Health Survey. Mixed effect logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with MMF. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess variable associations, while Intra-cluster correlation (ICC), median odds ratio (MOR), and proportional change in variance (PCV) were employed to gauge random variation. The proportion of 6-23-month breastfeeding children with MMF was found to be 55.9% (95% CI: 53.2, 58.6). In mixed effect logistic regression; breastfeeding initiation time within days after birth [AOR = 0.44; 95%CI: (0.24, 0.80)], maternal primary educational level [AOR = 1.46; 95%CI: (1.03, 2.05)], maternal higher level education [AOR = 2.43; 95%CI: (1.22, 4.81)] and children from wealthiest household wealth index [AOR = 2.13; 95%CI: (1.04, 4.33)] were individual-level factors and children from city-based regions [AOR = 1.75; 95%CI: (1.10, 2.77)] was community level factors significantly associated with MMF. The final model indicates that 50.8% of the variation in MMF was explained by combined factors at both individual and community levels and also the variation across clusters remained statistically significant (ICC = 8.1% and variance = 0.29 with p < 0.001). Minimum meal frequency is a proxy for meeting energy requirements and it is a key indicator of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice. According to this study finding, the prevalence of MMF among 6-23-month children in Ethiopia was found to be low. The study also suggest that time of breastfeeding initiation, women's educational level, household wealth index, and contextual region were factors significantly associated with MMF. It is recommended that IYCF strategies should be implemented widely through women's education and empowerment and promoting early initiation of breast feeding to increase the proportion of children to be fed with MMF appropriate for their age.

Visual Communication Bridging Intercultural Barriers: Collaborative Methods Supporting the Social Inclusion of Young Refugees

This paper explores the possibilities of graphic languages in an intercultural context while analysing the potential of creative methods when working with refugee youth. The practice-based aspect of this research is undertaken with Open Doors Hungary, a community-based design project that creates a programme for unaccompanied refugee minors. The aim of Open Doors is to help young refugees integrate into Hungarian society and develop means of communication and quality relations with the host society. Refugee youth arriving in Hungary face serious problems: the loss of home and community, the traumas suffered during the journey, the cultural differences, and the lack of a common language make their social integration extremely challenging. These challenges are exacerbated by xenophobia and stereotypical opinions about foreigners. Social inclusion requires frequent contact with the local society, and refugee youth need new tools (cultural knowledge, language skills, intercultural skills) to overcome their disadvantages. Since 2013, the author has been working with refugee youth using participatory design tools such as regular creative sessions, workshops, and eight camps based on the integrating role of creativity and art. During these sessions, young refugees and their Hungarian and European peers learned about different visual communication tools and created common messages in the form of videos, animations, photos, posters, booklets, and murals. Through these activities, refugee youth become part of the design process, and the final result is based on their choices. In the theoretical research and field experiences, this paper states that design thinking and the creative process allow interactive cultural exchange, value sharing, safe and open discussions, and community building. As a global language, visual communication can be a tool for intercultural communication, storytelling, and self-expression. The opportunity for refugee youth and their Hungarian peers to work in intercultural teams develops new competencies and creates shared ownership and community.

Empowering Diverse Faith Communities through Engagement in Participatory Science

Developing successful strategies that promote meaningful dialogue between scientific and religious communities is arguably one of the most urgent issues of our time. Perceptions of science as hostile to religion have led governments to adopt educational policies that are not in the best interest of communities and adversely affect participation in science by people of faith, disproportionately excluding minorities and women (e.g., Bolger and Ecklund 2022; Barnes and Brownell 2018; Ecklund et al. 2019). Diversifying science requires respectfully and constructively engaging with diverse worldviews and cultures. One way this can be accomplished is through collaborative projects that facilitate building relationships across communities that might not otherwise interact.

Reimagining Meaningful Data Work through Citizen Science

Data work is often completed by crowdworkers, who are routinely dehumanized, disempowered, and sidelined. We turn to citizen science to reimagine data work, highlighting collaborative relationships between citizen science project managers and volunteers. Though citizen science and traditional crowd work entail similar forms of data work, such as classifying or transcribing large data sets, citizen science relies on volunteer contributions rather than paid data work. We detail the work citizen science project managers did to shape volunteer experiences: aligning science goals, minimizing barriers to participation, engaging communities, communicating with volunteers, providing training and education, rewarding contributions, and reflecting on volunteer work. These management strategies created opportunities for meaningful work by cultivating intrinsic motivation and fostering collaborative work relationships but ultimately limited participation to specific data-related tasks. We recommend management tactics and task design strategies for creating meaningful work for "invisible collar" workers, an understudied class of labor in CSCW.

Trachoma Impact Survey Results from 31 Woredas in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Purpose Baseline surveys were conducted in Tigray region, Ethiopia, in 2013. Since then, rounds of azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA) have been delivered in-line with international guidance. The purpose of these surveys was to assess trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) prevalence following those treatments to enable the region to plan the next steps towards elimination of trachoma. Methods All surveys followed WHO recommendations for community-based cross-sectional survey design. Thirty-one woredas in six zones of Tigray region were surveyed. There were two survey series: all 31 woredas were surveyed in the first series, and 11 woredas were resurveyed in the second, due to having a TF prevalence between 5% and 9.9% in the first series. Results In the first series of 31 surveys, one woreda had an adjusted TF prevalence in 1−9-year-olds of <5.0%, 13 had a prevalence of 5.0−9.9% and 17 had a prevalence of 10.0−29.9%. In the second series of 11 surveys, the prevalence of TF was <5.0% in seven woredas and 5.0−9.9% in four woredas. The most recent adjusted prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was ≥.2% in 27 EUs. One-third of households visited had access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-minute return journey of their house, and 11% had an improved latrine. Conclusion Eight woredas met the criteria to stop MDA for 2 years before the re-survey. However, further rounds of MDA, additional efforts to improve water and sanitation access and ongoing strengthening of surgical services for TT are needed across Tigray.

Strengths and limitations of using participatory science data to characterize a wildlife mass mortality event

AbstractParticipatory science (i.e., “community science” or “citizen science”) platforms are increasingly used at every level of ecological and conservation research, including disease monitoring. Here, we used a comprehensive, ground‐truthed mortality dataset to judge how well participatory science data from iNaturalist represented the magnitude, taxonomic, temporal, and spatial patterns of waterbird mortality associated with a mass mortality event following the incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza in eastern Canada in 2022. The iNaturalist dataset was effective at identifying species with high mortality (especially Northern Gannets, Morus bassanus), along with the time period and spatial regions with high concentrations of avian deaths. However, iNaturalist data severely underestimated the magnitude, overestimated the taxonomic breadth, and poorly represented the full geographic scope of disease‐related deaths. Our results suggest iNaturalist can be used to identify the species, timing, and location of relatively high mortality in situations where no other information is available and to supplement conventional sources of data. However, iNaturalist alone can neither quantify the magnitude nor pinpoint the mechanisms of mortality and therefore is not a viable substitute for comprehensive mortality assessments.