Crowds Of People Research Articles

PANDEMIA DA COVID-19: O AUMENTO DOS CASOS DE ANSIEDADE E DEPRESSÃO NA COMUNIDADE UNIVERSITÁRIA

The COVID-19 pandemic has established itself as a health challenge at a global level, with the WHO defining that response measures should be implemented as quickly as possible so that there is no incidence of new cases of the disease. The governing authorities established mandatory restrictions on the operation of most places where there could be crowds of people, such as, for example, shopping malls, schools and universities. With regard to the university community, these restrictions had a significant impact on their lives, impacting them in several ways […]. Therefore, the objective of this research is to highlight, through studies, the increase in cases of anxiety and depression in university students during and after the pandemic. The present study is an integrative review of the literature, whose function is to delimit results from previous studies on the proposed subject. The research was carried out in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Scielo Portal, Google Scholar and the PAHO/WHO website. With the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, universities restricted their operations due to social distancing, completely changing the student scenario. Several studies carried out during the pandemic highlighted the repercussions on the mental health of the academic community, revealing prevalent feelings of impotence, anguish, fear of losing family and friends, irritability and sadness, increasing susceptibility to anxiety, depression and other disorders. Therefore, an emerging focus on mental health in the post-pandemic period is crucial as risk factors continue to significantly impact diverse areas of society.

Wave propagation through a dense cluster of cylinders: a radiative transfer model

Clusters of cylinders are a useful way to model the wave propagation through several natural and complex media: crowds of people, forests, arrays of scatterers, or various materials. Depending on the absorption properties of the cylinders, as well as their size- and distance-to-wavelength ratio, different physical mechanisms are at play: scattering, viscous and thermal dissipation, absorption within the material of the cylinders themselves. We consider the low frequency case when the wavelength is larger than both the cylinder diameter and spacing. Most multiple scattering theories require larger than wavelength spacing and are not applicable in the case of dense clusters and at low frequencies. As a first approximation, a porous medium model is used to calculate the speed of sound in the cluster. However, this approach does not readily give access to the coherency of the signal. Recently, a radiative transfer approach was used to model forest acoustics to examine the transformation of the coherent sound field into an incoherent sound field. We use this approach to examine the coherent to incoherent field transition depending on the wavelength to diameter and spacing.

An Investigation of Double Collisions of Pickup Trucks with Multiple Fatalities in Narathiwat Province, Thailand, October 2023

On 11 Oct 2023, a pickup truck crashed into a roadside tree in Narathiwat Province, southern Thailand after overtaking another vehicle. We conducted a descriptive study by reviewing medical records and interviewing rescuers, officers, survivors, and witnesses. We surveyed the collision site, reviewed video records, and used Haddon’s matrix to assist with the analysis. A pickup truck carrying 11 passengers (including the driver) overtook another pickup truck on a stretch of road. The driver of the first pickup truck lost control due to tire deflation and crashed into a tree resulting in eight deaths (72.7%) and three hospitalizations (27.3%). All deaths were caused by severe head injuries. Multiple factors during pre-crash (vehicle unfamiliarity leading to improper passing sight distance and speeding), the crash (overloaded truck and a roadside tree), and post-crash such as poor communication, contributed to the severity of this event. The driver of the truck had no driving license and was unfamiliar with the vehicle. Six passengers were sitting in the truck’s cab and three were in the cargo bed. Pre-crash and crash speeds were determined to be 80 and 100 kilometers per hour, respectively. The passing sight distance was grossly insufficient. Poor communication in the rescue process and the crowd of people at the scene resulted in improper emergency management. Strengthening law enforcement, increasing the number of speed limit signs, felling roadside trees, and practicing mass casualty incidents should be implemented.

Out-of-equilibrium interactions and collective locomotion of colloidal spheres with squirming of nematoelastic multipoles

Many living and artificial systems show similar emergent behavior and collective motions on different scales, starting from swarms of bacteria to synthetic active particles, herds of mammals, and crowds of people. What all these systems often have in common is that new collective properties like flocking emerge from interactions between individual self-propelled or driven units. Such systems are naturally out-of-equilibrium and propel at the expense of consumed energy. Mimicking nature by making self-propelled or externally driven particles and studying their individual and collective motility may allow for deeper understanding of physical underpinnings behind collective motion of large groups of interacting objects or beings. Here, using a soft matter system of colloids immersed into a liquid crystal, we show that resulting so-called nematoelastic multipoles can be set into a bidirectional locomotion by external oscillating electric fields. Out-of-equilibrium elastic interactions between such colloidal objects lead to collective flock-like behaviors emerging from time-varying elasticity-mediated interactions between externally driven propelling particles. Repulsive elastic interactions in the equilibrium state can be turned into attractive interactions in the out-of-equilibrium state under applied external electric fields. We probe this behavior at different number densities of colloidal particles and show that particles in dense dispersions collectively select the same direction of a coherent motion due to elastic interactions between near neighbors. In our experimentally implemented design, their motion is highly ordered and without clustering or jamming often present in other colloidal transport systems, which is promising for technological and fundamental-science applications, like nano-cargo transport, out-of-equilibrium assembly, and microrobotics.

Privacy preserving support vector machine based on federated learning for distributed IoT‐enabled data analysis

AbstractIn a smart city, IoT devices are required to support monitoring of normal operations such as traffic, infrastructure, and the crowd of people. IoT‐enabled systems offered by many IoT devices are expected to achieve sustainable developments from the information collected by the smart city. Indeed, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are well‐known methods for achieving this goal as long as the system framework and problem statement are well prepared. However, to better use AI/ML, the training data should be as global as possible, which can prevent the model from working only on local data. Such data can be obtained from different sources, but this induces the privacy issue where at least one party collects all data in the plain. The main focus of this article is on support vector machines (SVM). We aim to present a solution to the privacy issue and provide confidentiality to protect the data. We build a privacy‐preserving scheme for SVM (SecretSVM) based on the framework of federated learning and distributed consensus. In this scheme, data providers self‐organize and obtain training parameters of SVM without revealing their own models. Finally, experiments with real data analysis show the feasibility of potential applications in smart cities. This article is the extended version of that of Hsu et al. (Proceedings of the 15th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security. ACM; 2020:904‐906).

Legal regulation of economic justice in the condi tions of martial law

The article is devoted to the analysis of current national legislation and judicial practice in the field of economic justice in the conditions of martial law.
 The authors established that the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation and the introduction of a legal regime of martial law led to the emergence of a number of problems related to the implementation of economic justice in today's conditions. It is noted that the activity of commercial courts is carried out with certain restrictions due to the challenges of martial law.
 It is emphasized that the issue of the activities of the courts located in the territories where hostilities are actively taking place and in the occupied territories is problematic.
 The article analyzes the remote operation of commercial courts. At the same time, the authors believe that the remote work of courts is much safer, since there is less crowding of people in one place (in the case of courts - the courtroom) than during the normal work of the court.
 The issue of renewal of economic procedural terms was studied, in particular, determination by the court of the validity of the reasons for skipping economic procedural terms, while such reasons are an evaluative category, as they are recognized by the courts subjectively and at their own discretion. Considered judicial practice regarding the recognition of the introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine as a valid reason for the renewal of economic procedural terms.
 The authors draw attention to the issue of postponement of the case, namely, the need to recognize the announcement of the "air alarm” signal as one of the reasons for the postponement of the court's consideration of the case.
 In the conclusions, it is noted that in the conditions of the introduction of the martial law regime, economic justice does not stop its activity, but some of its aspects have changed, because during the operation of the legal regime of martial law, economic justice is carried out taking into account the challenges caused by the present.

How Text-to-Image Generative AI Is Transforming Mediated Action.

This article examines the intricate relationship between humans and text-to-image generative models (generative artificial intelligence/genAI) in the realm of art. The article frames that relationship in the theory of mediated action-a well-established theory that conceptualizes how tools shape human thoughts and actions. The article describes genAI systems as learning, cocreating, and communicating, multimodally capable hybrid systems that distill and rely on the wisdom and creativity of massive crowds of people and can sometimes surpass them. Those systems elude the theoretical description of the role of tools and locus of control in mediated action. The article asks how well the theory can accommodate both the transformative potential of genAI tools in creative fields and art, and the ethics of the emergent social dynamics it generates. The article concludes by discussing the fundamental changes and broader implications that genAI brings to the realm of mediated action and, ultimately, to the very fabric of our daily lives.

DEVELOPING ORIENTEERING IN UKRAINE DURING STATE OF WAR, INDOOR ORIENTEERING

The article analyzes the possibility of training and orienteering competitions during state of war in Ukraine. Today, Ukraine is the most mined country in the world, any territory in Ukraine is bombarded and shelled by missiles and drones every day. Therefore, the population is prohibited from entering the territories where hostilities took place, forest areas around cities. In such conditions, it is safe to hold orienteering training and competitions indoors. The authors give examples of such competitions’ organization. Indoor orienteering competitions have been held in Ukraine also before war - to hold safe orienteering competitions for children and adults, especially in cold winter weather. Now the advantages of such competitions are not visible from the air crowd of people, which can be a target for enemy fire and that competitions are held in buildings with bomb shelters that can be used during an air raid alarm.

Research on emergency evacuation behavior rules of pedestrians under fire and explosion accidents in chemical parks considering social relationships

Chemical parks present a high risk of sudden accidents such as fires and explosions, given the significant number of hazardous sources present. This is why emergency evacuation after accidents is so essential. The behavior of crowds during evacuation is complex, and social relationships among pedestrians can have differentiated effects on the evacuation process. However, most of the current crowd evacuation research has focused on life scenarios and natural disaster contexts. Less attention has been paid to the emergency evacuation of crowds affected by social relations in the context of chemical accident disasters. A comprehensive evacuation model that considers the dynamic evolution of crowd transfer both within and outside the factory area is proposed in this paper. Using the Anylogic software based on the social force model, this study constructs emergency evacuation scenarios for crowd in the context of fire and explosion accidents, and toxic gas leakage incidents. Specifically, this study analyzes the impact of three factors, namely inter-personal distance, group size, and proportion of different group sizes in the total population, on the evacuation efficiency. It has been found that when large groups of pedestrians are split into smaller ones for evacuation, the evacuation efficiency can be effectively improved. The study includes calculations of the lethal range of a toxic gas and simulated the process of relocating large crowds of people to nearby shelters. In addition, a strategy for deploying pedestrian groups based on social relationships was developed for the context of mass evacuation. These measures have the potential to optimize the evacuation efficiency of pedestrian groups in chemical parks, including expanding and modifying shelters, diverting dense crowds from residential plots, using interpersonal spacing of 0.1 m, and splitting large groups of pedestrians into smaller ones. The research results can provide a reference for decision making for large-scale group evacuation in chemical parks, and improve the emergency evacuation capability and local risk response capability in chemical parks.

Impact of educational intervention on understanding health recommendations after liver transplantation.

to evaluate the impact of educational intervention on understanding health recommendations after liver transplantation. randomized and prospective clinical trial, with 68 liver transplant recipients in two institutions. The level of understanding was assessed using a statement agreement scale and the understanding score was classified. Chi-square test was used to compare groups. the level of understanding was reasonable in 77.9% of patients, 73.5% in the Control Group and 82.3% in the Intervention Group (p=0.399). For topics covered after educational action, there were more than 80% correct answers regarding nutrition, frequent hydration, usage and function of immunosuppressants. However, there were less than 10% correct answers regarding hand hygiene, contact with animals and crowds of people. The use of the patient's audio, visual and tactile resources led to improved understanding of skin care (p=0.014). the level of understanding acquired regarding health recommendations was only reasonable.

Curvas epidêmicas e o perfil de pacientes hospitalizados pela COVID-19 em região de fronteira

Objective: to describe the epidemic curves and analyze the epidemiological profile of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in a triple border city. Method: descriptive-quantitative. The population consisted of COVID-19 cases that required hospitalization, analyzing variables such as: age, gender, race/color, city where they lived, occupation, pregnant woman, institutionalized patient and evolution. Descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used. Results: four epidemic curves were identified in the studied period. Among hospitalized cases, males predominated (55%). Cure was the most frequent outcome in curves 1, 2 and 4, but with no statistical difference (p = 0.2916). Curve 3 showed a higher frequency of deaths (41.70%) in relation to cures (38.77%). The mean ages were significantly different between the curves, with curve 4 having the lowest mean age. Conclusion: it was concluded that the epidemic curves were influenced by different situations; unvaccinated population, easing of restrictive measures, reopening of the Brazil-Paraguay border, interruption of control actions, crowding of people and circulation of new variants of the disease. Through the epidemiological profile of hospitalized patients, it was concluded that being male, of mixed race/color, aged between 61 and 85 years, and being deprived of freedom were associated with hospitalization and the occurrence of death.

Learning Monocular Regression of 3D People in Crowds via Scene-Aware Blending and De-Occlusion

Learning Monocular Regression of 3D People in Crowds via Scene-Aware Blending and De-Occlusion

«Собирание существования» как один из осевых мотивов творчества Б. Пастернака и Р.М. Рильке

The article deals with the motivic paradigm of “collecting / packing existence” in the work of B. Pasternak. The study aims to determine its role in the lyrical and philosophical concept of the poet and to identify its structure and connection with the creative system of R.M. Rilke. In the first part of the study, the motif of “collecting existence” appears as one of the basic Pasternak motifs. Further — as a point of contact between the creative concepts of Pasternak and Rainer Maria Rilke. That is how the paradigm forms an intersystem metatext. Rilke’s metatext is also conceptual and relates to the philosophical system of S. Kierkegaard, respected by both poets. Then, based on the analysis of the sub-paradigms of the motif of “collecting existence” in the work of B. Pasternak, it is proved that the paradigm has one of the essential roles in revealing autosystem metatext character of his lyrics, artistic, journalistic, and epistolary prose and forms a poetic and philosophical field. Its repeated reproduction in different genres implements an existential understanding of time and the objectness of the world. It combines the motifs of specific actions, such as collecting cars on the train, things on the road, and people in crowds and gatherings, and imaginative motifs: a collection of abstract realities in man, time, space, and the realities of nature into a picture of the world, both an instantaneous one and imprinted in art for centuries.

Защита человека от ударных волн средствами инженерно-технической укреплённости

Purpose. Protective screens (barriers) are used in areas with large crowds of people to reduce the likelihood of human injury from explosive devices used in terrorist acts. To assess the effectiveness of protective screens, it is necessary to determine the following initial data in advance: the weight of the explosive device in TNT equivalent; the area being protected, and the acceptable probability of human injury within it. The article presents a general methodology for determining the effectiveness of protective barriers against terrorist-directed explosive devices. An example is given of using the developed methodology to determine the most optimal solution for protective barriers for a specific object. Methods. Various numerical simulation methods are used to solve gas dynamics problems. When modeling explosions accompanied by shock impacts, the Godunov’s scheme – solving the breakdown of an arbitrary discontinuity problem – is used. The problem of the breakdown of an arbitrary discontinuity in numerical schemes is reduced to a system of nonlinear equations related to the pressure and velocity of the medium at the discontinuity point, which determine the mass and momentum fluxes exchanged between adjacent computational cells. Findings. The author's experimental research methodology allows obtaining all the necessary information about the parameters of explosive loads formed during internal accidental explosions. Research application field. The research results can be used in the design of anti-terrorist protective structures. Conclusions. Blast loads are presented for the placement of anti-terrorist protective structures. Reduction in blast loads is shown for three different placement options of protective structures. The conditional probability of human injury by an air shock wave is determined. Based on the found parameters, the effectiveness of anti-terrorist protective structures is assessed for three different placement options.

Overlooked side effects of the corona pandemic

First lockdown: It was a special experience when I made my way to my surgery on Wednesday 18 March 2020, quite alone, across Stephansplatz in the centre of Vienna. Instead of the usual crowds of people, there was an unforgettable atmosphere of calm. Shops were closed and the numerous offices were empty. My colleagues, including my secretary, were already in their home offices. Only all my patients appeared without any problems. Nevertheless, I decided to switch my work to remote working. This was also accepted without any problems and in a relaxed manner.

Classifying Face Features For Better Recognition And Detection

Recognition of facial features is in high demand currently because of its value in individual proof of identity, wherein a short input picture or a glance can assist in recognizing an individual using a database of images. This type of identity isn't commonly used in India, although it is necessary. Fingerprint identity systems ought to utilise facial recognition to render the system frictionless and more secure. As a result, these researchers attempted to assess the suitability of two separate face recognition computational methods, facet, which came, and facial features, in this work. The traits are retrieved and then prepared before being turned to a list and then compared with the area of interest to determine the individual in question [5]. The characteristics considered were the Euclidean gap between the pupils, the contours of the nostrils, plus the lip-to-lip length. This initiative will assist in guarding factories wherein trespassing is possible, identifying people in crowds, tracing those who have vanished, and keeping tabs upon some disruptive elements of the community. It's used for a wide range of applications, including legislative bodies and vaults at financial institutions. At the exact same period of time the identification and detection percentages with the three distinct criteria for lateral recognition of faces, opacity identification, and face dramatic emotion are contrasted using the contrast test, and the adequacy for both methods is improved [6]. These results demonstrate the fact that every instance can be assessed individually. Conventional detectors may "perceive" an object or message, turn it into an electrical signal, store it, and then utilise a conversion circuitry to turn the electricity into an amount or another observable screen format.

The Existence of Electronic Evidence in the Settlement of Sharia Economic Disputes in Religious Courts During the Covid-19 Period Based on Positive Law and Islamic Law Perspectives

The development of the Sharia economy, accompanied by the wide scope of economic activity in Indonesia, has had a huge influence on the increase in Sharia economic disputes, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Supreme Court has responded quickly by issuing various Regulations related to electronic trials to solve the accumulation of cases, especially Sharia economics in the Religious Courts. With this e-court application and electronic trials, it is hoped that it will be able to avoid crowds of people at the court office causing physical contact between justice seekers so it is feared that it could become one of the distribution chains or new clusters of the Covid-19 virus. Electronic information as legal evidence in civil cases is categorized as written evidence. Electronic information or electronic documents are considered valid as long as the information can be accessed, displayed, guaranteed for its integrity, and accounted for so that it can explain a situation. In Islamic law, electronic evidence can be used as evidence because it is included in other evidence according to Islamic law experts. So electronic evidence can be used as evidence in the settlement of Sharia economic disputes, especially in transaction activities using contracts in accordance with Sharia principles such as contracts of buying and selling, leasing, cooperation, debts, and so on.
 Keywords: electronic evidence, Sharia economic dispute, Covid-19

Phenomenology, Quantity, and Numerosity.

There are many situations in which we interact with collections of objects, from a crowd of people to a bowl of blackberries. There is an experience of the quantity of these items, although not a precise number, and we have this impression quickly and effortlessly. It can be described as an expressive property of the whole. In the literature, the study of this sense of numerosity has a long history, which is reviewed here with examples. I argue that numerosity is a direct perceptual experience, and that all experiences of numerosity, not only estimations, are affected by perceptual organisation.

Statistical indicators based on mobile phone and street maps data for risk management in small urban areas

The use of new sources of big data collected at a high-frequency rate in conjunction with administrative data is critical to developing indicators of the exposure to risks of small urban areas. Correctly accounting for the crowding of people and for their movements is crucial to mitigate the effect of natural disasters, while guaranteeing the quality of life in a “smart city” approach. We use two different types of mobile phone data to estimate people crowding and traffic intensity. We analyze the temporal dynamics of crowding and traffic using a Model-Based Functional Cluster Analysis, and their spatial dynamics using the T-mode Principal Component Analysis. Then, we propose five indicators useful for risk management in small urban areas: two composite indicators based on cutting-edge mobile phone dynamic data and three indicators based on open-source street map static data. A case study for the flood-prone area of the Mandolossa (the western outskirts of the city of Brescia, Italy) is presented. We present a multi-dimensional description of the territory based on the proposed indicators at the level of small areas defined by the Italian National Statistical Institute as “Sezioni di Censimento” and “Aree di Censimento”.

Modeling spatial patterns in a moving crowd of people using data-driven approach—A concept of Interplay Floor Field

On the basis of data-driven methodology, especially velocity correlations of pedestrians moving in a crowd, we have proposed a new model of pedestrian dynamics with an easy-adjustable space discretization. The model is based on Cellular Automata (CA) with an adaptive lattice and takes into account proxemics patterns among pedestrians. The proposed model uses agents located on the CA lattice, constructed using the concept of Floor Field (FF), namely, a set of gradient potential fields influencing the movement of agents. In the model, we have proposed three kinds of such fields: Static FF—responsible for navigation to agents’ Points of Interest (POIs), Wall FF—a repulsive influence with obstacles, and Interplay FF—to model agents’ volume and proxemics effects. The third field, which models mutual relations between pedestrians taking into account the rules of proxemics is an added value in the area of crowd modeling and simulation.During the creation of the proposed model, we have based on a set of experimental data provided by Jülich Supercomputing Centre and our previous analysis of spatial patterns and velocity correlations. Thus, the proposed model includes, among other things the most probable positions of the nearest neighbors in a crowd—including the shape of “the forbidden zone” around a pedestrian and the finding of rules explaining observed mutual spatial relations between neighbors in a crowd. In the described model the cell size is an adjustable parameter, with available values from 1 cm to 50 cm. It is possible with the usage of embodied agents which always occupy only one cell of Cellular Automata, actual pedestrian volume is modeled with the Interplay FF. An interesting property of the model is that changing the cell size does not involve changing the rules of the model, e.g. its transition function.