Crowded Families Research Articles

Macromycetes determined in Çamlı (Of-Trabzon) village and its environs

The study was carried out on the macrofungi samples collected from Çamlı (Of-Trabzon) district and its close environs. As a result, 118 macrofungi species within 63 genera, 38 families, 8 orders and 3 classes belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were determined. Ten of the determined species belong to Ascomycota while 108 belong to Basidiomycota. In the region, the most crowded order is Agaricales, the most crowded families are Inocybaceae and Psathyrellaceae, and the most crowded genus is Inocybe in terms of taxa number. The determined species are listed together with their localities, habitats/substrates, geographical position, collection date and voucher numbers.

Determinants of acute undernutrition among pregnant women attending primary healthcare unit in Chinaksen District, Eastern Ethiopia: a case-control study.

Women's undernutrition during pregnancy increases the risks and burdens of maternal and neonatal morbidity, death, and disability through its vicious cycles of irreversible intergenerational negative effects. Despite the high burden of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy in semi-pastoral communities of eastern Ethiopia, there is a paucity of information on its major risk factors. This study revealed determinants of acute undernutrition among pregnant women attending primary healthcare units in Chinaksen district in rural eastern Ethiopia. A facility-based case-control study was conducted among 113 cases and 113 controls in Chinaksen district from February 01 to March 30, 2017. Data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Multivariable logistic regression analyses conducted to identify significant determinants of acute undernutrition. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the strength of association and statistical significance declared at p value<0.05. Sixty (53.1%) of cases and 56 (49.6%) of controls were in the age group of 25-34 years and their mean±SD age of cases and controls were 26.6±5.7 and 28±5.5 years, respectively. In this study, larger family size (AOR = 6.98, 95 CI [2.82-17.27]), lack of prenatal dietary advice (AOR = 3.68, 95% CI [1.67-8.00]), did not participate in a cooking demonstration (AOR = 5.41, 95% CI [2.39-12.24]), used substances (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI [1.30-10.23]), absence of basic latrine (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI [1.28-6.58]), low minimum dietary diversity of women (AOR = 2.48, 95% CI [1.20-5.12]), and household food insecurity (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI [1.44-6.51]) were significantly increased the odds of acute undernutrition among pregnant women. The study revealed that living in crowded families, lack prenatal dietary advice, did not participate in cooking demonstrations, substances use; lack of toilet, low minimum dietary diversity, and household food insecurity were significant risk factors for acute undernutrition among pregnant women. Strengthening multi-sectoral approaches through improving dietary diversity/quality and food access/quantity would be essential to prevent, and reduce the risks, burdens, and impacts of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy.

Study of Characteristics of Pregnant Women Who Are Refugees and Aged Under 18 Years.

Introduction In recent years, the refugee crisis has become one of the most serious problems. It is well-known that women, individuals aged under 18 years, and pregnant refugees are particularly vulnerable to adverse conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine the characteristics of pregnant refugee women aged under 18 years. Methodology Data for pregnant women were recorded prospectively from 2019 to 2021, and pregnant refugee women aged ≤18 years were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics of women, gravidity and parity status, the status of regular antenatal care visits and antenatal care visit any time until birth, type of birth, causes for cesarean section, presence of maternal comorbidities, obstetric complications, and baby-related characteristics were recorded. Results A total of 134 pregnant refugees were enrolled in the study. A total of 31 (23.1%) women had completed primary school, and two (1.5%) women had completedmiddle school or high school. Additionally, only 3.7%of women had a regular job, and 64.2% of the refugees had a total family income below the minimum wage. Also, 10.4% of women lived with more than three people outside the nuclear family. Gravidity numbers were one for 65 (48.5%) women, two for 50 (37.3%) women, and more than two for 19 (14.2%) women, respectively. The proportion of women with regular antenatal care visits was 19.4% (26), and 45.5% (61) had irregular antenatal care visits. Anemia and urinary tract infections were detected in 52 (28.8%) patients and seven (5.2%) patients, respectively. The proportion of preterm delivery was 8.9%, and 10.5% of infants had low birth weight. A total of 16 (11.9%) babies required neonatal intensive care unit support. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that pregnant women who are refugees and aged under 18 years have low education levels, insufficient family income, and often live in crowded families and even as the second wife of a husband. Moreover, although the birth rate was high in pregnant refugees, the rate of regular antenatal follow-up was low. Finally, this study showed that maternal anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight were common in pregnant refugees.

Reading wellness principles of modern architecture via its examples in Güzelyurt

Güzelyurt is a small old town in the western part of Northern Cyprus. After the division of the island and the forced displacement in 1974, people from the South side moved to the North side and settled in single and double storey houses. These houses which are mostly located at the periphery of the town were designed after modern architecture principles and they provided good life standards for crowded families with their large indoor and outdoor spaces. During the covid-19 outbreak in 2020 it was observed that these houses have enabled a tolerable lockdown period for their users in terms of personal comfort and safety. This study first focuses on the relationship of modern architecture with illnesses and wellness; then the space arrangements of these houses in Güzelyurt and their impacts to the life standards of the owners during the outbreak is analyzed. The aim of this study is to discuss the benefits of modern architectural principles to human health and then tried to suggest solutions to apply this guiding spirit to new housing design systems in town, which increase the quality of life, create a better protection for possible future outbreak risks and can be applied to other regions in North Cyprus.

Prevelance study of both H. nana and Enterobius vermicularis among primary and secondary school students and people in Basrah Province

The examination of 760 feces samples collected from children of primary and secondary school during the period from January 2004 till June 2004 of center and outside of Basrah province revealed low incidence with Hymenolepis nana 3.9% . The average of ages group was 6 – 17 years old and for both sexes(374 males and 386 females). The direct G.S.E. and flotation methods were used. The present study shows a high significant differences between males and females. High rate of infection was recorded in age group 13 – 16 years old and in crowded families and those who drink tap water and live in mud and blocks made houses. The examination of 174 stool samples of adhesive tape collected from people of some families in Basrah during the period from July 2004 till December 2004 revealed 19.5% of infection with E. vermicularis. The present study includes 101 sample collected from city center and 73 sample from outside of Basrah province . The average of age group was 1 – 40 years old for both sexes (98 males and 76 females). A high infection recorded during the winter months. A high significant was recorded between males and females, moreover high infection was found at school age groups.

Prevalence and Multi-Drug Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection Among Presumptive Tuberculosis Adult Cases at Dilla University Referral Hospital, Dilla, Ethiopia.

IntroductionStreptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Africa. The simultaneous occurrence of both infections leads to delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment. The study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection among presumptive Tuberculosis adult cases at Dilla University Referral Hospital, Dilla, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 422 presumptive TB cases visiting TB clinic at Dilla University Referral Hospital from April to June 2021. Following the Bartlett’s criteria, the accepted sputum samples were cultured on Blood agar plate and chocolate agar plate. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified and confirmed by typical colony morphology, alpha-hemolysis, gram staining, optochin susceptibility and bile solubility tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done by using SPSS version 23.0, computer software.ResultsThe overall prevalence of S. pneumoniae in presumptive tuberculosis adult cases was 21.4% (95% CI: 17.7–25.5). S. pneumoniae has a high level of resistance to penicillin (74.1%), tetracycline (78.7%) and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (46%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 46.1% of bacterial isolates. Being primary education, more than five family size and one or two rooms in the house had more likely to cause S. pneumoniae infection.ConclusionThis study revealed a relatively high prevalence of multidrug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Primary educational status, living in a crowded family, below two rooms in the house, had a significant association with S. pneumoniae infection.

A Prospective Study in Mogadishu, Somalia: Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, and Measles-related Ocular Infections and Complications

The aim of this study is to examine the incidence, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular viral infections in consecutive patients admitted to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic of a tertiary education and research hospital located in Mogadishu-Somali. In the study, it was aimed to reach data that could be specific for the country and city where the study was conducted by examining patients in different age and gender groups with findings compatible with viral infections in their clinical examinations in terms of risk factors and complications. The study was conducted as a four-month (December 2019-March 2020) prospective follow-up study and included the analysis of data from 63 patients. Eight (12.7%) of the patients were affected bilaterally by infection and related complications, and 55 patients were affected in one eye (25 left eyes and 30 right). In this study based on clinical examination results, the frequency of viral eye infections was found as adenovirus 66.7% (42/63), herpes simplex virus 27.0% (17/63), herpes zoster virus 4.76% (3/63), and measles virus 1.59% (1/63), respectively. HIV serology was negative for all patients. The most common complications were as follows; keratitis 87.3% (55/63), conjunctivitis 84.1% (53/63), anterior uveitis 15.9% (10/63) and glaucoma 17.5% (11/63). Anterior uveitis, cataract, synechia and glaucoma occurrence rates were found to be significantly higher in patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus (p&lt;0.05). While 28 of the patients (44.4%) could not provide any information on the place of transmission where the infection was acquired, the most frequently reported possible transmission sites were 23 homes (36.5%) and 10 workplaces (15.9%). It was determined that adenovirus infections affect a wide age group (9-60 years; mean: 28.0±10.7), herpes simplex virus infections affected young and middle-aged individuals (16-52 years; mean: 31.3±11.36 years) and herpes zoster virus infections affected older age groups (45-69 years; mean: 56.3±12). Our study data show that reducing the burden of viral eye infections and related complications in Mogadishu, Somali population living in crowded families and in conditions with lack of infrastructure depends on many parameters such as access to health services, early treatment, control of chronic diseases and public health awareness, and viral eye infections and it shows that the burden of related complications can be possible with the development of socio-economic and general public health conditions together.

Paleoecological investigation of the Miocene (23.03-5.33 mya) rodents (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Anatolia

Anatolia’s geographical location as a land bridge between Europe, Asia, and Africa, makes it an important passage for mammal migrations, with a rich fossil potential. However, detailed scientific studies on the Neogene paleogeography of Anatolia are scarce. Rodentia is among the major mammal groups generally adapting to different habitat types and rapidly evolving with the changing geography. Investigating this group provides data to increase the accuracy of ecological analyses. We selected Rodentia fossils from the Miocene excavation sites with published papers, and examined specimens of 14 families from 106 localities. Cricetidae, Muridae, Gliridae, and Sciuridae were found to be most dominant rodent families in Anatolia during the Early Miocene, indicating a high humidity, whereas ecological changes towards the end of this epoch led to a complex formation in the biogeography of micromammals. In the Middle Miocene, a 65% decrease in Muridae, the emergence of Eomyidae, and a significant increase in Spalacidae suggest a climate shift, towards tropical or semi-tropical conditions. In the Late Miocene, Muridae regaining its maximum level and becoming the most crowded family may indicate an unexpected rise in humidity, while the stable prevalence of Eomyidae and Castoridae point to the continuity of aquatic environments and humidity.

Assessment of causes, knowledge and risk factors of scabies among general population in Wasit province, Iraq

Scabies is a serious global public health problem that may impact people from all socioeconomic types of life. Poverty and overcrowding appear to be the major causes of scabies infestation. The goal of this study was to determine the causes, risk factors, and awareness of scabies among the general population in the Wasit, Iraq. A total of 143 individuals were studied in this cross-sectional study at the Wasit province’s general hospitals/consulting dermatology rooms. Data collection extends from the 1st of April to the 1st of July 2021. A pre-tested questionnaire was adopted and filled through a face-to-face interview and indirect through an electronic platform published on social media. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. The sociodemographic features of the subjects revealed that there were 60 (42%) males and 83 females (58%). The majority (84.6%) of the respondents was from urban areas and (15.4%) were from rural areas. About (51.7%) of the participants have 5-7 members in their families. Scabies is a well-known dermatological disease, commonly seen in low socioeconomic and crowded families that share beds and towels. Thorough their medium education, participants have a good percentage of knowledge that scabies is contagious but curable.

Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The objective of the present research was to identify the prevalence of and risk factors for intimate partner violence during pregnancy (IPVP) in Turkey by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. In the current research, 22 primary studies published between January 2005 and January 2019 were investigated. Low educational and income levels of both the woman and her partner, unintended marriage and pregnancy, living in a crowded family, a high number of children and a history of violence, unemployment of the partner, and the consumption of alcohol are the most significant risk factors of IPVP. This study shows that violence against women, which is a serious problem in Turkey as well as all over the world, also continues in a critical period, such as the pregnancy period.

Türkiye'nin Adana Bölgesinde Görülen Uyuz Olgularının Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri: Kesitsel Çalışma

Objective: Scabies is a common infestation that affects individuals of all ages and socioeconomic status. We aimed to contribute to epidemiological data in our country by evaluating scabies of which incidence has recently increased in our country. Material and Methods: The age and gender of 8,283 patients who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic between January 01, 2017 and December 31, 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. Distribution of cases over years, months and seasons were evaluated. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: The incidence of scabies in 2019 were found to be higher than those in 2018 and 2017 (p0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of our study, there has been a gradual increase in the incidence of scabies, a disease that threatens public health. It should not be forgotten that this disease, which is more common in crowded families and in public areas, may cause epidemics in our country, which has received large numbers of immigrants in recent years.

Epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis patients under followed by Nevsehir community health center

Aim: The aim of the study is to contribute to epidemiological data related to tuberculosis in Turkey by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of patients registered in the Nevsehir Community Health Center Tuberculosis Unit.Material and Methods: In this study which is descriptively typed, the data of the registered patients between January 2011 and December 2017 in the Tuberculosis Control Unit of the Public Health Center of Nevsehir were retrospectively analyzed. The demographic characteristics and tuberculosis-related characteristics of the patients and the distribution of Tuberculosis patients by years were scanned through Electronic Tuberculosis Management System and related documents and the results were evaluated electronically. Results: 53,6% of the patients were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Nurse, dental technician, soldier, prisoner, student, and masseur were among the occupations that had the risk of spreading tuberculosis. It was determined that 18.6% of them actively smoked. In this study, the number of asylum seekers having Tuberculosis disease was found as 6,4%. and pulmonary tuberculosis rate was found significantly higher in men. Additionally, the disease was found to be significantly more common in the rural districts.Conclusion: At the end of the study, it was determined that the patients with tuberculosis lived in low income and crowded families and in unfavorable locations. It was recommended that primary precautions should be taken according to the risk of the disease spreading at the rural district where the number of cases was the highest.

Risk factors and clinical determinants in bronchiolitis

The aims of this study was to demonstrate the viral pathogens, to evaluate the clinical prognosis, risk factors for recurrence, severity of acute viral bronchiolitis episodes among pediatric patients. Our study included 101 children aged between 2 months and 2 years diagnosed with clinical bronchiolitis between September 2011 and April 2012. The demographics and clinical, laboratory, and radiological results of the patients were recorded. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and analyzed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The patients were followed up for at least one year for new episodes, existence of wheezing, frequency of pulmonary infections, and progression of asthma. In half of the patients, determinants were indicated through the PCR method, with the most frequent being respiratory syncytial virus (44%). The frequency of bronchiolitis was higher in prematures (p<0.005). There was a relationship between crowded family structure and the existence of wheezing (p=0.003), increased recurrence (p=0.014), and need for inhaler treatment (p=0.014). The frequency was higher in patients living in urban cities (p<0.001), in houses with heating stoves (p=0.001), and in houses with smokers (p=0.001). Patients living in houses with heating stoves had more severe episodes (p=0.018). Recurrent wheezing and the need for regular inhaler usage were positively correlated with high API scores (p=0.008 and p=0.002, respectively). Prematurity, exposure to smoking, living in a crowded house with heating stoves, and an urban life are the risk factors for frequent bronchiolitis. The API can be used to predict the recurrence of bronchiolitis.

Assessing risk factors and causative organisms of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years in AL-Hindiya, Karbala, Iraq

Background: Acute diarrhea is a leading source of illness and death all over the world, especially in developing countries and the most affected are children below 5 years age. Objectives: To throw a light on the risk factors, presentations, and causative organisms of acute diarrhea, to find a way to protect our children. Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 children under 5 years of age; they attended AL-Hindiya general Hospital, in the period between November 2018 and end of June 2019. Full history was taken from each patient focused on risk factors, presentation, and possible complications; then, patients were subjected to clinical examination, stool analysis, and stool culture, and some of them were sent for abdominal ultrasound. Results: The most vulnerable age group for acute diarrhea was 2–12 months. Male to female ratio is 1.17. Crowded family and poor income were the most frequently risk factors to develop acute diarrhea. Bottle feeding was used in 111 patients (44.4%); improper sewage and trash disposal, poor hand washing practice, incomplete vaccination, prior use of antibiotics, and underweight all are considerable risk factors. The peak for acute diarrhea occurs during summer (63.6%). Those patients most commonly presented as watery bowel motion less than or equal to five times per day, well-hydrated, vomiting, fever, associated with upper respiratory tract infection. There is no growth of organism in stool sample of 126 patients (50.4%), while Entamoeba histolytica isolated from 34 samples (13.6%). Conclusion: Children under 5 years in A-Hindiya city still at considerable risk of acute diarrhea. The risk is more in rural, young, low educated, unemployed, and poor parents with crowded families. It is vital to encourage breastfeeding, immunization, improve personal hygiene, water supply, and sanitation to reduce the risks of acute diarrhea. The most frequent isolated organism from stool samples is E. histolytica followed by Rota virus.

Investigation of the Prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis and Risk Factors in a Village in Isparta.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Pediculus humanus (P.h.) capitis infestation in school children in Sücüllü Village, Isparta. The study was conducted from April to May 2016 in Sücüllü Village. Hair of 204 students were examined for eggs, nymphs, and adults of P.h. capitis. Data regarding age, sex, family's type of living were recorded for each child. It was found that 9.3%of students were infested by P.h capitis. The prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in girls (17.4%) than in boys (p<0.05). School children in the age group of 8-9 years exhibited higher prevalence rates. Infestation rate was also high in livestock families (p<0.05). This study revealed that socioeconomic status is a major factor that influences the occurence of pediculosis among students of both sexes in Isparta. Infestation is more common in crowded families.

Prevalence of Pediculosis among Students in Pakistan

Background: Head louses, commonly known as Pediculosis, is an infestation of the skin caused by a parasite known as Pediculus humanus capitis. Head louses are more common among crowded families, having poor hygiene and poor living condition. It can be easily transmitting from infected to healthy person. Methodology: This study was conducted in district Mardan of Pakistan. In this study, 202 head louse patients from 30 schools (15 males and 15 female’s elementary schools) were examined. A questionnaire was designed for data collection. Results: The occurrence of head louse was excessive among students having indigent living situation (78.7%), as compare to those students having good living condition (21.3%). Head louse rate was high (82.7%) among students with more than five family members living together. This study confirms that head louse rate was abundant in students having poor hygiene (72.8%). Head louses were more prevalent among students whose parents are illiterate (39.6%). This study shows that most functional treatment method was medication (72.3%). Conclusion: Results showed that head louses were common among students who need proper responsiveness. Its prevalence can be lowered by improving hygiene, living condition, and by educating people.

Antidepressant use habits in rural regions: a multi-center research

Objective: Rural areas have specific dynamics. Limited access to major health centers increases the importance of primary care in these regions. Antidepressants (AD) are used widely in the world. More than half of the anti-depressants are prescribed in the primary care. This study examines AD use dynamics in rural areas. Methods: A cross-sectional, survey research was conducted with 174 patients in three different rural areas. Fourteen questions (10 for ADs and 4 for demographic data) were asked to each participant. The data were evaluated using the SPSS 15.0 statistical package program with frequency-values, chi-square test and t-test. Results: One hundred and thirty-one women (75.3%) and 43 men (24.7%) were participated in the study. Thirty five percent of the participants were using ADs for 1-5 years. The most frequent reason of starting ADs was nervousness (44.3%). Women were 8 times more likely to start ADs for headaches. Civil servants had the highest income. The most common AD drug was escitalopram (35.1). The most frequent institutions that AD use initiated was the state hospitals (43.1%). Patients were likely to use AD long term if they were initiated by mental hospitals. One in 10 AD user thought the drug was unnecessary. Conclusion: Conditions associated with the use of ADs in our study were female gender, being married, being a family member of women using ADs, living in crowded families and poverty. Participants who had the certificate of long term drug use (CLD) were more likely to use ADs one year or more. Low AD use among our patients may suggest people are healthier mentally in rural areas. The main reason of continuing AD was doctor advice among patients who thought the AD was unnecessary. Sociocultural, economic dynamics and the quali-fications of the primary care physicians can affect AD use in rural areas.

Nocturnal Enuresis Frequency in Children and Anxiety-Depression Risks of Parents

Objective: In this study, we aimed to detect the prevalence of the monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MSE) in the children attended to our clinics and to detect the relationship between enuresis and social tendencies, anxiety and de­pression risks of the parents. Methods: Our study was performed with 133 children aged between 5-16 years and with their parents who admitted to Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital outpatient clinics. The children’s MSE were confirmed with voiding dysfunction scoring system scale. For the parents Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Fatih Social Tendencies Scales (FSTS) were conducted. Results: MSE frequency was found as 37.6% (n=50). Enuresis was observed more frequently in the crowded families with low socioeconomic status and low parent education level. Risk of MSE in children was found to be increased 5.5 times in whom parents have also MSE. High depression score of father was found to be related with MSE in child (p=0.038). Conclusion: Enuresis is a condition that decreases the life quality of the children and their parents and increases the level of anxiety. Family physicians have important mission for prevention of the disease related with their biopsychoso­cial approach.

İki yaş altı Çocuklarda Sigara Maruziyeti ve Tekrarlayan Bronşiyolit Atakları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Objective: Recurrent episodes of wheezing are more common in infants especially with low socioeconomic status who are exposed to smoking, who are not breastfed and lives in crowded families. Material and Methods: This study was performed prospectively with infants diagnosed as first attack bronchiolitis from the outpatient clinics between 2009 to 2011. Results: The study included 500 infants aged between 1-24 months. Cigarette smoking was present in 46,6% (n=233) of the families. There was a significant relationship between recurrent episodes of bronchiolitis and exposure to cigarette smoke (p<0,001). Conclusion: In this study, exposure to cigarette smoke was detected as a risk factor for recurrent episodes of bronchiolitis. The decrease of smoking in the population can prevent recurrence of bronchiolitis.

Choosing Teaching Profession as a Career: Students’ Reasons

The success of educational change inevitably depends on the quality and performance of teachers. Therefore, the importance of employing high quality teachers is crucial for educational systems. Choosing talented and committed brains to teaching career depends on making it an attractive profession. It is considered that there are some reasons why student teachers choose teaching as a career. Many studies reveal that while some students choose this profession with altruistic-intrinsic and extrinsic reasons, some others choose it under the influence of others. This study aims to determine for what reasons student teachers choose teaching profession as a career. The study was carried out quantitively and 1410 student teachers participated in this research. Results revealed that students chose teaching mostly with altruistic-intrinsic reasons. In this respect, while the female students chose it with altruistic-intrinsic reasons, the students from poor and crowded families and the male counterparts chose it with extrinsic reasons.