Croton Oil-induced Ear Edema Research Articles

Inhibitory effect of anethole in nonimmune acute inflammation

Anethole [1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene] occurs naturally as a major component of the essential oil of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f., family Illiciaceae), comprising more than 90% of its volatile components. Studies showed that this substance has antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and anesthetic properties. In this study, the anti-inflammatory properties of anethole in animal models of nonimmune acute inflammation such as croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced pleurisy were investigated. The investigated parameters were edema formation, leukocyte migration, and inflammatory mediators involved. Oral administration of anethole at a dose of 250 and 500mg/kg reduced both the volume of pleural exudates and the number of migrated leukocytes. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGE2) in the inflammatory exudate were reduced by treatment with anethole, but levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were not significantly altered. In ear edema, the oral treatment with anethole inhibited the formation of exudate and the activity of myeloperoxidase, but not after topical administration. These results suggest that the anethole may be effective in controlling some nonimmune acute inflammation-related disease, probably by an inhibitory action on production and/or release of PGE2 and NO.

Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae): Potential as an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCombretum leprosum is a species that is popularly used in Brazil as a healing agent to treat skin problems and lesions. In this study we investigated the possible potential of this extract to treat inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin conditions. Materials and methodsClassical models of skin inflammation such as TPA- and croton oil-induced mouse ear oedema were applied in order to verify the potential topical anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract from flowers of Combretum leprosum. ResultsTopical application of ethanolic extract promoted a dose-dependent inhibition of phorbol ester-induced ear oedema, reduced myeloperoxidase activity and IL-6 tissue levels with inhibition comparable to dexamethasone (positive control). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ethanolic extract also suppressed cell infiltration. Ethanolic extract altered inflammatory parameters on a chronic skin inflammation model induced by repeated applications of croton oil, decreasing ear oedema, epidermal hyperproliferation and cell infiltration. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the extract decreased PCNA expression on the epidermis. ConclusionTaken together, these results suggest that the extract from flowers of Combretum leprosum could be considered as a new potential tool for the treatment of several skin inflammatory diseases since it reversed the skin inflammatory and hyperproliferative process in a very significant manner. Further investigations are needed in order to verify the cellular mechanism and safety of Combretum leprosum extract.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia officinalis L.

This study evaluate the effects of sage hydroalcoholic extract (SE) and sage essential oil (SO) on the inflammatory response using an experimental model of acute inflammation and a leukocyte migration assay. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy test, SE did not reduce the exudate volume and leukocyte migration to the pleura, but SE exerted a topical anti-inflammatory effect by significantly inhibiting croton oil-induced ear edema. All SO doses tested significantly inhibited leukocyte chemotaxis induced by casein and reduced the number of rolling, adhesion, and leukocytes migration to spermatic fascia after inflammatory stimulus. Our data demonstrated that SO has anti-inflammatory activity. Key words: Salvia officinalis, essential oil, anti-inflammatory, medicinal plants.

Anti‐Inflammatory, Antinociceptive and Cytotoxic Effects of the Methanol Extract of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul

Cecropia pachystachya is widely used in the traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, antitusive, expectorant, antiasthmatic and hypoglycemic. It is also commercially available to treat skin cancer. To validate some of the popular uses of this species, its methanol leaves extract (CPM) was tested for anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and cytotoxic effects. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by croton oil-induced ear edema test. When used orally, the anti-inflammatory effect of CPM at 300 mg/kg was similar to that of indomethacin with 53% inhibition of the ear edema. Also, results on topical treatment were similar to that of dexamethasone with 83% inhibition of the edema. To evaluate the antinociceptive activity, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced pain tests were employed. CPM (100 and 300 mg/kg) reduced the number of writhing by 61% and 67%, respectively. In both doses, the activity was comparable to the reference drug, indomethacin. The oral administration of CPM was ineffective in the first phase of formalin test but exhibited great effects on the second phase decreasing the licking time by 85% at 300 mg/kg. The cytotoxic potential of CPM was also investigated against HL60, HL60.bcl2 and Jurkat tumor cell lines and showed an inhibition of more than 50% of cell proliferation. The flavones orientin and isoorientin were detected in CPM.

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing features in animal models treated with a semisolid herbal medicine based on Aleurites moluccana L. Willd. Euforbiaceae standardized leaf extract: Semisolid Herbal

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAleurites moluccana L. (Willd) Euforbiaceae is a native tree of Indonesia and India that has become acclimatized and well-adapted to the South and Southwest of Brazil. It is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat pain, fever, inflammation, asthma, hepatitis, headache, gastric ulcer, cuts, skin sores and other ailments. The oral antinociceptive effects of standardized 70:30 (v/v) ethanol:water spray dried extract of A. moluccana leaf, as well as its flavonoids 2ʺ-O-rhamnosylswertisin (I) and swertisin (II), have previously been reported. AimThe aim of this study was to develop a stable and effective semisolid herbal medicine for topical use in the treatment of pain, inflammation and wound healing, containing 0.5 and 1.0% of standardized dried extract of A. moluccana. Materials and methodsThe chemical markers I and II were assayed by HPLC-UV analysis after extraction by matrix solid dispersion phase (MSDP) followed analytical validation as ICH Guidelines. The semisolid preparations of Hostacerin CG® vehicle containing 0.5 and 1.0% of dried extract of A. moluccana were submitted to stability studies (180 day of accelerated and long-term studies). The phytomedicine semisolid was analysed in croton oil-induced ear oedema model in mice, in the healing process, using the excisional wound model in rats, and to prevent mechanical sensitization following plantar incision in rats in the postoperative model of pain. ResultsThe MSDP method showed average recovery of 101.6 and 105.7% for I and II, respectively, with good precision (RSD<2.0%) and selectivity, without interference of the excipients. The formulations were approved in the stability studies, maintaining conformity after 180 day of accelerated and long-term studies, with variation<10% in the analytical parameters. The phytomedicine reduced the ear oedema in 37.6±5.7% and 64.8±6.2%, for 0.5 and 1.0% of dried extract, respectively. The formulation also accelerated the healing process by up to 50.8±4.1% and 46.0±4.0% at 0.5 and 1.0% of extract, respectively, and both amounts were capable of preventing the development of mechanical sensitization following plantar incision in rats. ConclusionsThe MSDP followed by HPLC-UV analytical method was appropriate for the quality control of the topical phytomedicine based on A. moluccana. The formulation developed at 0.5 and 1.0% of A. moluccana dried extract proved to be effective as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing in the pre-clinical studies, which is in agreement with the ethnopharmacological data.

Comparison of the Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from a Tibetan “Snow Lotus” (Saussurea laniceps) Herb

To understand the impacts of different processing methods on the composition and effects of the herb Saussurea laniceps (SL), the present study report the first comparison of the chemical constituents of aqueous and ethanolic SL extracts using chromatographic analysis, and to compare their pharmacological effects in a mouse anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive model and an in vitro anti-oxidant test. Chemical comparison demonstrated that the types of chemicals in the two extracts were identical, but the contents of the main constituents in the aqueous extract were lower than those of the ethanolic extract. A transesterification of dicaffeoylquinic acids took place in the aqueous extract during boiling. As for pharmacological effects, oral administration of aqueous and ethanolic SL extracts significantly inhibited croton oil-induced mice ear edema, and significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced mice writhings, respectively. In the DPPH anti-oxidant activity test, the IC50 values were calculated as 409.6 mg/L and 523.4 mg/L for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extract were more potent than those of the aqueous extract in all pharmacological tests, although there was no significant difference. This study suggests that the two preparations should be distinguished when used.

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF Alstonia boonei

The leaves of Alstonia boonei are generally used in some parts of Africa in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and other minor illnesses. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Alstonia boonei was evaluated using three acute models of inflammation, namely; carrageenan-induced and dextran-induced rat paw oedema and croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. The extract (100-400mg/kg body weight) produced significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibitions of the carrageenan and dextran-induced rat paw oedema. The extract also caused a significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibition of the croton oil induced ear oedema in mice. The effects of the extract on these models of inflammation were similar to that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug-indomethacin. It is revealed from the screening model used that the methanol extract of the leaves of this plant possesses acute anti-inflammatory activity. The results obtained suggest that the extract may elicit its anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

Mechanism involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of Spiranthera odoratissima (Manacá)

Acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate, carrageenan-induced pleurisy, formalin-induced pain, croton oil-induced ear edema, vascular permeability tests and phospholipase A2 activity assay were used to study the analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory activity of the hydromethanolic fraction of ethanolic extract from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil., Rutaceae, leaves (HMF) and its subfraction (sub-Fr10-28). HMF and sub-Fr10-28 reduced the leukocyte migration on the carrageenan-induced pleurisy test; sub-Fr10-28 reduced the pain reaction time in the second phase of formalin-induced pain, as well as the ear edema and vascular permeability. Both HMF and sub-Fr10-28 inhibited the phospholipase A2 activity. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of this plant could be, in part, due to an anti-inflammatory action produced by the inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity.

Anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenols-rich extract from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers in acute and chronic mice models.

While beneficial health properties of tea leaves have been extensively studied, less attention is paid to the flowers of tea. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of hot water extract of tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers were investigated. Pharmacological studies found that administration of tea flowers extract (TFE) could effectively inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenin-induced paw edema. Furthermore, administration of TFE also protected against Propionibacterium acnes (P. ances) plus lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced liver inflammation by reversing the histologic damage and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase. Moreover, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-(TNF)-α and interleukin-(IL-) 1β mRNA in mouse liver were markedly suppressed after treatment with TFE in mice with immunological liver inflammation. These results indicated that tea flowers had potent anti-inflammatory effects on acute and immunological inflammation in vivo, and may be used as a functional natural food.

Pharmacological properties and related constituents of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae)

Objective To screen methanol and dichloromethane extracts of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, in vitro antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis. Methods Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by using carrageenan induced-edema of mice paw and croton oil-induced edema of mice ear; analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing. Phytochemical screening of extracts was performed by thin layer chromatography. The chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of main active components as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin. The structures were established by TLC and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Results Both methanol and dichloromethane extracts, friedelin, lupeol and epicatechin showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect using croton oil induced-ear edema. Furthermore, the action of dichloromethane extract was more important. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the methanol extract was able to reduce the carrageenan induced-hind paw edema, while at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, it showed an important analgesic effect against writhing induced by acetic acid injection of 38.8%, 68.0% and 74.3%, respectively. Antioxidative properties of methanol extract and its dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were assessed by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. The methanol extract showed the stronger radical scavenging activity than dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, with an antiradical power of 5, 3.5 and 2 respectively. The main components isolated from these extracts as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin were responsible of these activities. Conclusions The results suggest that the stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed important anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities and strong antioxidant properties, therefore, they could be used as natural potential ingredients for pharma ceutical industry.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity ofPistacia khinjukin Different Experimental Models: Isolation and Characterization of Its Flavonoids and Galloylated Sugars

The present study aimed at isolating and elucidating the structure of the main components of Pistacia khinjuk L. and exploring its potential anti-inflammatory effect in different experimental models. The extract was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by measuring paw volume in three experimental models. Then, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) level, ear edema, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, histopathology, nitric oxide (NO) level, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level were assessed. Seven phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and galloylated compounds, were isolated from the aqueous methanol extract: gallic acid (1), methyl gallate (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-⁴C₁-galactopyranoside (hyperin) (3), myricetin-3-O-α-L-¹C₄-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (4), 1,6-digalloyl-β-D-glucose (5), 1,4-digalloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and 2,3-di-O-galloyl-(α/β)-⁴C₁-glucopyranose (nilocitin) (7). The anti-inflammatory activity was evidenced by decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and PGE₂ elevation. In the croton oil-induced ear edema model, MPO activity was significantly inhibited, and inflammatory histopathological changes were ameliorated. In the rat air pouch model, NO generation and TNF-α release were significantly inhibited. The isolation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data of compound 6 from the genus Pistacia are revealed for the first time. Also, P. khinjuk L. aqueous methanol extract possesses anti-inflammatory activity in several experimental models.

Essential Oil of Myrtus communis Inhibits Inflammation in Rats by Reducing Serum IL-6 and TNF-α

The topical antiinflammatory activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis L. was studied using croton oil induced ear edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice, and cotton pellet induced granuloma, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rats. On topical application, the oil exhibited a significant decrease in the ear edema as well as MPO activity. The oil also inhibited cotton pellet-induced granuloma and serum TNF-alpha and IL-6. It can be concluded that the essential oil of Myrtus communis reduces leukocyte migration to the damaged tissue and exhibits antiinflammatory activity.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. in mouse and rat models

Friedelin was isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves collected from Kallakurichi, Villuppuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of friedelin have been investigated in Wistar rats and mice. Friedelin was isolated from the hexane extract of leaves of A. tetracantha using column chromatography. The effects of friedelin on inflammation were studied by using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and adjuvant-induced arthritis. The analgesic effect of friedelin was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response, formalin-induced paw licking response and the hot-plate test. The antipyretic effect of friedelin was evaluated using the yeast-induced hyperthermia test in rats. In the acute phase of inflammation, maximum inhibitions of 52.5 and 68.7% (P<0.05) were noted with 40 mg/kg friedelin in carrageenan-induced paw oedema and croton oil-induced ear oedema, respectively. Administration of friedelin (40 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the formation of granuloma tissue induced by cotton pellet at a rate of 36.3%. In the adjuvant-induced arthritis test friedelin inhibited 54.5% of paw thickness. Friedelin inhibited acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. Friedelin also produced significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response and formalin-induced paw licking response. In the hot-plate test, friedelin did not show any significant results when compared with control. Treatment with friedelin showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent reduction in pyrexia in rats. The results suggested that friedelin possessed potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Mechanisms of Olive Leaf Extract‐Ameliorated Rat Arthritis Caused by Kaolin and Carrageenan

Olive leaf extract (OLE) has antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions. However, the role of OLE in mechanical inflammatory arthritis (osteoarthritis, OA) is unclear. This study investigated the effect of OLE on the development of kaolin and carrageenan-induced arthritis, a murine model of OA. Administration of OLE significantly ameliorated paw swelling, the paw Evans blue content and the histopathological scores. In the human monocyte cell line, THP-1, the OLE reduced the LPS-induced TNF-α production and was dose dependent. Croton oil-induced ear edema in mice also revealed that treatment with OLE suppressed ear edema, myeloperoxidase (MPO) production and was dose dependent. These results indicated that OLE is an effective antiarthritis agent through an antiinflammation mechanism. Also OLE may be beneficial for the treatment of OA in humans.

Evaluation of Soybean Methanol Fraction on Acute Inflammation

Soybeans have been of interest of researchers because of the presence of isoflavones, a subclass of flavonoids, which have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol fraction from soybean, which contains mainly isoflavone glucosides and malonylglucosides. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol fraction from soybean was studied using croton oil-induced mouse ear edema and carrageenan-induced pleurisy models. The methanol fraction inhibited the ear edema in a dose-dependent manner: 0.625 mg/kg by 44.23% (P<.05), 1.25 mg/kg by 60.68% (P<.01), and 2.5 mg/kg by 65.68% (P<.01). Myeloperoxidase enzyme activity was reduced at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg (64.79%, P<.05). No effects were seen on carrageenan-induced pleurisy at different doses of the methanol fraction (100 or 400 mg/kg). These results demonstrated that the methanol fraction containing conjugated isoflavones showed topical anti-inflammatory activity. There was no acute toxicity in Swiss mice after oral administration of the fraction, at doses of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 mg/kg.

Fluorine bearing sydnones with styryl ketone group: synthesis and their possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

In continuation of structure activity relationship studies, a panel of fluorine containing sydnones with styryl ketone group 4-[1-oxo-3-(substituted aryl)-2-propenyl]-3-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sydnones 2a–i, was synthesized as better analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The title compounds were formed by condensing 4-acetyl-3-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sydnone with various substituted aryl aldehydes, characterized by spectral studies and evaluated at 100 mg\\kg b.w., p.o. for analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities. Compounds 2c and 2e showed good analgesic effect in acetic acid-induced writhing while none showed significant activity in hot plate assay in mice. In carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test, compound 2c and 2f exhibited good anti-inflammatory effect at 3rd h, whereas compounds 2c, 2e, 2d, 2g and 2h showed activity in croton oil induced ear oedema assay in mice. Compounds 2c and 2e were less ulcerogenic than ibuprofen in rats, when tested by ulcer index method. Compounds with electron attracting substituents such as 2c and 2e were found to be promising in terms of the ratio of efficacy and adverse effect. These compounds generally exhibited better activity than those of earlier series signifying fluorine substitution.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of &lt;i&gt;Lepidagathis anobrya&lt;/i&gt; Nees (Acanthaceae)

This study investigated the general acute, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of methanol extract of Lepidagathis anobrya Nees (Acanthaceae). Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and croton oil-induced ear edema in rats were used for the evaluation of general acute anti-inflammatory effects. Acetic acid-induced writhing response and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in mice were used to evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic activities respectively. The extract at doses of 10, 25, 50 and 100 mgkg(-1) for carrageenan test and doses of 0.5 mg/ear for croton oil test induced a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of paw and ear edemas in rats. In the analgesic and antipyretic tests, the extract has shown a significant inhibition of writhes and hyperpyrexia with all the doses used when compared to the untreated control group. These results clearly show the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of the methanol extract of Lepidagathis anobrya and give the scientific basis for its traditional use. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of action and the components responsible for these pharmacological effects.

Anti-inflammatory, free radical-scavenging, and metal-chelating activities of Malva parviflora

Context: Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae) is widely distributed throughout Africa. It has several uses in traditional medicinal practice. Leaves of this plant are used in the treatment of some inflammatory disorders.Objective: The anti-inflammatory and the antioxidant activities of the methanol extract (Met. E) and aqueous extract (Aq. E) of M. parviflora leaves were investigated.Materials and methods: Croton oil-induced ear edema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability were applied as acute inflammatory models to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. The antioxidant effects were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay and the measurement of the metal-chelating activity.Results: Results demonstrated that Met. E inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema by 57%. In contrast, the Aq. E did not show any activity. Furthermore, Met. E and Aq. E inhibited significantly the acetic acid-induced vascular permeability by 36 and 40%, respectively. However, Met. E and Aq. E exerted a strong scavenging activity with IC50 values of 89.03 ± 2.65 and 76.67 ± 0.29 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, Met. E and Aq. E were able to chelate ferrous ions in a concentration-dependent manner.Discussion and conclusion: These findings demonstrate that M. parviflora leaf extracts possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and thus have great potential as an interesting source for natural health products.

Studies on the Methanolic Fraction of Pluchea indica on Croton Oil-induced Mouse Ear Oedema and Lipid Peroxidation

Croton oil is known to contain a potent tumour-promoting factor, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), which is responsible for generation of oxygen free radicals and in turn the free radicals lead to lipid peroxidation. Such lipid peroxidation is assumed to induce severe inflammatory changes, increased vascular permeability and generation of proinflammatory hydroperoxides. Commonly used antioxidants are known to inhibit TPA. Our earlier results obtained from studies with Pluchea indica indicated that the methanolic fraction of the root extract possess significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to assess the degree of inhibitory effect of P. indica on croton oil-induced mouse ear oedema, lipid hydroperoxide formation, peroxidizability of the epidermal layer and also in-vitro lipid peroxidation (using FeCl3/ADP/NADPH and CCl4 systems).

Antinociceptive effect of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. independent of anti-inflammatory activity of ellagic acid

This study was performed to determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (PEtExt) stem bark and its fractions using various animal models such as acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced pain and croton oil-induced ear edema tests. The PEtExt inhibited the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, reduced the pain reaction time on both phases of the formalin test and decreased the edema in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with naloxone did not reverse the antinociceptive effect. Only the ethyl acetate fraction showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Our results also showed that this extract contains compounds with analgesic action independent of anti-inflammatory activity.