Cross-border Workers Research Articles

Earnings Dynamics, Foreign Workers and the Stability of Inequality Trends in Luxembourg 1988-2009

This paper exploits a large-scale administrative dataset to document trends in male earnings inequality in Luxembourg over twenty years of rapid economic growth. A detailed error components model is estimated to identify persistent and transitory components of log hourly earnings variance. Given the importance of foreign labour in Luxembourg, models and inequality trends are distinguished between native, immigrant and cross-border workers. Surprisingly, we observe only a modest increase in overall hourly earnings inequality between 1988 and 2009. This apparent stability is however the net result of somewhat more complex underlying changes, with marked increases in persistent inequality (except among native workers), growing contribution of foreign workers, divergence across subgroups, and a decrease in earnings instability (primarily for native workers). Overall, we interpret these results as showing a surprising stability in the face of the industrial re-development, the changes in the size and structure of employment, and the fast growth that characterized the country's economy in this period. Such results possibly hint at the role of strict labour market regulations and collective bargaining institutions in holding back earnings inequality, at least in a period of fast economic growth and soaring demand for labour.

Free Trade in Labour: A New Global Space for Workers' Rights?

This paper focuses on the nexus between international labour standards and international trade governance, as labour rights provisions (applicable to both local and migrant workers) are increasingly being included in free trade agreements. Nevertheless, for the past few decades, the preservation of working rights and social provisions is increasingly becoming economically unsustainable across the globe. At present, the likely directions in the global governance of labour markets stand at a historic crossroad and face urgent questions posed by the disengagement of the measure of value from the concept of labour. Barriers to human mobility facilitate capital in superseding labour as the only price discriminant in the compensation of both local workers confined to over-supplied domestic labour markets, and cross-border workers confined to a temporary or undocumented status. Over the long term, the failure in the global management of labour markets may also result in labour rights being socio-economically unsustainable, although still necessary for maintaining or improving the current levels of human development across the globe. In the absence of any value-driven dimension of labour, echoed in the decline of large-scale state-subsidised social security systems, international trade law might well be capable of becoming the strongest tidal current changing the patterns of labour governance globally and streaming through the international apparatus of working rights. The overall issue considered here revolves around the question as to whether international trade law provisions on labour rights are a solution or are inconsistent with workers’ problems globally. This is ultimately a matter related to seeking a new space for the transforming notion of labour at the intersections of law and society in a globalised environment.

G435(P) Evolution of “looked after children’s” (lac) regional network – joint medical and nursing input –a novel concept

Aims This work details the rejuvenation of LAC network in a region reflecting on the factors that had resulted in the network moving towards dissolution. Methods NICE guidelines in 2010 clearly mentioned strong leadership, effective partnership and multiagency working for all professionals working with LAC. Need for redevelopment of network which previously existed had been long felt due to new guidance and to improve cross border working. The original network comprised of doctors only and gradually declined due to falling attendance. In 2012 Looked after intercollegiate guidance was published by RCPCH, wherein the role of all LAC professionals was defined. A baseline benchmarking survey was undertaken in 2012 to do a needs analysis with aim to develop an understanding for medical and nursing network along with requirement by strategic clinical network, British adoption and fostering agency. Subsequently a strategy was drawn and resources were identified. Plan was discussed with all stake holders (Strategic Clinical Network (SCN), British Association for Adoption and Fostering (BAAF) and LAC nursing leads. Network was formed in June 2012, using combined medical and nursing network as a novel concept. Local BAAF provided administrative input and the feedback to central BAAF which links with RCPCH. Results We have a very successful joint nursing and medical network which is well attended and has had a very positive response. Network meets up twice a year and is supported both by SCN and BAAF. The agenda covers peer review and good practice including audits are shared to improve outcome. The meeting day is split part, so that nursing and medical network can learn from cases relevant to their practice . Guest speakers from local authority and CAMHS too have been a part to improve education and it has been highly appreciated. Numbers of designated professionals joining network has grown. Conclusion To develop a network it is important to be clear with aims and available resources; ours is a good example. It is a valuable source for peer review for designated LAC professionals.

Border effects on the travel mode choice of resident and crossborder workers in Luxembourg

We investigate the travel mode choice behaviour of both resident and cross-border workers in Luxembourg. Two categories of mode choice are considered: sustainable (public transport) and unsustainable (single occupancy car use), which both depend on a large set of spatial and sociodemographic variables. In particular, we determine whether and how the borders of the four countries involved (Luxembourg, Belgium, France, Germany) affect this choice. The results of a classical binary logistic regression model show that significant variables depend on the area of residence and that some border effects are relevant in the context of the studied cross-border areas. Moreover, the identification of these various border-effect variables does not require the use of big data processing techniques. Therefore the proposed method can be applied generally to other cross-border areas with an open border context to highlight the effects of border on functional integration. This study is helpful in terms of developing a better understanding of the determinants involved in the use of sustainable transport modes and in supporting decisionmaking to improve transport planning.

The Aspiring and Globalizing Graduate Law Student: A Comment on the Lazarus-Black and Globokar LL.M. Study

The Aspiring and Globalizing Graduate Law Student: A Comment on the Lazarus-Black and Globokar LL.M. Study Jayanth K. Krishnan (bio) and Vitor M. Dias (bio) Introduction Mindie Lazarus-Black and Julie Globokar have written a research-rich and interesting study on U.S. LL.M. programs and the students who enter them. Their paper focuses on the dynamics of the application process for entering into an LL.M. program by examining “the perspectives and experiences of the administrators who make admissions decisions and the students who seek admission.”1 Lazarus-Black and Globokar build on the work of researchers who have been focusing on these and related issues for some time, including Carole Silver, Yves Dezalay, and Bryant Garth, among others.2 The authors do an excellent job of rigorously analyzing their core subject and [End Page 81] successfully answering the four key questions they set forth in their introduction: Who gets accepted into LL.M. programs? Who does not? Which types of international, national, and local policies and laws must foreign attorneys navigate if they want to study in the United States? What kinds of political, economic, linguistic, and social capital must they demonstrate to gain admission to law school?3 Lazarus-Black and Globokar’s methodology is a nice combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques. The ethnographic research they conducted within two law schools (one located in the Midwest and the other on the East Coast) is particularly interesting. This research involved collecting important interview data from professors, administrators, and LL.M. students themselves. The authors’ study is a valuable contribution for two important reasons. First, it sheds crucial light on law schools’ strategies regarding their foreign graduate law programs. Second, the findings provide a menu of reasons for why foreign applicants wish to pursue an LL.M. degree. There is no doubt that observers who focus on legal education and the legal profession will greatly benefit from Lazarus-Black and Globokar’s thoughtful and insightful work. Given that Lazarus-Black and Globokar’s entire article precedes this Comment in this special issue of the Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, we will not summarize either their findings or the other detailed sections they provide. (We encourage readers to study these parts with careful attention.) Rather, and most interestingly for us, we plan to examine here a critical point in their work that relates to the complicated and nuanced issue of motivation—namely, the motivation of foreign applicants who wish to come to the United States to study. Before addressing this point, however, it is important to mention that the authors do discuss the motivations of law schools in seeking to attract LL.M. students. Law schools, for example, often embrace students from abroad who can add international diversity (socioeconomically, linguistically, racially, and ethnically).4 U.S. law schools are also interested in extending their networks abroad; recruitment of international LL.M. students in places of interest is a [End Page 82] good way to accomplish this objective.5 In addition, LL.M. students bring different perspectives to the classroom and offer important intellectual engagement to faculty, staff, and other students.6 And of course, law schools value LL.M. programs for financial support; the tuition paid by foreign LL.M. students is a significant means of revenue for law schools.7 In terms of the motivation of LL.M. students—which is our main interest—Lazarus-Black and Globokar rely on existing literature as well as offer their own set of reasons for what motivates this cohort to pursue this degree. As the authors note, motivation varies “by age, previous education, work experience, and, sometimes, the vicissitudes of legal practice in [the students’] home countries.”8 Still, Lazarus-Black and Globokar are able to find several general patterns that emerge despite these differences. To begin, the applicants see the LL.M. degree as offering an opportunity to enhance their professional career possibilities.9 Some applicants may aspire to work in the United States; others may have better opportunities upon returning home; and still others may hope to engage in cross-border work in multiple jurisdictions.10 Another reason relates to satisfying “personal” situations.11...

EU COORDINATION OF NATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY IN MULTIPLE CROSS BORDER SITUATIONS

The coordination of the national social security is one of the crucial fields of cooperation between EU Member States. The coordination is based on the principle of application of one legislation at a time in cases of employment being executed in one or more than one Member State. Persons moving within the EU are thus subject to the social security scheme of only one Member State. The rules aim to guarantee equal treatment and non discrimination by the application of the lex loci laboris-principle. In 2004 the European legislator concluded modernised social security coordination rules (Regulation EC 883/2004) in order to simplify the current rules. The Implementing Regulation (Regulation EC 987/2009) was concluded in April 2009. The new rules came into effect from 1st May 2010. In this contribution the author explores the (possible) complications related to the new rules in situations with multiple cross border work activities. The paper consists of an overview of the applicable rules, of the basic changes and of pending questions. At the end a set of recommendations is formulated meant to contribute to the necessary tailor-made solutions. Keywords: Free Movement, Migration, Social Security, EU Labour Market

Towards a Framework for Cooperation: Spatial Public Diplomacy on the Island of Ireland

European spatial planning arguments advocate a blend of strategic thinking, coordination and related initiatives to promote and secure territorial cohesion. These ambitions embrace a set of normative agendas around economic, social and environmental convergence, competitiveness, policy coordination and efficient infrastructure provision across space. In practice, territorial management then involves devising interventions across inter-connecting scales of governance which comprise complex agency relations, differentiated places and defined communities. In transnational contexts, attempts to foster appropriate spatial governance arrangements and relations across sovereign borders necessitate re-crafting planning and development cultures and service delivery practices to advance territorial cohesion. Transnational working necessarily involves cooperation across an extended range of institutions, interests, influences and potential actors. This paper examines attempts to secure bi-lateral commitment to a joint planning framework for the two distinct territories on the island of Ireland. Specifically, it traces the formal and informal activities involved in the development of the 2013 Framework for Cooperation between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Informed by ideas of cross-border regionalism, it discusses the necessary spatial public diplomacy involved in the social reconstruction of strategic spatial planning to improve policy coordination and cross-border working.

BEYOND THE PERSONAL IN SAMBAS, INDONESIA

ABSTRACTSambas, a regency in Indonesia's West Kalimantan Province, on the border with Sarawak (Malaysia), provides a distinctive borderlands perspective from which to evaluate the economic and social transformations that accompany Indonesian women's labor mobility. Drawing on village surveys and case studies about women's cross-border activities in Sambas, this article examines the complex intersection between women's working lives and economic sectors, including those conventionally labeled formal, informal, subsistence, and capitalist. The increasing involvement of young Indonesian Malay women in labor migration has also fostered new marital and familial patterns, which may in turn generate further shifts within the organization of cross-border work and family in the future. These changes illuminate issues of agency and precedence that arise out of local economic histories and family patterns of labor and labor migration. This analysis of both continuities and transformations in women's cross-border labor leads us to attend to women's creative engagement with the opportunities and constraints they face in reaching their personal and economic aspirations. One opportunity, this study shows, was women's proximity to an international border. This location they turned into an economic asset, one that harnessed the productive power of the border.

Regions, borders, and social policy

This first issue of Volume Four of Regions & Cohesion continues a trend of articles that gained momentum in Volume Three, focusing on the territorial aspects of welfare in social cohesion debates. The Summer 2013 issue of the journal presented a collection of articles that specifically discussed the role of borders and border policies in social cohesion politics. Although this collection was not intended to be presented as a thematically specific issue, the simultaneous arrival of these pieces highlighted the importance of borders in defining the territorial limits of cohesion and the ensuing renegotiation of these limits in political debates. For example, the article by Irina S. Burlacu and Cathal O’Donoghue focused on the impacts of the European Union’s social security coordination policy on the welfare of cross-border workers in Belgium and Luxembourg. The article illustrated the limits of this regional policy as cross-border workers do not receive equal treatment compared to domestic workers in the country of employment. Similarly, an article by Franz Clément in the same issue analyzed the “socio-political representation” of cross-border workers and discusses how such workers can mobilize for socioeconomic rights in institutions aimed at worker protection (such as professional associations, trade unions, etc.). Both articles show that despite formal regionalization of legislation concerning social rights and representation, national boundaries clearly present challenges to cross-border workers who have difficulty negotiating rights in both their country of employment and country of residence.

Competing language ideologies about societal multilingualism among cross-border workers in Luxembourg

Cross-border workers, who live in the surrounding border regions of France, Belgium and Germany, now make up 44 percent of the workforce in Luxembourg. This increasing presence of ``foreigners'' is prompting substantial change to Luxembourg's traditionally triglossic language situation, where Luxembourgish, French and German have coexisted in public use. In this situation, competing language ideologies emerge reflecting the interests of different groups. Through analysis of metalinguistic discourse in interviews with thirty cross-border workers in Luxembourg, this article examines how the language ideologies of cross-border workers might contribute to competing perspectives on societal multilingualism in Luxembourg.

The daily-life of European cross-border workers: Old phenomena on a new scale?

The daily-life of European cross-border workers: Old phenomena on a new scale?

The Borders of Solidarity? Trade Unions, Social Entitlements and Regional Integration

This article explores the effects of borders on the making of trade union policies and on their capacity to act. It takes as an entry-point the reform of Luxembourg's system of family allowances and financial support for students in 2010, which redefined the group of beneficiaries and partly excluded cross-border workers from neighbouring countries. This led to heated debates in Luxembourg and in the Greater Region (comprising Luxembourg, Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate, Lorraine and Wallonia) during which trade unions played an important part. The author explores the contradictory logics of both competition and cooperation within the Greater Region. These lead to a gap between integration as a discourse and what it means for local populations, in particular regarding labour market competition. The debates within trade unions on the issue of social entitlements for cross-border workers offer insights into the dynamics of this dichotomy and into the everyday fabric of cross-border social relations.

Connecting Remittances and Entrepreneurship in Mexico:Financial Resources and Social Institutions

Three main obstacles to entrepreneurship in Mexico have been identified: (1) limited access to reasonably priced financing, (2) shortage of skilled and educated labor, and (3) a lack of social and institutional support for entrepreneurial activity. Tapping a comprehensive survey of individuals crossing the U.S.-Mexican border between 2004-2008, our study investigates the combined role of remittances and migrant experience in overcoming these obstacles. Indicative of the value of remittances in easing financial constraints, we find that the likelihood that remittances are used for entrepreneurial activities increases with the absolute level of remittances (total dollars sent back). Controlling for pre-migration attributes, we also find that cross-border work experience may reduce the remaining entrepreneurial obstacles as migrants who gain human capital through on-the-job training while working in the U.S. and those who are exposed to an entrepreneurial-supportive social context via employment in entrepreneurial firms in the U.S. are more likely to employ remittances for entrepreneurial activities. Recent studies have shown a high-level of entrepreneurship by foreign-born professionals who return to their native country after working in the United States. Our study adds to this literature providing initial evidence that this phenomenon also holds for lesser skilled returnees.

Risk and Protective Factors of Marital Adjustment to Crossborder Work Arrangement of Hong Kong Residents: The Perspective of Stationary Spouses

With the close economic relationship between Hong Kong and the Mainland, cross-border commuting work arrangements have become a common work-family arrangement of Hong Kong residents. Previous studies have focused on the detrimental influences of the cross-border work arrangement on family relationships. More recent studies with a resilience perspective have revealed that there are both risks and successes in family adjustment to the cross-border work arrangement. The resilience perspective was adopted as the conceptual framework of a crosssectional survey that aimed to explore the risk and protective factors in marital adjustment to the work-related separation. Positive copings of both spouses were found to be the most significant protective factors, while beliefs that the workrelated absence of a parent makes a family incomplete and worry over the infidelity of the traveling spouses were the most significant risk factors. Stationary wives reported a significantly lower level of marital satisfaction than their male counterparts. These results alert us that we should not lose sight on the special challenge of cross-border work arrangements when advocating for a normalizing perspective on families with one spouse working in the Mainland.

(Small) Differences that (Still) Matter? Cross-Border Regions and Work Place Governance in the Southern Ontario and US Great Lakes Automotive Industry

Rutherford T. D. and Holmes J. (Small) differences that (still) matter? Cross-border regions and work place governance in the Southern Ontario and US Great Lakes automotive industry, Regional Studies. Workplace governance is a critical element in determining regional competitiveness. While contemporary rescaling of economic and social relations has produced new territorial configurations, including cross-border regions (CBRs), there is little research on the reshaping of workplace governance within such regions. It is argued that changes in CBR workplace governance are contingent upon (1) firms' ability to transfer corporate employment practices across national borders; (2) labour law and other employment regulatory institutions; and (3) the response of labour organizations. Using this framework, workplace governance change in the automotive industry in the Southern Ontario and US Great Lakes States CBR is examined. 跨境区域 管治 工作场所 汽车工业 Rutherford T. D. and Holmes J. 小差异（还）起作用吗？南安大略及美国大湖区汽车工业的跨境区域与工作场所管治. 区域研究. 工作场所管治是决定区域竞争力的关键因素。尽管当今经济与社会关系的尺度变化已经产生了新的地域结构，如跨境区域，但有关这些区域内工作场所管治重构的研究几乎还没有。本文认为跨境区域工作场所管治具有不确定性，它取决于：（1）企业跨越边境复制公司雇员习惯的能力；（2）劳动法及其他就业管制机构；（3）劳工组织的响应。利用这个研究框架，本文探究了南安大略及美国大湖区汽车工业工作场所管治的变化。 Régions transfrontalières Gouvernance Lieu de travail Industrie automobile Rutherford T. D. et Holmes J. De (légères) différences qui comptent (toujours)? Les régions transfrontalières et la gouvernance du lieu de travail dans l'industrie automobile située dans le Sud de l'Ontario et dans la région des Grands Lacs au E-U, Regional Studies. La gouvernance du lieu de travavil constitue un facteur déterminant primordial de la compétitivité régionale. Alors que la reterritorialisation des rapports économiques et sociaux a produit de nouvelles configurations territoriales, y compris les régions transfrontalières, rares sont les recherches sur la transformation de la gouvernance du lieu de travail au sein de telles régions. On affirme que des transformations de la gouvernance du lieu de travail dans les régions transfrontalières sont subordonnées (1) à la capacité des entreprises de transférer leurs pratiques en matière d'emploi au-delà des frontières nationales; (2) au droit du travail et à d'autres institutions de régulation en matière d'emploi; et (3) à la réponse des organisations ouvrières. Ce cadre permet d'examiner la transformation de la gouvernance du lieu de travail dans l'industrie automobile située dans les régions transfrontalières du Sud de l'Ontario et de la région des Grands Lacs au E-U. Grenzübergreifende Regionen Unternehmensführung Arbeitsplatz Automobilindustrie Rutherford T. D. und Holmes J. (Kleine) Unterschiede, auf die es (immer noch) ankommt? Grenzübergreifende Regionen und Unternehmensführung am Arbeitsplatz in der Automobilindustrie von Südontario (Kanada) und Great Lakes (USA), Regional Studies. Die Unternehmensführung am Arbeitsplatz ist ein wesentliches Element zur Bestimmung der regionalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Die aktuelle Neuskalierung der Wirtschafts- und Sozialbeziehungen hat zu neuen territorialen Konfigurationen wie z. B. grenzübergreifenden Regionen geführt, doch die Umgestaltung der Unternehmensführung am Arbeitsplatz innerhalb solcher Regionen wurde bisher nur wenig untersucht. Wir argumentieren, dass die Veränderungen bei der Unternehmensführung am Arbeitsplatz in grenzübergreifenden Regionen abhängig sind von (1) der Fähigkeit der Firmen, Unternehmenspraktiken bei der Beschäftigung von Arbeitnehmern über nationale Grenzen hinweg zu übertragen, (2) dem Arbeitsrecht und weiteren Institutionen zur Regelung der Arbeitsbeziehungen und (3) der Reaktion der Arbeitnehmerorganisationen. Anhand dieses Rahmens werden die Veränderungen bei der Unternehmensführung am Arbeitsplatz in der Automobilindustrie der grenzübergreifenden Region von Südontario (Kanada) und Great Lakes (USA) untersucht. Regiones transfronterizas Dirección Lugar de trabajo Industria de automoción Rutherford T. D. y Holmes J. ¿(Pequeñas) diferencias que (todavía) importan? Regiones transfronterizas y dirección en el lugar de trabajo en la industria de automoción del sur de Ontario (Canadá) y los Estados de los Grandes Lagos (Estados Unidos), Regional Studies. La dirección en el lugar de trabajo es un elemento esencial a la hora de determinar la competitividad regional. Aunque el reescalamiento contemporáneo de las relaciones económicas y sociales ha producido nuevas configuraciones territoriales, como por ejemplo las regiones transfronterizas, existen pocos estudios sobre la reorganización de la dirección en el lugar de trabajo en tales regiones. Sostenemos que los cambios de la dirección en el lugar de trabajo de las regiones transfronterizas dependen de (1) la capacidad de las empresas de transferir las prácticas corporativas de empleo a través de las fronteras nacionales; (2) la legislación laboral y otras instituciones de reglamentación laboral; y (3) la respuesta de los sindicatos. Con ayuda de este marco de trabajo, analizamos el cambio de dirección en el lugar de trabajo en la industria de automoción en la región transfronteriza del sur de Ontario (Canadá) y los Estados de los Grandes Lagos (Estados Unidos).

Strengthening regional cross-border information systems: the example of Geneva cross-border regions

This paper in the first place briefly introduces the emerging issue of cross-border regions throughout Western and Eastern Europe and discusses the definition of cross-border cooperation. Secondly, it analyzes the development of joint institutional mechanisms for the design and monitoring of cross-border regional policies in all relevant fields including the cooperation in the field of statistics. Thirdly, the paper will describe in more detail the institutional and practical organization of the Statistical Observatory of the Geneva cross-border region. The Observatory was formally established in 2001 by the France-Geneva Regional Committee, the governance committee of the Geneva cross-border region, and produces more than 50 socio-economic and environmental indicators for a cross-border urban area of more than 800,000 inhabitants over two countries: 1/3 in France and 2/3 in Switzerland with close to 75,000 cross-border workers. The paper presents some important indicators produced by the observatory and concludes with major achievements and remaining challenges.

Cross-Border Immigrant Workers in Assam North-East India

The issue of cross-border immigrant workers from Bangladesh into Assam’s North-East India has been unique and unprecedented in nature and intensity for the last three decades. It is highly sensitive one when it comes to refers to illegal migration. People attempted to rage debate on this particular issue and there now exists a good volume of literature on illegal immigration. Very limited studies across the globes focus on the issue of immigrant workers and their rights at the destination country. Against the paucity of literature this study is emphasis. Therefore, the research questions are formulated as: What do we understand about cross-border immigration, particularly in the context of Assam’s North-East India, its causes and consequences? What steps can be taken for cross-border labour migration? How can the rights of these migrants be safeguarded under the relevant of ILO conventions? What is the impact of different types of local intervention by the non-State actors on migration? Specifically, this paper focuses on immigrant workers working in different sectors of the Assam economy using secondary data from Indian Census. It is found that the majority of immigrant workers is engaged in agriculture and allied activities. The share of female migrant workers in agriculture and industry in both the rural and urban areas is greater compared to their male counterparts, whereas the percentage share of males engaged in the service sector in both the rural and urban areas are more than females. The rich in agriculture and natural resources of Assam economy may have attracted the immigrant workers from Bangladesh. Other than the official statistics there are concerns about the influx of the illegal immigrant workers into Assam which are unwelcomed by the local citizens due to fear of competition for their jobs and loss of cultural identity. Instead, the local people resist the settler migrant workers. To promote and protect the welfare of the migrant workers and to ensure their right to work, India should establish and study the contribution of immigrant workers so as to formulate a policy that will be benefit both countries. Bilateral and multilateral discussions among sending and receiving countries could help.

Cross-Border Earnings of U.S. Natives Along the U.S.-Mexico Border*

Objective. This study explores whether the earnings of U.S.-born cross-border workers differ from those of their U.S.-employed counterparts. We also analyze whether the cross-border/non-cross-border wage differential changed during the 1990s—a decade when U.S.-Mexico trade intensified and the maquiladora industry expanded. Methods. Employing decennial U.S. Census data from 1990 and 2000, this article estimates earnings functions and uses wage decomposition analysis to study changes in the earnings of U.S.-born Hispanic and non-Hispanic cross-border workers. Results. The number of U.S.-native cross-border workers, while relatively small, increased significantly between 1990 and 2000, as did their earnings. A closer examination reveals that this cross-border earnings premium only developed among non-Hispanics. Conclusions. These findings indicate that some U.S. natives find lucrative employment opportunities on the Mexican side of the border, which might be diminished by additional restrictions for U.S.-born residents to easily cross back and forth into Mexico.

GMC calls for urgent update of EU law on cross border working

GMC calls for urgent update of EU law on cross border working

Sex Work in the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands

This report explores cross-border sex work in the borderlands of the sub- Mekong region between Vietnam and China. We focus particularly on the town of Hekou. Hekou is situated in the Yao Minority Autonomous County in the Honghe Hani and Yi Minority Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, China, on one bank of the Red River, which forms an international border between Hekou and the Vietnamese city of Lao Cai, the capital of Lao Cai province.