Cross-shaped Pattern Research Articles

Ionic wind tweezer based on multi-needle corona discharge for programmable droplet manipulation

The manipulation and guidance of tiny droplets are crucial for advancements in fields such as microfluidics, biomedical research, and materials science. In this study, we achieve precise active control of lubricated surface liquid droplets through a multi-needle corona discharge ionic wind tweezer featuring programmed manipulation. The ionic wind tweezer continuously injects charge onto the surface of plate electrodes, causing the oil layer on the electrode surface to form a unique cross-shaped pattern. This pattern confines droplets within the central area of the needle tip, enabling the manipulation of droplets of different compositions, volumes, and arrays. In addition to manipulating water droplets, ionic wind tweezers can also control various solid or liquid particles, revealing the wide applicability and operational capabilities of this method. This work not only provides a flexible strategy for precise droplet manipulation but also sheds light on the application of microfluidics technology in droplet chemical reactions.

Warship wrecks and their munition cargos as a threat to the marine environment and humans: The V 1302 "JOHN MAHN" from World War II.

In addition to endangering sea traffic, cable routes, and wind farms, sunken warship wrecks with dangerous cargo, fuel, or munitions on board may emerge as point sources for environmental damage. Energetic compounds such as TNT (which could leak from these munitions) are known for their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. These compounds may cause potential adverse effects on marine life via contamination of the marine ecosystem, and their entry into the marine and human food chain could directly affect human health. To ascertain the impending danger of an environmental catastrophe posed by sunken warships, the North Sea Wrecks (NSW) project (funded by the Interreg North Sea Region Program) was launched in 2018. Based on historical data (derived from military archives) including the calculated amount of munitions still on board, its known location and accessibility, the German World War II ship "Vorpostenboot 1302" (former civilian name - "JOHN MAHN") was selected as a case study to investigate the leakage and distribution of toxic explosives in the marine environment. The wreck site and surrounding areas were mapped in great detail by scientific divers and a multibeam echosounder. Water and sediment samples were taken in a cross-shaped pattern around the wreck. To assess a possible entry into the marine food chain, caged mussels were exposed at the wreck, and wild fish (pouting), a sedentary species that stays locally at the wreck, were caught. All samples were analyzed for the presence of TNT and derivatives thereof by GC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, we could provide evidence that sunken warship wrecks emerge as a point source of contamination with nitroaromatic energetic compounds leaking from corroding munitions cargo still on board. Not only did we find these explosive substances in bottom water and sediment samples around the wreck, but also in the caged mussels as well as in wild fish living at the wreck. Fortunately so far, the concentrations found in mussel meat and fish filet were only in the one-digit ng per gram range thus indicating no current concern for the human seafood consumer. However, in the future the situation may worsen as the corrosion continues. From our study, it is proposed that wrecks should not only be ranked according to critical infrastructure and human activities at sea, but also to the threats they pose to the environment and the human seafood consumer.

Analysis of Surface Patterns and Electric Field Simulation of Antireflective Green Lacewing Wings.

The structural coloration and decoloration are problems of scientific interest for a long time. Hence, the fundamental investigations on structures and the optical properties of insect wings have been performed. As a part of such studies, we elucidate the optical properties of green lacewing wings via observation and simulation. First, we elucidate the surface pattern of green lacewing wings using a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform. A cross-shaped pattern of a Fourier spectrum is obtained, and the concise wing model with the surface protrusions arranged in a square grid on a base substrate is constructed in reference to the obtained Fourier spectrum. Next, we perform a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation to elucidate a light path through wings with and without surface protrusions. The FDTD simulation results indicate that the surface protrusions of a wing increase and decrease the intensity of the transmitted and reflected light, respectively, which is an antireflection behavior. This phenomenon was also observed in the case of 45° incident light. The intensity of transmitted light coupled to wings is induced by surface protrusions with a stepwise refractive index between air and a substrate, which induces antireflection. In particular, transmitted light is increased by the surface protrusions of wings in the range of 500-800 nm wavelength. The intensities of transmitted and reflected light are affected by the direction of incident electric field (polarization) in the case of wings with protrusions arranged in the same direction (parallel). Hence, the surface protrusions are arranged in a square grid to reduce the influence of the polarization direction.

Recollision of excited electron in below-threshold nonsequential double ionization

Recollision is the most important post-tunneling process in strong-field physics, but so far has been restricted to interaction between the first ionized electron and the residual ion in nonsequential double ionization. Here we identify the role of recollision of the second ionized electron in the below-threshold nonsequential double ionization process by introducing a Coulomb-corrected quantum-trajectories method. We will reproduce the experimentally observed cross-shaped and anti-correlated patterns in correlated two-electron momentum distributions, and the transition between them. Both the cross-shaped and anti-correlated patterns are attributed to recolliding trajectories of the second electron. The effect of recollision of the second electron is significantly enhanced by the stronger Coulomb potential of the higher valence residual ion, and is further strengthened by the recapture process of the second electron. Our work paves a potential way to image ultrafast dynamics of atoms and molecules in intense laser field.

Controlling salt crystallization in evaporating thin films of colloidal liquids

Studying crystallization kinetics of mineral salts during desiccation of thin films of the complex colloidal salt matrix is a topic of considerable research interest due to its direct relations to the structures, property of materials, and utmost importance for controlling crystallization and colloidal products design. In this article, the shape and size distribution of macro-structures induced by the crystallization mechanism were systematically investigated using experimental and numerical methods. In the experiments, Sodium Chloride crystallization in starch or Xanthan solutions is considered as a model system. It is found that quantified parameters such as evaporation rate and local viscosity of the medium mainly govern nucleation and propagation of the ramified dendritic patterns leading to several categories of fractal aggregates, such as river patterns, cross-shaped patterns, and finger-like structures. The fractal dimension of the patterns is independent of the salt concentrations but changes with the initial concentration of the thickener. The effect of evaporation rate and the medium viscosity on the dynamics of crystallization for pattern formation was simulated numerically by two modified models based on diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) and the deposition, diffusion, and aggregation (DDA) algorithms which enable us to successfully reproduce the experimental results. Our experimental results and numerical approaches open avenues for controlling the size and shape of crystals and patterns formed in a complex gel matrix.

Enhanced H2 Evolution at Patterned MoSx-Modified Si-Based Photocathodes by Incorporating the Interfacial 3D Nanostructure of Ag.

Photoelectrochemical cells represent one of the promising ways to renewably produce hydrogen (H2) as a future chemical fuel. The design of a catalyst/semiconductor junction for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) requires various factors for high performance. In catalytic materials, an intrinsic activity with fast charge-transfer kinetics is important. Additionally, their thermodynamic property and physical adhesion should be compatible with the underlying semiconductor for favorable band alignment and stability during vigorous H2 bubble formation. Moreover, catalysts, especially non-noble materials that demand a large amount of loading, should be adequately dispersed on the semiconductor surface to allow sufficient light absorption to generate excitons. One of the methods to simultaneously satisfy these conditions is to adopt an interfacial layer between the semiconductor and active materials in HER. The interfacial layer efficiently extracts the electrons from the semiconductor and conveys those to the catalytically active surface. We demonstrate Ag as a 3D interfacial nanostructure of patterned MoSx catalysts for photoelectrochemical HER. The nanostructured porous Ag layer was introduced by a simple chemical process, followed by photoelectrochemical deposition of MoSx to form MoSx/Ag nanostructures in cross-shaped catalyst pattern arrays. Ag modulated the surface electronic property of MoSx to improve the reaction kinetics as well as helped a charge transport at the Ag|p-Si(100) junction. The physically stable adhesion of catalysts was also achieved despite the ∼40 nm thick catalysts owing to the interfacial Ag nanostructure. This work contributes to further understand the complex multistep HER from light absorption to charge transfer to protons, helping to develop cost-effective and efficient photocathodes.

Possible Role of Polarized Light Information in Spatial Recognition in the Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.

Many insects are able to use skylight e-vector patterns to deduce their heading direction. Crickets have been well known to orient themselves to certain e-vector orientations to keep their walking direction. However, it is still unknown if crickets are able to utilize polarized light information for spatial recognition. Using an experimental paradigm similar to the Morris water maze for rodents, here we examine the possibility that the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus can utilize polarized light information to find the target place. Crickets were placed in a round arena with a heated floor, a portion of which was cooled, and a cross-shaped e-vector pattern was presented from the top of the arena so that the cricket could find the cool spot by walking along the e-vector direction. When the arrangement of the e-vector pattern and the cool spot were fixed throughout the experiments, the time and the walking distance to find the cool spot were significantly decreased with increasing trials, but not when the e-vector pattern was rotated between each trial. Moreover, a model selection indicated that the visual stimulus contributed to the decrease in time and distance. To investigate the cricket's exploration patterns in the arena, a test trial in which the whole floor was uniformly heated was performed before and after the training trials. In the test trial, the crickets trained with the positionally fixed e-vector pattern showed wall-following behavior for a significantly longer time than those untrained and those trained with random e-vector patterns.

Planar Hall Voltage Properties of Ta/NiFe/Ta/NiFe/Ta Multilayer for Biosensor Applications

Recently, magnetic nanoparticles and planar Hall resistance (PHR) devices used in biomolecule diagnosis and biological applications have attracted considerable attention as biosensors. The voltage properties of a planar Hall device with a Ta/NiFe/Ta/NiFe/Ta multilayer that was prepared in a cross-shaped pattern at a width of 0.5 mm using a shadow mask, were investigated. The sensitive planar Hall voltage (SPHV) obtained from the planar Hall voltage (PHV) curves of a Ta(5 nm)/NiFe(6 nm)/Ta(t = 2-8 nm)/NiFe(6 nm)/Ta(5 nm) multilayered sample was a few mV/Oe in the fine magnetic field region of the external magnetic field of ± 1.0 Oe. In particular, the thickness of Ta(t = 8 nm), the PHR ratio, magnetic sensitivity, and SPHV improved significantly by as much as 36.4 %, 28 %/Oe, and 1.6 mV/Oe, respectively. These results can be used in the development of a PHR biosensor with a high sensitivity for the detection of nanoparticle-antibody binding, even in a simple structure formed only out of a ferromagnetic NiFe layer.

Basic Research on 3D Cultural Heritage Packaging Technology Using Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers

This study investigated mechanical property changes by measuring compression factors, resilience, and compressive strength according to packaging pattern and filling rate to identify the applicability of cultural heritage packaging using thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU). Research results indicate that the cross-shaped 3D pattern showed the best resilience when the internal filling rate was 20%, while the octet pattern was the best when the filling rate was either 40 and 60%. The octet pattern had the best mechanical properties and stability with resistance capacities of 20.79 kgf/cm2, 40.40 kgf/cm2, and 82.23 kgf/cm2 at 38%, 39%, and 40% recovery speeds, respectively, depending on the internal filling rate (20, 40, 60%). Based on these results, basic data on the applicability, stability, and reliability of 3D cultural heritage packaging materials using TPU materials were obtained.

Characterization of pathways involved in colorectal cancer using real-time RT-PCR gene expression data.

Efforts to explore biomarkers and biological pathways involved in the disease are needed to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis and alternative treatments. The fourth common malignancy in the world is colorectal cancer. The over-all burden is predicted to rise by 2030. In the current study, nine genes were selected. Previously, a panel of genes by Agendia, a classifier of robust gene expression (ColoPrint), was determined to significantly improve the prognostic accuracy of pathologic factors in stage II and III colorectal cancer patients. Five genes, including Ppara, Mctp1, Pyroxd1, Il2r, and Cyfip2, from this panel and four other genes which were not in this panel but were cited abundantly in the literature were selected. Then, expression levels of the selected genes in CRC tissue were compared with levels in adjacent normal tissue. To identify the pathways involved in CRC, gene set enrichment analysis was subsequently performed. Furthermore, to illustrate the relationship between genes in this disease, the cross-shaped co-expression pattern and gene regulatory network were determined using computational methods. This research found that the pairs of genes: {IL2R, CYFIP2}, {FOXM1, PPARA}, {MCTP1, CTSC}, and {PYROXD1, CYF1P2} are functionally related. Furthermore, two differentially expressed gene pairs ({FOXM1, PPARA} and {IL2R, CYFIP2}) are involved in the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway and the purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process, respectively. This research found that the combination of computational analysis and laboratory data provided the opportunity to better characterize the relation between central colorectal cancer genes as well as possible pathways involved in the colorectal cancer.

Shake table test of RC walls' coupling provided by slabs

When designed to the seismic load effects, reinforced concrete walls connected by slabs without coupling beams are usually considered cantilever walls. Several recent studies indicated that slabs themselves could provide strong coupling in some cases, and the walls could respond differently from cantilever walls. To study the slab-to-wall piers interaction, a shake table test of the half-scale three-story specimen was conducted within HORIZON 2020 SERA-TA project. The specimen consisted of four rectangular walls linked by three slabs. It was subjected to a series of seismic excitations of increasing intensity. In the last three tests, the nonlinear response of the slabs and wall piers was observed. At the strong seismic excitations, one pier was subjected to strong tensile, while the adjacent pier was subjected to strong compression forces. The crack pattern of piers was asymmetric and different from the cross-shaped damage pattern, typical for cantilever walls. The coupling of wall piers provided by slabs was considerably stronger than it was expected. The share of the overturning moment resisted by the frame action induced by the slabs was more than 50%. All slabs were fully activated and significantly damaged. Their damage was primarily flexural. The effective width of slabs was equal to their total width.

Mechanics of bistable cross-shaped structures through loading-path controlled 3D assembly

Morphable three-dimensional (3D) structures capable of reversible shape changes between distinct geometric configurations have widespread applications in many important engineering areas. Recent advances in mechanically-guided 3D assembly provided a powerful approach to achieve morphable 3D mesostructures in a broad set of high-performance materials, over length scales from several micrometers to tens of centimeters. This approach relies on prestrained elastomer substrates released with different sequences to trigger the stabilization of distinct 3D buckling modes in specially engineered 2D precursor structures. Many of the reported 2D precursor structures are constructed with ribbon components that incorporate creases with reduced stiffness at strategic locations. The design of crease geometries and crease locations is essential to the structural bistability through this loading-path approach, which requires the development of a theory to serve as the design basis. This paper presents a finite-deformation model to analyze the stability of different buckling modes induced during the simultaneous and sequential compressions of structures with cross-shaped ribbon geometries, a very representative class of precursor patterns. By introducing a perturbation method to obtain an analytic solution to the deformed configuration of a uniform beam, a theoretical model is developed to predict the postbuckling deformations in cross-shaped ribbon structures with a prescribed number of creases. Based on the analyses of the strain-energy landscape, a stability coefficient is proposed to evaluate the bistability of cross-shaped ribbon structures. The developed model is validated by finite element analyses (FEA) and experimental measurements of structures with a broad range of cross-shaped geometries. This model allows the construction of design diagrams to identify the bistability for a variety of geometric parameters, including the normalized width and location of each crease in the cross-shaped patterns. These results elucidate how to select the various design parameters to achieve bistable 3D structures through the loading-path approach. Furthermore, the developed model is extended to the bistability analyses of precursor structures with generalized cross patterns and cross-shaped patterns consisting of locally stiffened elements. This study offers a theoretical reference for the design of ribbon-shaped mesostructures to achieve diverse morphable microelectronic devices.

A novel 96.5Sn3Cu0.5Mn nanosolder with enhanced wettability applied to nanosoldering of WO3 nanomaterial

Nano-soldering relying on a sacrificial nanosolder, is a flexible interconnection technique, having promising applications in joining nanosized functional materials; that is an essential step in the assembly of nano-devices. In a soldering, the wettability is important in the bonding of two nanomaterial, which determines the quality of the junction. Tungsten trioxide nanomaterial has unique characteristics such as electro-, opto-, gaso-chromic. To assemble this nanomaterial into functional nano-devices, a superior nanosolder is necessary. The conventional SnCu nanosolder has been chosen, but its wetting on WO3 is unsatisfactory. Here, our study indicates that the SnCu wettability on WO3 material has been improved greatly by adding minor manganese, in which the contact angle has a significant change from 73.2° to 41.7°. Then the wetting mechanism is investigated by observing the soldering interface. Lastly, a more robust and higher-reliable junction has been obtained by thermal soldering two individual WO3 nano-objects into a cross-shaped pattern.

Construction of Wuhan's ecological security pattern under the "quality-risk-requirement" framework

The ecological security pattern aims to maintain the integrity of landscape pattern and the continuity of ecological process to ensure urban ecological security. Current ecological source identification methods lack the consideration for ecological land degradation risks and human ecological needs. Taking Wuhan City as an example, the comprehensive value of ecological land was calcula-ted from three aspects, including ecological land quality, ecological degradation risk, and ecological demand to identify ecological source areas. Basic ecological resistance surfaces were constructed based on land use types and nighttime light data. Potential ecological corridors were identified based on the minimum cumulative resistance model. Ecological "pinch points" were recognized based on circuit theory. After that, we built a "four horizontal, three vertical and ten groups" ecological safety pattern in Wuhan. The results showed that the area of ecological land in Wuhan was 2138.2 km2, accounting for 24.9% of the total area of the city. These areas were primarily attributed to waters and foress, clustering in the north and south of the city. The total length of ecological corridors was 1222.42 km, with 566.75 km aquatic corridors and 655.67 km land corridors. The aquatic corridors traversed the city area to form a double cross-shaped pattern. The land corridors circularly distributed around the city. Comprehensively, the "four horizontal and three vertical" spatial pattern had appeared. There were a total of 44 ecological pinch points on the ecological corridor, distributed circularly with the central city as the kernel. The extant protection space had almost been included in the identified ecological source area, supporting the ecological significance of the identification framework. It would help to provide a quantitative framework for the construction of ecological secu-rity pattern in the metropolitan area and to guide the relevant urban spatial planning.

An Ultra-Broadband Terahertz Absorber Based on Coplanar Graphene and Gold Hybridized Metasurface

An ultra-broadband terahertz absorber is proposed by a metasurface consisting of coplanar graphene fishnet pattern and gold cross-shaped pattern. The mechanisms of the ultra-broad absorption band of the absorber are that multiple localized surface plasmon resonances are excited in the metasurface and the hybridization of the graphene and gold patterns enhances the field in the metasurface. Besides, the multiple reflections of incidence between the top surface and bottom mirror also enhance the absorbance. The design demonstrates that a band of 90% absorption can be expanded to 8.7 THz with a centric frequency 6.45 THz (134.88%). In addition, the proposed absorber is insensitive to the angle of polarization and it is slightly sensitive to the incident angle. Furthermore, the absorption bandwidth of 85% absorbance can be tuned from 2~8 THz to 2~11 THz via changing the bias voltage. The proposed absorber is interesting for the applications of sensing, detecting, and optoelectronic devices.

Cracks in Tension-Field Elastic Sheets.

We consider the deformation of a thin elastic sheet which is stiff in traction but very soft in compression, as happens in the presence of wrinkling. We use the tension-field material model and explore numerically the response of a thin sheet containing multiple cracks of different geometries, when subjected to applied tension. With a single crack, the stress concentrates along a St. Andrew's cross-shaped pattern, whose branches extend from the crack tips to the corners of the domain; at a (small) distance r from the crack tip, the stress displays the usual r^{-1/2} stress singularity but with an unusual and nonuniversal angular dependence. A strong interaction between multiple cracks is reported and discussed: in particular, for certain configurations of the cracks, the tensile stiffness of a cracked sheet can be zero even though the sheet is made up of a single component.

Adaptive Order Cross–Square–Hexagonal search and fuzzy tangential-weighted trade-off for H.264 in motion estimation

In recent years, various algorithms have been proposed to attain low computational complexity in motion estimation of the image sequence coding based on block matching. This paper presents an Adaptive Order Cross–Square–Hexagon (AOCSH) search algorithm, which employs a smaller cross-shaped pattern before the first step of a square pattern and replaces the square-shaped pattern with the hexagon search patterns in subsequent steps. The proposed search patterns aid in finding the best matching block, without much consideration of the vast number of search points. Here, fuzzy tangent-weighted function is also proposed to evaluate the matching points using the rate and the distortion parameters. The proposed methods are effectively applied to the block estimation process to handle the objectives of visual quality and distortion. The performance of the proposed AOCSH approach is compared to the existing methods, such as AOSH, H.264 and elastic models, using the structural similarity index (SSIM) and the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). From the analysis, it can be seen that the proposed approach attains the maximum SSIM of 0.99 and maximum PSNR of 40. 92 dB with reduced computation time of 3.28 s.

Interference figures of polarimetric interferometry analysis of the human corneal stroma.

A rotating polarimetric 90°-cross linear-filter interferometry system was used to detect the morphological characteristics and features of interference patterns produced in in-vivo corneal stroma in healthy human corneas of 23 subjects. The characteristic corneal isogyres presenting with an evident cross-shaped pattern, grossly aligned with the fixation axis, were observed in all patients with centers within the pupillary dark area, impeding the exact determination of the center point. During the rotational scan in 78.3% of the eyes the cross-shaped pattern of the isogyre gradually separated to form two distinct hyperbolic arcs in opposite quadrants, reaching their maximal separation at 45 degrees with respect to angle of cross-shaped pattern formation. The corneal cross and hyperbolic-pattern repeated every 90° throughout the 360° rotational scan. While the interpretation of the isogyres presents particular difficulties, two summary parameters can be extracted for each cornea: the presence/orientation of a single or two dark areas in post-processed images and isochromes. However, the development of dedicated software for semi-quantitative analysis of these parameters and enantiomorphism may become available in the near future. The possible application of polarimetric interferometry in the field of both corneal pathologies and corneal surgery may be of great interest for clinical purposes.

Central perimetric sensitivity estimates are directly influenced by the fixation target.

Perimetry is increasingly being used to measure sensitivity at central visual field locations. For many tasks, the central (0°, 0°) location is functionally the most important, however threshold estimates at this location may be affected by masking by the nearby spatial structure of the fixation target. We investigated this effect. First we retrospectively analysed microperimetry (MAIA-2; CenterVue, Padova, Italy) data from 60 healthy subjects, tested on a custom grid with 1° central spacing. We compared sensitivity at (0°, 0°) to the mean sensitivity at the eight adjacent locations. We then prospectively tested 15 further healthy subjects on the same instrument using a cross-shaped test pattern with 1° spacing. Testing was carried out with and without the central fixation target, and sensitivity estimates at (0°, 0°) were compared. We also compared sensitivity at (0°, 0°) to the mean of the adjacent four locations in each condition. Three subjects undertook 10 repeated tests with the fixation target in place to assess within-subject variability of the effect. In the retrospective analysis, central sensitivity was median 2.8 dB lower (95% range 0.1-8.8 dB lower, p < 0.0001) than the mean of the adjacent locations. In the prospective study, central sensitivity was median 2.0 dB lower with the fixation target vs without (95% range 0.4-4.7 dB lower, p = 0.0011). With the fixation target in place central sensitivity was median 2.5 dB lower than mean sensitivity of adjacent locations (95% range 0.8-4.2 dB lower, p = 0.0007), whilst without the fixation target there was no difference (mean 0.4 dB lower, S.D. 0.9 dB, p = 0.15). These differences could not be explained by reduced fixation stability. Mean within subject standard deviation in the difference between central and adjacent locations' sensitivity was 1.84 dB for the repeated tests. Perimetric sensitivity estimates from the central (0°, 0°) location are, on-average, reduced by 2 to 3 dB, corresponding to a 60-100% increase in stimulus luminance at threshold. This effect can be explained by masking by the nearby fixation target. The considerable within- and between-subject variability in magnitude, and the unknown effects of disease may hamper attempts to compensate threshold estimates for this effect. Clinicians should interpret central perimetric sensitivity estimates with caution, especially in patients with reduced sensitivity due to disease.

Polarization of human donor corneas.

To investigate the de-orientation effect of DSAEK grafts by observing the cross patterns and polarization power of human donor corneas using a polarizing device (Lumaxis(®)). Forty human donor corneas were placed in small petri-plates with epithelial side facing up. Polarizing power (arbitrary unit) and crosses were monitored and recorded by the software. The tissue was marked at 'Superior' position to ensure that the base and the polarizer are in alignment with each other after the cut. The anterior lamellar cut was performed using microkeratome. The lenticule was placed back in the same position as marked to mimic the alignment. The tissue was further rotated by 45° ensuring that the base of the cornea and the polarizer were in alignment. The polarization power and 'crosses' were identified at each step. The average of forty corneas from pre-cut to post-45° angular change showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in terms of polarizing power. The cross-shaped pattern deformed and lost the sharpness towards 45° angle. However, multiple variances in terms of 'cross-patterns' were observed throughout the study. Lumaxis(®) was able to determine the worst quality tissue in terms of polarization (no black zone and crosses). Despite the quality of cross pattern which can be used as an additional objective parameter to evaluate the optical properties of the corneal tissue, this preliminary study needs to be further justified in terms of clinical relevance whether polarization changes with oriented or de-oriented grafts have any effects and consequences on the visual acuity.