Cross-sectional Techniques Research Articles

P0360 Bowel Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography tell the same story using different languages in analizing Crohn’s disease lesions

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic diseases that require multiple endoscopic and imaging assessments, being diseases that not only involve a multitude of medical resources but patient compliance too. Bowel ultrasonography (BUS) and computed tomography (CT) have similar sensitivities (89.7% and 84.3%) and specificities (95.6% and 95.1%) in assessing IBD patients.Current guidelines recommend BUS altogether with other cross-sectional imaging methods to diagnose, monitor IBD patients and also for detecting complications and post-surgery recurrence Methods 36 Crohn’s disease patients with established endoscopic and histologic diagnosis were included in the study. Patients with moderate and severe disease were prospectively evaluated using two cross-sectional imaging methods (CT and BUS) by two different examiners. Patients with superimposed infection or with surgical history were excluded. The BUS examination was performed using 5-12 MHz micro-convex transducer with no special preparation before, while CT examination was performed using both intra-venous and oral contrasts. Both examiners were blinded to each other’s data. Different bowel wall characteristics were noted using the two methods. A subjective overall assessment of the obtained images was noted according to each examiner. Results A moderate correlation was observed between the measurements of bowel wall thickness using BUS and CT (Spearman’s equation, r= 0.504, p<0.01). Regarding bowel wall stratification, no corrrelation was observed using the two methods. Regarding the comb sign, there was no BUS surrogate for the CT observation. Doppler signal correlated well with the presence of bowel wall stratification observed using CT ( K= 0,36, p p<0.006). A very good agreement was noticed regarding mesenteric fat densification using the two imaging techniques ( k=0,55, p p<0.00006). A low but significantly statistic inter-observer agreement was obtained when lymph nodes were searched ( k=0.28, p p<0.03). When comparing the overall assessment of the examinators, we obtained a good inter-rater agreement (k=0.58, p<0.001) between the two cross-sectional techniques. Conclusion Several BUS and CT observations do not overlap even though the general aspect is similar. This happens when analizing bowel wall stratification that should be understood and applied in clinical pactice differently. The good inter-rater agreement between the two methods prooves that both investigations are useful and should be used according to availability.

From Pollution to Sustainable Environment: Unlocking the Role of Energy Intensity and Renewable Energy in Highly Pollutant Nations

Abstract Environmental degradation is among one of the most critical issues of recent times. To address this critical challenge in highly pollutant nations, this research inquires about the role of energy intensity along with renewable and non-renewable energies as controlling indicators in the carbon emissions’ model. The research is significant because it provides potential information to energy policymakers for mitigating the adverse effects of environmental degradation. After utilizing the cross-sectional techniques for the period 1990-2021, the results demonstrate significantly increasing effects of energy intensity on emissions leading to mitigated environmental quality. However, renewable energy significantly mitigates carbon emissions while non-renewable energy is found to significantly escalate carbon emissions, which is harming environmental quality. This research further confirms the evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in all the proposed models. The results of energy intensity, renewable and non-renewable energies are similar in all estimations while the validity of the EKC is witnessed in two out of three models. The causal relation suggests feedback between environmental degradation and economic progress, energy intensity, and renewable and non-renewable energy, which highlights the interdependence of the energy sector and environmental outcomes. Lastly, this research, based on the findings, suggests that energy intensity and non-renewable energy should be managed carefully to mitigate their detrimental effects on the environment. Following this, initiatives to switch to environmentally friendly energies can be fruitful in mitigating emissions. It is further proposed that the large expansion in domestic production is also helpful in improving the environment.

The role of knowledge in improving attitudes and behaviors of stunting prevention in pregnant women

Introduction: Knowledge about stunting prevention in pregnant women plays an important role in shaping attitudes and behaviors that support stunting prevention efforts. This study analyzes the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to stunting prevention in pregnant women. Research Methodology: The design of this study is quantitative, using a descriptive design and a cross-sectional approach. The research design used is correlational, using the Cross-Sectional approach and sampling techniques using Probability Sampling with a simple random sampling type. Result: The results of the study showed that the relationship between pregnant women's knowledge about balanced nutrition and attitudes and behaviors (efforts) to prevent stunting in toddlers at the Bojo Baru Health Center obtained a significant value of p = 0.008 (0.008 < 0.05), that the majority of pregnant women's knowledge levels about balanced nutrition with efforts to prevent stunting in the good category were 45 people (75%). Conclusion: Pregnant women's knowledge has a significant role in shaping attitudes and behaviors that support stunting prevention. Pregnant women with a higher knowledge level tend to show a more positive attitude and better behavior in stunting prevention. Therefore, increasing knowledge through education and counseling is very important to encourage pregnant women to take appropriate preventive measures to reduce the risk of stunting in children. More intensive and structured education programs must be strengthened as a preventive effort to overcome the community's stunting problem

Innovative Digital Phenotyping Method to Assess Body Representations in Autistic Adults: A Perspective on Multisensor Evaluation.

In this perspective paper, we propose a novel tech-driven method to evaluate body representations (BRs) in autistic individuals. Our goal is to deepen understanding of this complex condition by gaining continuous and real-time insights through digital phenotyping into the behavior of autistic adults. Our innovative method combines cross-sectional and longitudinal data gathering techniques to investigate and identify digital phenotypes related to BRs in autistic adults, diverging from traditional approaches. We incorporate ecological momentary assessment and time series data to capture the dynamic nature of real-life events for these individuals. Statistical techniques, including multivariate regression, time series analysis, and machine learning algorithms, offer a detailed comprehension of the complex elements that influence BRs. Ethical considerations and participant involvement in the development of this method are emphasized, while challenges, such as varying technological adoption rates and usability concerns, are acknowledged. This innovative method not only introduces a novel vision for evaluating BRs but also shows promise in integrating traditional and dynamic assessment approaches, fostering a more supportive atmosphere for autistic individuals during assessments compared to conventional methods.

Prediction of adolescent depression from prenatal and childhood data from ALSPAC using machine learning

Depression is a major cause of disability and mortality for young people worldwide and is typically first diagnosed during adolescence. In this work, we present a machine learning framework to predict adolescent depression occurring between ages 12 and 18 years using environmental, biological, and lifestyle features of the child, mother, and partner from the child’s prenatal period to age 10 years using data from 8467 participants enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We trained and compared several cross-sectional and longitudinal machine learning techniques and found the resulting models predicted adolescent depression with recall (0.59 ± 0.20), specificity (0.61 ± 0.17), and accuracy (0.64 ± 0.13), using on average 39 out of the 885 total features (4.4%) included in the models. The leading informative features in our predictive models of adolescent depression were female sex, parental depression and anxiety, and exposure to stressful events or environments. This work demonstrates how using a broad array of evidence-driven predictors from early in life can inform the development of preventative decision support tools to assist in the early detection of risk for mental illness.

INDIVIDUAL FORAMINIFERAL ANALYSES: A REVIEW OF CURRENT AND EMERGING GEOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

Abstract The trace element (TE) and isotopic composition of calcareous foraminifera has been invaluable in advancing our understanding of environmental change throughout the geological record. Whereas “bulk” geochemical techniques, typically requiring the dissolution of tens to hundreds of foraminiferal tests for a single analysis, have been used for decades to reconstruct past ocean-climate conditions, recent technological advances have increased our ability to investigate foraminiferal geochemistry from an individual test to a micron-scale domain level. Here we review current and emerging techniques and approaches to studying the trace element and stable isotope geochemistry of individual foraminifera (i.e., individual foraminiferal analyses or “IFA”), covering spatial scales including whole-test analysis, intratest spot analysis, and cross-sectional chemical mapping techniques. Our discussion of each technique provides an overview of how the specific analytical tool works, the history of its usage in foraminiferal studies, its applications, considerations, and limitations, and potential directions for future study. Lastly, we describe potential applications of combining multiple IFA techniques to resolve key questions related to paleoceanography, (paleo)ecology, and biomineralization, and provide recommendations for the storage, dissemination, and transparency of the vast amounts of data produced through these methods. This review serves as a resource for budding and experienced foraminiferal geochemists to explore the wide array of cutting-edge approaches being used to study the geochemical composition of modern and fossil foraminifera.

Transmission of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Families and Efforts Government Reduces Pulmonary TB Cases in West Sumatra Region

Classified as dangerous and emergency in the world. This disease is a serious concern in Indonesia, with the second highest number of cases in the world. In this study, we aim to look at efforts to prevent pulmonary TB transmission in families through backing family. Research method based on the concept of observational analytical research with cross-sectional study techniques to describe and examine what factors are related to the incidence of TB transmission in families or households. Result. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the incident and preventive measures, with a p value of 0.046. Based on the results of the analysis, those who were highly knowledgeable (10%), had a 75% risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. The results of this study show that family members who lack knowledge about the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis and who are at risk of pulmonary TB transmission have a high risk of transmission. The implementation of the pulmonary TB transmission prevention program needs to be maximized by the local authorities comprehensively so that the reduction in pulmonary TB can be achieved quickly.

Dispersion in a slit with crossflow filtration through a porous wall

Crossflow filtration is a separation technique where fluid flows tangentially across a membrane or porous media, reducing clogging by sweeping away retained particles and allowing continuous filtration. Dispersion of solute matter in crossflow filtration plays an essential role in the separation performance of many industrial processes. The current work aims to generalize the Taylor dispersion theory and study the solute transport in a slit–porous medium system with a crossflow. The solute is depleted by the porous medium at the slit top porous wall or the interface between the slit and the porous medium, where the continuity of the solute concentration and mass flux is applied. The solute is simultaneously transported axially by the main flow along the slit and vertically by the crossflow perpendicular to the slit. Using the Reynolds decomposition and cross-sectional averaging techniques, the generalized reduced-order model for the advection-dispersion solute transport in the slit–porous medium system with the presence of a crossflow is established, where the effective velocity of the main flow and the effective dispersion coefficient are obtained. The analysis of the results reveals that the nondimensional Taylor dispersion coefficient scales with the Peclet numbers for the crossflow and the main flow, respectively, as DT∼Pev−5/3 (when Pev≥20) and DT∼Peu2. The proposed theoretical model, along with the findings of this study, paves the way for the fundamental study of dispersion in more complex systems.

Fractures around the knee in children : Epiphysiolysis and physeal fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia

Epiphysiolysis and epiphyseal fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia are an extremely rare entity, but due to their far-reaching consequences with associated functional restrictions of the knee joint, they must be recognized and treated thoroughly. Complete and correct diagnosis is essential and, diagnostically speaking and in addition to standard x‑rays in two planes, the threshold for cross-sectional imaging examination techniques should be low. Aconservative treatment attempt is possible for undisplaced fractures, but surgical retention and stabilization using wires and screws is usually indicated. Growth disorders often and inevitably occur after such injuries. Clinical monitoring of complications only ends once growth is complete.

Academic Motivation as a Mediator of Social Support and Achievement Orientation: Case of Muslim High School in Indonesia

The study of academic motivation is essential in understanding how various factors contribute to students' educational achievements and overall well-being. This research explored the relationship between academic motivation and the mediation effects of social support on achievement orientation. Specifically, it examined how these factors interrelates and supports each other in the context of high school students. The sample for this study consisted of 225 high school students selected through convenient and cross-sectional sampling techniques. The instruments utilized included the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) for assessing academic motivation, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) for evaluating social support, and the Achievement Goal Orientation Scale for measuring achievement orientation. To analyze the data, several statistical techniques were employed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and Pearson correlation was applied to determine the relationships between social support and the dimensions of academic motivation. To measure the reliability of the scales, Cronbach's alpha was calculated. Additionally, regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of social support on academic motivation and achievement goals. The findings revealed that there was no significant direct effect of social support on students' mastery and performance goal orientations. However, in terms of indirect effects, family support was found to influence academic motivation, which in turn affects achievement orientation.

Factors Associated with Hygiene Practices among Breastfeeding Mothers Attending Maternal and Child Health Clinic at Mandera County Referral Hospital, Kenya

Hygiene practices play an important role in the well-being and health of both breastfeeding mothers and their infants. Poor hygiene practice might contribute to spread of infection and disease, posing significant risks to the health of the mother-infant dyad. Understanding the factors associated with hygiene practices among breastfeeding mothers is essential for designing effective interventions to improve hygiene behaviors and promote better health outcomes. The study objective was to identify the factors associated with hygiene practices among breastfeeding mothers attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinic at Mandera County Referral Hospital. By examining these factors, the study aimed to inform targeted interventions that promote proper hygiene practices among breastfeeding mothers and ultimately improve maternal and child health in the region. This study used a cross-sectional descriptive research design, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. A sample of 360 breastfeeding mothers attending the MCH clinic at Mandera County Referral Hospital were recruited. Quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires. Additionally, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews were used to collect qualitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 26 while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Findings revealed varying levels of knowledge and adherence to hygiene practices among participants. Socio-cultural beliefs, economic constraints, and access to resources were identified as key determinants influencing hygiene behaviors. Limited access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene products posed significant challenges, particularly in rural communities. Healthcare providers played a crucial role in promoting hygiene practices but faced limitations in resource availability and infrastructure. Recommendations include integrating hygiene education into routine clinic visits, enhancing access to water and sanitation infrastructure, and strengthening community-based initiatives. Addressing socio-economic disparities and cultural norms is essential to improving hygiene practices and maternal and child health outcomes in Mandera County. Collaborative efforts involving policymakers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders are needed to implement effective interventions and address the identified barriers.

Microscopy studies of InGaN MQWs overgrown on porosified InGaN superlattice pseudo-substrates

In this study, possible origins of small V-pits observed in multiple quantum wells (MQWs) overgrown on as-grown and porosified InGaN superlattice (SL) pseudo-substrates have been investigated. Various cross-sectional transmission microscopy techniques revealed that some of the small V-pits arise from the intersection of threading defects with the sample surface, either as part of dislocation loops or trench defects. Some small V-pits without threading defects are also observed. Energy dispersive x-ray study indicates that the Indium content in the MQWs increases with the averaged porosity of the underlying template, which may either be attributed to a reduced compositional pulling effect or the low thermal conductivity of the porous layer. Furthermore, the porous structure inhibits the glide or extension of the misfit dislocations (MD) within the InGaN SL. The extra strain induced by the higher Indium content and the hindered movement of the MDs combined may explain the observed additional small V-pits present on the MQWs overgrown on the more relaxed templates.

Pregnancy Examination with Postpartum Hemorrhage: SDKI Data Analysis 2017

Introduction: Postpartum haemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Indonesia. Adequate pregnancy screening (Antenatal Care/ANC) plays a vital role in preventing and managing pregnancy complications, including postpartum bleeding. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnancy examination (ANC) and the incidence of postpartum bleeding based on data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) 2017. Methods: This research method is quantitative observational analytic through cross-sectional techniques with research. Result: shows a relationship between quantity or frequency and the incidence of bleeding with a p-value of 0.05. However, there is no relationship with the quality of the pregnancy checkup (p-value 0.548). Even though it is not related, the quality of the pregnancy checkup has a risk of bleeding incidents with POR: 0.872 (CI 95%: 0.558-1.363), which means that mothers who do not receive services according to the 10T standard have a 1.3 times risk of bleeding during childbirth. Conclusion: Adequate pregnancy screening (ANC), both in terms of frequency and quality, plays a vital role in reducing the risk of postpartum bleeding. Efforts to improve access and quality of ANC should be a priority in maternal health programs in Indonesia.

Analisis Store Atmosphere dan Sales Promotion terhadap Impulse Buying yang Dimediasi oleh Shopping Emotion pada Toko Ritel Modern Miniso di Kota Bandung

This research aims to analyze the influence of store atmosphere and sales promotion on impulse buying mediated by shopping emotion at the Miniso modern retail store in Bandung City. Quantitative approach method using surveys based on deductive reasoning. The sample collection technique used was purposive sampling. Data was obtained from a survey distributed online using a Likert scale questionnaire with cross-sectional or shot study data collection techniques. The research results show that store atmosphere and sales promotion have a positive effect on impulse buying directly. However, store atmosphere and sales promotion have no effect on impulse buying through shopping emotion. In conclusion, although store atmosphere and sales promotion have a direct influence on impulse buying, they do not influence shopping emotion. This shows that other factors may be more dominant in mediating the relationship between store atmosphere and sales promotion and impulse buying. Keywords: Store Atmosphere, Shopping Emotions, Impulsive Buying, Sales Promotion

NEXUS BETWEEN ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE METRICS: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

Enterprise risk management practices are key instrument for enhancing the business performance metrics of any business entity, especially pharmaceutical firms. This study examined the nexus between enterprise risk management techniques and business performance metrics (financial perspectives, customers’ perspectives, internal business process, and learning and growth perspectives) among selected pharmaceutical companies in Lagos State. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design cum double sampling techniques comprising purposive and convenience. The study further employed a structured questionnaire to gather data from a sample size of one hundred and sixty-four (164) participants. For descriptive statistic, simple regression technique was adopted in the data analysis. The study revealed the positively low relationship between enterprise risk management practices and business performance metrics of selected pharmaceutical companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study recommended that pharmaceutical companies should develop ERM framework that would provide a systematic method for detecting, evaluating, controlling, and overseeing risks. Furthermore, it is crucial to foster a culture of risk consciousness inside these organisations, wherein senior executives exhibit their dedication to risk management as an integral aspect of the business ethos. These officials should promote cooperation and transparent communication with different departments and external stakeholders, such as regulators, customers, and suppliers, to aggressively tackle risks.

BUSINESS RISK CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS’ STUDENTS IN EKITI STATE NIGERIA

Risk control techniques are key instrument for enhancing the entrepreneurial successes required in tertiary students in the face of herculean economic hardship. This study examined the nexus between risk control techniques and business performance among selected tertiary institutions’ students in Ekiti State. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design cum double sampling techniques comprising purposive and convenience. The study further employed a structured questionnaire to gather data from a sample size of two hundred and sixty-seven (267) participants. Descriptive statistic, Friedman’s rank test and simple regression techniques were adopted in the data analysis. The study showcased the rank-order analysis of risk control techniques and entrepreneurial successes criteria. Further results also revealed the positive relationship between risk control techniques and entrepreneurial successes of selected tertiary institutions’ students in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study recommended that educational stakeholders in tertiary institutions ensure that their students are equipped with the necessary understanding of risk management techniques, which can assist them in their respective commercial endeavours. Furthermore, tertiary institutions should incorporate into their entrepreneurship curriculum a variety of risk identification tools that will effectively stimulate the entrepreneurial intention and behaviour of students. Tertiary universities should establish enterprises that can function as incubators for their students to gain practical experience in business development.

Brand Image Terhadap Customer Loyalty melalui Customer Satisfaction pada Pengguna Produk Tupperware di Kota Bandung

This research aims to evaluate the impact of brand image dimensions on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction regarding Tupperware brand food & beverage container products, especially in the city of Bandung. Data collection was carried out through interviews with respondents aged 17-40 years and who had experience using and purchasing Tupperware products. Participation in this research involved 90 respondents using cross-sectional data collection techniques or one shot study. Data analysis used a quantitative descriptive approach, normality test, multiple linear regression, and Sobel test with the help of statistical software program of social science (SPSS) version 26. Of the ten hypotheses proposed, eight of them were strengthened by empirical findings. These results indicate that customer satisfaction can act as a link between the impact of brand image dimensions (brand strength, brand uniqueness, and brand liking) and customer loyalty. In conclusion, this research can provide benefits for companies and management related to Tupperware products and similar food & beverage container industries in developing relevant strategies to improve the quality of these attributes. Keywords: Brand Image, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty

Expediting financial inclusion in Tanzania using FinTech: the perspective of diffusion of innovation theory

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is examining how financial inclusion can be enhanced in rural and remote areas in emerging economies through the adoption of Financial technologies. The study examines the direct influence of technological characteristics, facilitating conditions, trust and perceived risk on adoption of FinTech. Furthermore, the study examines the mediating effects of facilitating conditions and moderating effects of education level in adoption of FinTech.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed quantitative research design. Stratified and simple random sampling were employed to identify areas in which respondents will be collected. Drop and Pick method was further employed to collect 275 valid and reliable responses. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and assess the reliability and validity of the measurement model. Structural model analysis was employed to examine the hypothesized relationship.FindingsThe results show that compatibility, complexity agent trust, perceived risk and facilitating have significant influence on adoption of FinTech. Furthermore, the findings show that facilitating conditions mediate the relationship between all technological characteristics and FinTech adoption except the relationship between compatibility and FinTech. The study also has found that education level moderates the relationship between observability and FinTech adoption as well as trialability and FinTech adoption.Research limitations/implicationsThis study employed cross-sectional research-based techniques in collecting data for analyzing the hypothesized relationship. However, the drawback of cross-sectional may impact the findings of this study over a long time. Therefore, future studies must consider conducting longitudinal studies which may collect data over some time for analysis of the FinTech adoption. Furthermore, the generalization of these findings should be considered carefully by other countries which are not economically similar to Tanzania and developed countries. This also provides room for future studies to examine the same area in countries with different economic development.Originality/valueThis study contributes to knowledge into two folds: First there is limited knowledge on adoption of FinTech in emerging economies; the study addresses the knowledge gap by providing empirical findings which will help scholar. Furthermore, less studies have examined the moderating effects of facilitating condition in adoption of technology. This study addresses the knowledge gap by examining the moderating influence of moderating influence of facilitating conditions. Also, this study provides empirical findings which will help policymakers to implement strategy that will speed-up financial inclusion in rural and isolated areas in emerging economies.

Hubungan Sikap Caring Perawat Dengan Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Santo Antonio Baturaja

Background Health services are designed to enable humans to live. In addition to having good facilities and infrastructure, the professionalism of health workers is also important for its success. A nurse is now one of the professions that can save lives because of its holistic role in fulfilling human life. One indicator of the quality of nursing services is patient satisfaction and nurse attention, which is evidence of the quality of nurse services. Patient satisfaction is very dependent on how well nurses treat patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nurse caring attitudes and patient satisfaction levels at Santo Antonio Baturaja Hospital. This study method uses a descriptive correlational research design and cross-sectional data collection techniques. The sample for this study was 101 respondents using the random sampling method to collect data using a questionnaire on nurses' caring attitudes and patient satisfaction. 62.37%) and argued that nurses have caring behavior (57.42%) with a p-value of 0.000 ˂ 0.05. The conclusion from this study is that there is a relationship between nurse-caring attitudes and patient satisfaction at Santo Antonio Baturaja Hospital. Suggestions from this study are that nurses are expected to maintain the quality of nursing care so that patient satisfaction can be maintained.

The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Used on Mobile Application: Literature Review

This paper aims to perform a systematic review of articles that have used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) from 2019 to 2023. The results in this research are based on the literature analysis of 10 existing articles on the UTAUT model. This has been performed by collecting data including demographic details, methodological details, limitations, and significance of relationships between constructs from the available articles based on the UTAUT. The findings indicated that general-purpose systems and specialized business systems were examined in the majority of the articles using the UTAUT. The analysis also indicated that the cross-sectional approach, survey methods, and structural equation modeling analysis techniques were the most explored research methodologies whereas Smart PLS was found to be the largely used analysis tool. This is the continued research that examined the literature on the UTAUT for the past five years and provided the researchers with accumulative knowledge about the model.