Cross-sectional Anatomy Research Articles

Root apoplastic barrier mechanism: an adaptive strategy to protect against salt stress.

From soil to plant, the water and ions, enter the root system through the symplast and apoplast pathways. The latter gains significance under salt stress and becomes a major port of entry of the dissolved salts particularly the sodium ions into the root vasculature. The casparian strip (CS), a lignified barrier circumambulating the root endodermal cells' radial and transverse walls regulates the movement of water and solutes in and out of the stele. The development of CS begins with the synthesis of a protein scaffold made of CASPARIAN STRIP MEMBRANE DOMAIN PROTEINs (CASPs), followed by lignin deposition involving the enzymatic machinery viz., ENHANCED SUBERIN 1 (ESB1), RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG F (RBOHF), and PEROXIDASE 64 (PER64), etc. Towards maintaining the integrity of the CS, the CASPARIAN STRIP INTEGRITY FACTOR 1/2-SCHENGEN 3-SCHENGEN 1 (CIF1/2-SGN3-SGN1) signaling pathway has been found to play a significant role as a barrier surveillance system, the resultant is compensatory lignification of the radial and stele-facing transversal walls of endodermis. This leads to the formation of 'U' shaped lignified structures that enable an effective apoplastic barrier mechanism to prevent the influx of sodium ions into the stele. Rice, the major staple crop is generally classified as salt-susceptible, however, root cross-sectional anatomy of selected salt-tolerant genotypes exhibits an early and enhanced lignification of the endodermis. For instance, in the salt-tolerant landrace Mundan, the development of CS is accompanied by the formation of continuous 'U' shaped lignified structures along the endodermal walls under salt stress.

Diversity of Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk. Populations Based on Morpho-anatomical Needle Traits and Bioclimatic Parameters

Picea omorika (Pančić) Purkyne is a well-known endemic conifer species. However, there have been few morpho-anatomical studies to date. Several years ago, preliminary population studies of P. omorika were published, but with the inclusion of additional populations, it became necessary to confirm whether the southernmost population from Mileševka Canyon, also known as var. vukomanii, (Pavlović and Matović 1994), remains distinct from the others. Two-year-old needles from the lower third of the crown were collected in late autumn from seven natural populations of P. omorika from Serbia and from the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The variability of ten morpho-anatomical traits and the cross-sectional anatomy of Serbian spruce needles were examined in seven natural populations in Serbia. Needle length was measured with a digital calliper, and the nine other needle traits, needle width, needle thickness, vascular bundle diameter, resin ducts diameter, number of resin ducts, distance between vascular bundle and resin duct, cuticle and epidermal thickness, hypodermal thickness, and hypodermal width, were examined under a light microscope. For most of the traits studied, the Štula population had the highest values, whereas the Bilo population had the lowest. Needles with triangular sections are most common in the southern part of Mt. Tara, while elliptical and rhomboidal sections are characteristic in populations at the edge of the distribution range in Serbia. Multivariate analyses separated populations into two main groups. Both principal component analysis and discriminant analysis indicated population overlap, while cluster analysis identified three main groups. Multivariate analysis of bioclimatic data and a correlation study of morpho-anatomical traits were also performed. Based on bioclimatic parameters, individuals in the populations from Mileševka and Štula showed the most distinct characteristics. Mantel and partial Mantel tests confirmed no correlation between the complete set of morphological traits and bioclimatic parameters, even after adjusting for regional differences.

Study of the Normal Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses by Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Computed Tomography

This study utilized CT imaging to investigate the rostral part of the head of the crested porcupine’s head. By combining CT images with anatomical cross-sections, we have provided a detailed description of the structures in this area. This information could be useful for diagnosing disorders and improving their treatment in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of crested porcupines.

Visible Human Project based applications can prompt integrating cross-sectional anatomy into the medical school curriculum when combined with radiological modalities: A three-year cross-sectional observational study

BackgroundCross-sectional anatomy is a challenging yet a vital foundation to clinical practice. The traditional teachings of gross anatomy cadaveric dissections do not cover adequate training of recognizing anatomical structures on CT, MRI and sonographic cross-sections. New modern technologies are emerging as teaching tools in anatomy aiming to deliver visual interactive experience. The Visible Human Project provides a library of cross-sectional images compiled from cryosectioned body donors that was utilized by modern technologies such as the virtual dissection table (Anatomage) in constructing 3D software applications visualizing the internal composition of the human body virtually. Hereby, this article explores an integrative approach utilizing the Visible Human Project based applications and basic radiological modalities. PurposeThe purpose of our newly implemented teaching approach was to test and assure technology fitness to the medical curriculum and its potential influence on students’ performance in learning gross as well as cross-sectional anatomy in much depth. Basic proceduresA three years (2021–2024) observational study was conducted by implanting a practical cross-sectional anatomy optional course by selectively utilizing Anatmage interactively beside CT, MRI and ultrasound practice. The performance of 50 participants was evaluated in the form of a written test comprised of labeling of ten cross-sectional images and drawing of two cross-section schemes. Their optional course test scores were compared to their obligatory anatomy subject test scores; and to a non-participants control group of 50 retrospective obligatory anatomy subject test scores. In addition, the participants’ attitude toward the training lessons was assessed through a survey focused on satisfaction level, competence and ability to recognize structures on radiological images. Main findingsThe participants reported a high level of practical engagement. The test scores in the anatomy obligatory subject were positively influenced by this implemented practical course. Students showed improved test scores in the standardized labeling keyword questions, while the scheme questions showed discrepancy. Principal conclusionsIntegrating Visible Human Project based applications with radiological modalities showed positive efficacy on the students’ engagement and learning performance. Inevitably, cadaveric dissection and prosection remain the cornerstone of gross anatomy education. Integrating both modalities of teaching would excel students’ practical skills in applied clinical anatomy.

Prediction of Salicornia europaea L. biomass using a computer vision system to distinguish different salt-tolerant populations

BackgroundSalicornia europaea L. is emerging as a versatile crop halophyte, requiring a low-cost, non-destructive method for salt tolerance classification to aid selective breeding. We propose using a computer vision system (CVS) with multivariate analysis to classify S. europaea based on morphometric and colour traits to predict plant biomass and the salinity in their substrate.ResultsA trial and validation set of 96 and 24 plants from 2 populations confirmed the efficacy. CVS and multivariate analysis evaluated the plants by morphometric traits and CIELab colour variability. Through Pearson analysis, the strongest correlations were between biomass fresh weight (FW) vs. projected area (PA) (0.91) and anatomical cross-section (ACS) vs. shoot diameter (Sd) (0.94). The PA and FW correlation retrieved different equation fits between lower and higher salt-tolerant populations (R2 = 0.93 for linear and 0.90 for 2nd-degree polynomial), respectively. The higher salt-tolerant reached a maximum biomass PA at 400 mM NaCl, while the lower salt-tolerant produced less under 200 and 400 mM. A second Pearson correlation and PCA described sample variability with 80% reliability using only morphometric-colour parameters. Multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) demonstrated that the method correctly classifies plants (90%) depending on their salinity level and tolerance, which was validated with 100% effectiveness. Through multiple linear regression, a predictive model successfully estimated biomass production by PA, and a second model predicted the salinity substrate (Sal.s.) where the plants thrive. Plants' Sd and height influenced PA prediction, while Sd and colour difference (ΔE1) influenced Sal.s. Models validation of actual vs. predicted values showed a R2 of 0.97 and 0.90 for PA, and 0.95 and 0.97 for Sal.s. for lower and higher salt-tolerant, respectively. This outcome confirms the method as a cost-effective tool for managing S. europaea breeding.ConclusionsThe CVS effectively extracted morphological and colour features from S. europaea cultivated at different salinity levels, enabling classification and plant sorting through image and multivariate analysis. Biomass and salinity substrate were accurately predicted by modelling non-destructive parameters. Enhanced by AI, machine learning and smartphone technology, this method shows great potential in ecology, bio-agriculture, and industry.

Current State of Dry Needling Practices: A Comprehensive Analysis on Use, Training, and Safety.

Background and Objectives: Dry needling (DN) is a technique that involves inserting a thin filament needle through the skin to target myofascial trigger points for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Despite its efficacy in a broad plethora of musculoskeletal pain conditions, its safety remains a topic of debate among clinicians and researchers. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current practice of DN through a national survey, focusing on the frequency of its use and the incidence of adverse events (AEs), considering factors including physiotherapist experience, clinical workload, the extent of training received by practitioners, and the use of ultrasound guidance. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Respondents were licensed physical therapists (PTs) working in Spain. The survey covered demographics, professional data, frequency of adverse effects, and if they use ultrasound routinary for guiding interventions. Results: A total of 422 PTs participated in the study, mostly having 21-60 h of DN training (38.6%), less than 2 years of experience (36%), and not using ultrasound during the interventions (85.5%). Post-needling soreness and bent needles were the most common AEs, with most severe events rarely reported. Adverse event frequencies varied significantly based on training hours, experience, patient percentage treated with DN, and weekly clinical dedication. Clinicians with more hours of DN training or fewer years of experience reported higher incidences of certain complications. Conclusions: DN is a common intervention among PTs, with minor AEs frequently occurring and major AEs being less common but still significant. The accidental puncture of non-desired structures highlights the necessity for improve training on anatomical landmarks, needle insertion depth, cross-sectional anatomy education, and patient monitoring. To ensure safe practice, emphasize comprehensive training, adhere to safety protocols, exercise caution, and prioritize the use of ultrasound-guide is encouraged.

Ultrasonographic images and correspondence with real color sectioned images of the upper limb.

For basic training in ultrasonography (US), medical students and residents must learn cross-sectional anatomy. However, the present educational material is not sufficient to learn the sectional anatomy for US. This study aimed to provide a criterion for reading ambiguous structures on US images of upper limb through the sectioned images of Visible Korean. US images of the right arm of a volunteer were scanned (28 planes). For comparison with US images, the sectioned images of the right upper limb (24 bits color, 0.5mm intervals, 0.06mm × 0.06mm sized pixel) were used. After the volume model was constructed from the sectioned images using MRIcroGL, new sectioned images of 28 planes corresponding to the US images of 28 planes were created by adjusting the slope of the volume model. In all images, the anatomical terms of 59 structures from the shoulder to the fingers were annotated. In the atlas, which consists of 28 sets of US images and sectioned images of various slope planes, 59 structures of the shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, palm, and fingers were observed in detail. We were able to interpret the ambiguous structures on the US images using the sectioned images with high resolution and actual color. Therefore, to learn the cross-sectional anatomy for US, the sectioned images from the Visible Korean project were deemed to be the suitable data because they contained all human gross anatomical information.

Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris borealis): Exploring Normal Head Anatomy through Cross-Sectional Anatomy, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Cory's shearwater, or Calonectris borealis, stands out as a symbolic figure in the world of seabirds, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems globally. Belonging to the Procellariidae family, it is singularized by its imposing wingspan and intricate migration patterns connecting it to various regions from the North Atlantic to the Pacific. Its role in the marine food chain, specialized diet and adaptation for nesting in the Canary Archipelago underscore its ecological importance. However, Cory's shearwater also faces important threats, such as the invasion of foreign species, highlighting the need for its conservation. Among the conservation issues, studies on its biology, the main threats it faces and its normal anatomy are essential to preserve marine biodiversity. Additionally, a variety of imaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance, facilitates the understanding of the bird's neuroanatomy and opens future research possibilities in comparative neuroscience. Moreover, this approach proves particularly relevant given the increasing attention these seabirds receive in environments such as zoos, rehabilitation centers and their natural habitat, where veterinarians play a crucial role in their care and well-being.

Cone beam computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the region of the fetlock in the horse (Equus caballus).

This study aimed to delineate the detailed anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in healthy horses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The fetlock region of 15 cadaveric forelimbs and 14 cadaveric hindlimbs from nine adult horses without orthopaedic disease underwent CBCT scanning. Additionally, arthrography CBCT scans were conducted following intra-articular injection of a radiopaque contrast medium containing blue epoxy resin dye. Subsequently, limbs were frozen and sectioned to visualize anatomical structures in sectional planes corresponding to selected CBCT images. CBCT proved suitable for detailed visualization of the bony components of the fetlock region. Furthermore, the common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligament, and straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments were identifiable on CBCT images. However, certain ligaments, such as the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and intersesamoidean ligaments, were not clearly identified. The hyaline cartilage of the MCP and MTP joint facets was assessable on the post-contrast sequence. In cases where a radiographic or ultrasound examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, CBCT can provide additional valuable data on the equine MCP and MTP joint. The images obtained in this study can serve as a reference for CBCT examination of the equine MCP and MTP joint.

Normal cardiac dimensions by magnetic resonance imaging and topographic anatomy of the adult arabian one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

BackgroundDromedaries’ normal heart architecture and size have not been adequately examined utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and topographic anatomy.Resultwe aimed to investigate the regular appearance of the heart and its dimensions, using MRI and cross-sectional anatomy, in mature Arabian one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). We also analyzed hematological and cardiac biochemical markers. MRI scans were conducted on twelve camel heart cadavers using a closed 1.5-Tesla magnet with fast spin echo (FSE) weighted sequences. Subsequently, the hearts were cross-sectionally sliced. Additionally, hematobiochemical studies were conducted on ten mature live camels. The study analyzed standard cardiac dimensions including HL, BW, RA, LA, RV, LV, IVS, LAD, RAD, RVD, AoD, TCVD, and MVD. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the cardiac dimensions obtained from both gross analysis and MR images, with no significant difference between them. On both gross and MRI images, the usual structures of the heart were identified and labeled. Along with the cardiac markers (creatine kinase and troponin), the average hematological values and standard biochemical parameters were also described.ConclusionAccording to what we know, this investigation demonstrates, for the first time the typical heart structures and dimensions of the heart in dromedaries, and it could serve as a basis for diagnosing cardiac disorders in these animals.

NEUROANATOMY, DIGITAL ATLASES, AND TEMPLATES OF BRAINS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS (CAT, DOG, PIG, HORSE and SHEEP) USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Over the last two decades, neuroscience has witnessed an explosion in the utilization of non-invasive imaging methods (particularly MRI) that are used to investigate to study the brain. Providing accurate and detailed imaging, MRI has a significant impact on figuring out the anatomy and functioning of the brain. In recent years, researchers studying on veterinary science have seen MRI as an indispensable tool themselves. It is essential to understand the anatomy of the normal brain in order to explain many of the pathological processes. This review focused on neuroanatomical studies, atlases and templates generated from the brains of domestic animals (cat, dog, pig, horse, donkey, cattle, sheep, goat, camel) using MRI from the 1980s to the present. Its data were summarized under three main parts. Firstly, the cross-sectional anatomy of the brain created using MRI was examined. Afterward, digital atlases and templates, which have had an essential place in modern neuroimaging analysis (such as registration, segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction) in recent years, were summarized. Finally, in vivo or ex vivo studies in which crucial white matter tracts in the brain are three-dimensionally modeled with DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) in domestic mammals were reviewed. Several studies examining the neocortex by DTI were also included in the review in this section. There were also neuroanatomy studies conducted with MRI in several specific species in this review. In conclusion, this review focused on the importance of MRI in neuroimaging of the brain in domestic animals.

Correlation between Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Computed Tomography of the Normal Six-Banded Armadillo (Euphractus sexcintus) Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses.

This research aimed to study the rostral part of the head of the six-banded armadillo, applying advanced imaging techniques such as CT. Furthermore, by combining the images obtained through this technique with anatomical cross-sections, an adequate description of the structures that constitute the rostral part of the head of this species is presented. This anatomical information could provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the clinical evaluation of different disorders in the six-banded armadillo's nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

A Cadaveric Study Using Anatomical Cross-Section and Computed Tomography for the Coelomic Cavity in Juvenile Cory's Shearwater (Aves, Procellariidae, Calonectris borealis).

Birds play a crucial role in ecosystems, engaging in key functions such as pollination, pest control, and seed dispersal. The anatomical understanding of these species is essential to addressing emerging challenges, including climate change and habitat loss, which directly impact their survival. Detailed knowledge of avian anatomy is fundamental for research across various disciplines, ranging from ornithology to veterinary medicine. Therefore, this study aims to disseminate the understanding of avian anatomy and the application of computed tomography (CT) for visualizing the coelomic cavity in Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris borealis). Recent advances in comprehending the anatomical structures of this region in avian species are highlighted, with a specific focus on Cory's Shearwater as a study model. Various anatomical cross-sections and transverse CT images were described and analyzed in detail, offering a comprehensive insight into the coelomic cavity from different perspectives. The correlation between anatomical cross-sections and CT images is emphasized as crucial for a profound understanding of avian anatomy. This research contributes to the broader knowledge of avian anatomy, with potential implications for conservation efforts and veterinary practices.

Living and post-mortem CT scans in the gross anatomy lab: A study investigating differences in first-year medical students' exam performance and perceptions.

Basic competency in radiological imaging is essential for physicians to identify and manage diseases. An optimal place in which to include imaging in the medical curriculum is during anatomy as students can correlate the 3D anatomy from their body donors with the 2D cross-sectional anatomy. The goal of this project was to enhance first-year medical students' knowledge of cross-sectional imaging in the gross anatomy lab and to investigate whether there are benefits to learning cross sectional imaging via scans from body donors versus living individuals. Student participant performance was evaluated on laboratory practical examinations, CT image questions and spatial anatomical knowledge in the thorax and abdomen sections of gross anatomy. Students learned the cross-sectional imaging during dissections where they accessed the images relevant to their study on Pacsbin, a web-based Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine viewer, via iPads. Results showed no statistically significant differences in practical examination scores, spatial anatomical knowledge, or identification of anatomical structures on CT image questions between participants who learned from images on body donors versus living individuals. In a questionnaire given at the end of the course, participants cited that the CT images improved their anatomical and imaging knowledge and that they felt better prepared to use imaging software and interpret diagnostic imaging results upon entering clerkships. While there were no differences in academic performance between the groups, positive outcomes regarding student perceptions of anatomical and imaging knowledge and preparedness for use of imaging software were identified in this study.

The Evaluation of Primary Brain Tumors: The Role of CT and MRI

Primary brain tumors are a serious problem for neurology and oncology. Imaging serves as an indispensable cornerstone in the management of patients grappling with brain tumors. Primary brain tumors impose a substantial burden on individuals' lives and on public healthcare systems.]This literature review delves into the essential roles of MRI and CT in diagnosing and evaluating primary brain cancers. It discusses emerging imaging techniques, contrast agents, and functional imaging modalities that further enhance the accuracy of brain tumor assessment By summarizing the latest research, the review underscores how the synergy between MRI and CT contributes to more precise diagnosis, treatment planning, and post-treatment monitoring of individuals with brain tumors. Imaging techniques, notably computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have evolved significantly in their ability to detect and characterize brain tumors. Computed tomography is non- invasive and provides three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy of the brain, which can be reformatted in multiple planes. Computed tomography provides more detail about the nature of calcification and can characterize soft tissue abnormalities with high contrast and good spatial resolution. Magnetic resonance imaging is noninvasive and provides three-dimensional cross-sectional anatomy of the brain, which can be acquired in multiple planes. The dominant modality used is MRI because of its superior image resolution, speed of acquisition, and high safety profile for patients.

Optimizing learning in cross-sectional anatomy: A synergistic approach using Gagne’s model and modified Peyton’s teaching methodology

Optimizing learning in cross-sectional anatomy: A synergistic approach using Gagne’s model and modified Peyton’s teaching methodology

Thoracic cavity of the Shirazi cats: New insights using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Our study provided a comprehensive characterization of the thorax of Shirazi cats by comparing the relevant soft and bone windows of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with cross, sagittal and coronal sectional anatomy. We outlined the mediastinum and its anatomic relationships with the trachea, oesophagus, lungs, heart, cranial and caudal vena cavae, and other thoracic structures using the data series gathered from adult normal Shirazi cats. The cranial mediastinum extended from the thoracic inlet to the 4th intercostal space, the middle mediastinum extended from the 5th and 7th intercostal spaces and was occupied by the heart and large blood vessels and the caudal mediastinum extended as a short and narrow portion from the 8th intercostal space to the diaphragm. The contents of the mediastinum and its relationship with the lungs and diaphragm were clearly presented in coronal-sectional anatomy and CT slices. The diaphragm was clearly observed in the lung windows of the ventral thorax. Sagittal-sectional anatomy and CT clarified the thorax's architecture and its contents, with higher density in the soft windows. The distribution of thoracic vessels on cross- and coronal-contrast CT scans was clearly visible. In addition, MRI scans provided an excellent anatomic reference of the thorax with the help of cross, coronal and sagittal scans, especially in the heart and blood vessels. Our study provides a valuable atlas for the diagnosis of malformations of the thoracic structures and offers better assessments for helping veterinary radiologists and clinicians in diagnostic processes.

Prevalence and morphology of different root canal systems in mandibular premolars: a cross-sectional observational study.

This study investigated the prevalence and morphology of C-shaped and non-C-shaped root canal systems in permanent mandibular first (PM1) and second (PM2) premolars using retrospective analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, and panoramic radiographs. CBCT scans from 2000 patients were screened for the presence of premolars with C-shaped canals and then assessed at three axial levels to determine the canal classification. The teeth were also assessed for Vertucci configuration, number of roots, and radicular grooves. Pre-existing panoramic radiographs were evaluated to identify features specific to PM1/2 with multiple canals or C-shaped anatomy. A total of 1576 PM1 and 1424 PM2 from 880 patients were evaluated. The overall prevalence of C-shaped canals was 2.2% (3.3% PM1, 1.0% PM2), with 49 (5.6%) patients presenting with at least one C-shaped mandibular premolar. There were 2.3 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.5 different classifiable cross-sections per tooth for PM1 and PM2, respectively. The sudden disappearance or bifurcation of a canal on panoramic radiographs was associated with the presence of multiple canals (P < 0.001) or C-shaped anatomy (P = 0.03). There was substantial variation in cross-sectional anatomy within and between C-shaped premolars, which will affect endodontic treatment planning. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.

Cross Sectional Anatomy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Juvenile Atlantic Puffin Head (Aves, Alcidae, Fratercula arctica).

The Atlantic puffin is a medium-sized seabird with black and white plumage and orange feet. It is distributed mainly along the northern Atlantic Ocean, and due, among other reasons, to human activities, it is in a threatened situation and classified as a vulnerable species according to the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In this study, we used a total of 20 carcasses of juvenile Atlantic puffins to perform MRI, as well as anatomical cross-sections. Thus, an adequate description of the head was made, providing valuable information that could be helpful as a diagnostic tool for veterinary clinicians, who increasingly treat these birds in zoos, rehabilitation centers, and even in the wild.

Evaluation of the common pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis) cornea using light and scanning electron microscopy.

The common pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) is a widespread avian species; however due to its nocturnal habits and reclusive behaviour, little is known about their vision and ecology. Most avian species are visually dependent with advanced visual systems providing high spatial resolution, on the species needs. Each ocular structure has a specific role in contributing towards high visual function, and the cornea is the first refractive structure in the visual process. However, the common pauraque cornea had not been described until the present data. Therefore, this study aims to describe the morphology and morphometry of the common pauraque cornea by means of light and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the cross-sectional anatomy as well as the ultrastructure of the endothelial cells. Histological similarities with the cornea of other birds have been observed, but the thickness of the common pauraque cornea is much smaller than the other described corneas. A better understanding of the common pauraque cornea can help us better explain the physiology of vision and the visual requirements of this species. In turn, this will help us better understand how this species successfully interacts with its environment, and will improve our knowledge on how to interpret pathological changes in their cornea in a clinical setting.