Ratio Of Cross Sections Research Articles

Assessment of changes in productivity and limitations in forcing movement when increasing the volume of blast furnaces

The selection of the useful volume of new or reconstructed blast furnaces is an urgent task for both manufacturers and designers; therefore, the assessment of the technological capabilities of furnaces of different volumes has always been of interest from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. The purpose of the presented work is the selection of the most representative indicators, with the help of which a comparative assessment of the operation of furnaces of different volumes is possible, the evaluation of the operation of furnaces in the conditions of planned and market economies, as well as an attempt to determine and classify the factors limiting the forced operation of furnaces of increased volume. It is shown that the use of indicators calculated per unit area furnace is not appropriate, since area furnace is not the main size furnace. The main size is full volume furnace, which determines design unit and amount of capital costs for its construction. Specific productivity indicators calculated per unit volume furnace similarly depend on the height furnace and adequately reflect performance of furnaces of different volumes. The indisputable advantage of compact blast furnaces with a useful volume < 1500 m3 in comparison with furnaces of larger volumes is shown, which indicates imperfection of a simplified approach to evaluating performance of furnaces based on the concepts of balance and gas dynamic components, since it is difficult to take into account all the components when determining these components influencing factors. Factors limiting process intensification in blast furnaces of medium and large volumes have been established and classified. The main external factors are the quality characteristics of coke, iron ore materials and blowing, more specifically, hot strength of coke, richness of raw materials in iron and the ability of air blowers to provide blowing with required degree of compression. The main structural solutions to overcome significant limitations in operation of furnaces with a useful volume > 1500 m3 are a rational profile, ratio of output cross-section of air nozzles and cross-section furnace, as well as the use of coneless loading devices.

Simultaneous evaluation of uranium and plutonium fast neutron fission cross sections up to 200 MeV for JENDL-5 and its updates

Simultaneous evaluation of 233,235,238U and 239,240,241Pu fission cross sections for fast neutrons up to 200 MeV was performed for the JENDL-5 library. Experimental covariances were estimated for each experimental dataset of cross sections or cross section ratios extracted from the EXFOR library, and they were stored in an experimental database dedicated to the new evaluation. The cross sections were expressed by Schmittroth’s roof functions, and the values on defined incident energy grids were adjusted by the least-squares method to reproduce the experimental cross sections and their ratios. The newly evaluated cross sections were validated using the spectrum averaged cross sections measured in the 252Cf spontaneous fission neutron standard field. The evaluation adopted by the JENDL-5 library was further updated by addition of two datasets and deletion of one dataset.

Investigation of Light-Induced Degradation in B-Doped Mono-Like Silicon PERC Cells by a Cycling Test With Light Soaking and Dark Annealing

We investigated light-induced degradation (LID) of passivated emitter and rear contact cells fabricated from B-doped cast-grown mono-like Si by conducting a cycling test comprising light soaking (illumination intensity of 1 sun at 95 °C) and dark annealing (at 175 °C for 30 min). Degradation and regeneration were observed in both the first light soaking (LS1) and subsequent light soaking after dark annealing (LS2 and LS3), but the extent and timescale were significantly different. The normalized defect density (NDD) during light soaking was analyzed by fitting based on first-order consecutive reaction models. Systematic residuals between the NDD and the three-state consecutive reaction model were observed in the early and regeneration regions during LS1. We discussed the scenarios that could explain the cause of these residuals, and the values of the reaction rate constants and capture cross-section ratio suggested that two types of LIDs occurred simultaneously in LS1. We concluded that one of the two types of LIDs was light- and elevated-temperature-induced degradation, but we could not identify the other LID with a larger extent and timescale.

Cross-section Ratio of the Charmonia States \(\psi (2S)\) and \(J/\psi (1S)\) in Exclusive Photoproduction at HERA

Cross-section Ratio of the Charmonia States \(\psi (2S)\) and \(J/\psi (1S)\) in Exclusive Photoproduction at HERA

Measurement of the cross-section ratio σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ(1S) in exclusive photoproduction at HERA

The exclusive photoproduction reactions γp → J/ψ(1S)p and γp → ψ(2S)p have been measured at an ep centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 373 pb−1. The measurement was made in the kinematic range 30 < W < 180 GeV, Q2< 1 GeV2 and |t| < 1 GeV2, where W is the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy, Q2 is the photon virtuality and t is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex. The decay channels used were J/ψ(1S) → μ+μ−, ψ(2S) → μ+μ− and ψ(2S) → J/ψ(1S)π+π− with subsequent decay J/ψ(1S) → μ+μ−. The ratio of the production cross sections, R = σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ(1S), has been measured as a function of W and |t| and compared to previous data in photoproduction and deep inelastic scattering and with predictions of QCD-inspired models of exclusive vector-meson production, which are in reasonable agreement with the data.

Structural, optical behavior and Judd-Ofelt analysis of europium-doped silicophosphate glasses for red-emitting device applications

Silicophosphate glasses doped with europium are of great interest in fundamental fields such as photonics, luminous diodes, optoelectronics, and lasers. In the present study, we have focused on exploring the effect of the europium (Eu3+) dopant on the structural, physical, and optical properties of silicophosphate glasses. In this study, pure and europium-doped silicophosphate glasses were synthesized by using the sol-gel method. To evaluate the structural and optical properties of the prepared glasses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra, and luminescence decay of trivalent europium ions in glasses were examined. XRD revealed that all of the synthesized glasses contained amorphous phases. FTIR transmittance spectra demonstrated that the addition of europium in the silicophosphate glass leads to a reduction in the dimensionality of the network as a result of the rupture of the Si–O–Si bonds into their structure. The band gap energy of the samples increases with the dopant of europium. The photoluminescence spectrum shows the line characteristics of the Eu (III) ion 5D0→7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4). Large bands were observed, suggesting non-homogeneous sites that are characteristics of amorphous systems. The intensity parameters ΩJ (J = 2, 4) and the radiative properties of Eu3+ ions in the prepared glasses, such as the stimulated emission cross-section (σe), transition probability (A), radiative lifetime (τcal), and branching ratio (βR) were determined, and Eu3+ emission may be suggested for suitable laser applications due to its high value of βR=52.71%. Furthermore, the CIE 1931 color coordinates of the synthesized glass (x, y) are within the range of (0.63, 0.36) and are quite close to the standard red color (0.67, 0.33), indicating that pure bright red emission has been achieved. The obtained results show that the europium-doped silicophosphate glasses can be appropriate for use as a red laser material.

Activation cross sections for reactions induced by 14 MeV neutrons on natural titanium

Cross sections for the neutrons around 14 MeV interaction with natural titanium were precisely measured by neutron activation and off-line measurement technique. The fast neutrons were produced by 3H(d,n)4He reaction and the neutron energy was obtained by using the cross section ratio method of 90Zr(n,2n)89Zr to 93Nb(n,2n)92mNb reactions. Experimental cross sections have been acquired for natTi(n,x)46Sc, natTi(n,x)47Sc, 50Ti(n,x)47Ca and 48Ti(n,x)48Sc reactions. The measured cross section data are compared with the experimental data available in the previous literature and evaluated nuclear data from the ENDF/B-VIII.0, JEFF-3.3, JENDL-5, BROND-3.1, CENDL-3.2 and FENDL-3.2b libraries. Furthermore, excitation functions for these reactions were calculated by using the theoretical model based on Talys-1.96 code with default and adjusted parameters. Within experimental error, evaluated nuclear data are mostly consistent with experimental data. The excitation function with adjusted parameters can roughly reproduce the experimental data.

Double K-Shell Ionization of Ar by 197-MeV/u Xe54+ Ion Impact

We present an experimental study on the double K-shell ionization of argon in single collisions with the Xe54+ ion at 197 MeV/u. The X-ray spectra of multi-ionized argon are measured at the observation angles of 90° and 145° with respect to the projectile beam. The target K X-ray satellite and hypersatellite lines are analyzed with a fitting model and the cross-section ratio of double to single K-shell ionization is derived. The experimental results are compared to the relativistic time-dependent, two-center calculations, and a reasonable agreement is reached.

Concentration dependent Dy3+- doped lithium fluoro borotellurophosphate glasses’ structural and optical investigations for white light emission under UV excitation for solid-state lighting applications

Concentration dependent Dy3+ - doped lithium fluoro borotellurophosphate glasses were prepared by conventional melt quenching technique by varying the dopant concentration (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 & 1.5 wt %). The structural and compositional analyses have been carried out through XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDAX respectively. The optical studies were made to analysis the optical behavior of the Dy3+ ions in the synthesized glasses through absorption and emission spectra. The nephelauxetic ratio and bonding parameter were calculated from the absorption spectra. The oscillator strength fexp and fcal along with σrms were evaluated and reported. The JO intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6) have been calculated and trends reported. The photoluminescence spectra were recorded under 384 nm excitation. The radiative properties like emission band position (λp), effective bandwidth (Δλeff), radiative transition probability (A), stimulated emission cross-section (σpE), calculated and experimental branching ratios (βR) for the Dy3+-doped lithium fluoro borotellurophosphate glasses were calculated using JO intensity parameters and emission data. The CIE color coordinates (x,y) and Y/B ratio values were calculated from the photoluminescence spectra. The color correlated temperature (CCT) were determined from the (x,y) values and possibility for white light emissions from the synthesized glasses were analyzed under UV excitation. The decay analysis shows the non-exponential behavior of the present glasses.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA LAPORAN KEUANGAN ANTAR PERUSAHAAN DI BIDANG TELEKOMUNIKASI PADA TAHUN 2019-2021

The study aims to analyze financial performance comparisons using time series and cross section ratio analysis of the financial statements of the four similar companies in the telecommunications sector during the 2019-2021 period, with telecommunications company objects in Indonesia namely PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, PT Smartfren Telekom Tbk, PT Bali Towerindo Sentra Tbk, and PT Axiata Tbk. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, where this method uses research to analyze, describe, and summarize various conditions, situations from which various data are collected. This research produces a comparative analysis of financial performance appraisal using financial ratio analysis, namely analysis of liquidity ratios, activity ratios, solvency ratios, and profitability ratios of PT Smartfren Telekom Tbk., PT Bali Towerindo Indonesia Tbk., PT Axiata Tbk., and PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia. Judging from these three financial ratios, the company can carry out its duties effectively and efficiently because the ratios show an increase in the company's performance in managing the sources of funds it has. However, the company's liquidity ratio cannot be said to have an effective performance because it is still at an abnormal number, namely number 1.

Axial Compression Test and Numerical Investigation of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Elliptical Tubular Short Columns

To probe into the performance of concrete-filled double-skin elliptical steel tubular (CFDEST) members, this paper designs and conducts an experiment on CFDEST short columns imposed with axial pressure, and finite element (FE) models of the axially compressed CFDEST stub columns are established and verified by the test outcomes, taking the influences of elliptical cross-section and hollow ratio into account. The impressions of various parameters, such as hollow ratio, diameter-to-thickness ratio, aspect ratio and so on, on the load-bearing capacity, initial rigidity and ductility property were investigated systematically. Moreover, the typical failure modes, contact pressure and concrete longitudinal stress of the axially compressed CFDEST short column are revealed. In light of the findings acquired by the laboratory tests and numerical analyses, the calculation formulae for evaluating the axial compress capacity of the CFDEST short column are proposed by taking the impact of the sectional aspect ratio and hollow ratio into account. The results indicate that the failure morphologies of axially compressed CFDEST short columns mainly include outward local bulges of the outside EST, the inward bulges of the inside EST and the crushing of core concrete. The axial compress capacity of the CFDEST short column would increase with the decrease in the sectional hollow ratio and aspect ratio. The calculation method is proved to be an accurate and reliable approach to evaluate the axial compress capacity of the CFDEST short column.

Exploring the self interacting dark matter properties from low redshift observations

We calculate the shear (eta ) and bulk viscosity (zeta ) of Self Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM) fluid using the kinetic theory formalism. Using the astrophysical constraints on dark matter self-interaction cross section over mass sigma /m , we demonstrate that viscous SIDM fluid violates the lower bound on the ratio of shear viscosity to its entropy density, eta /mathfrak {s}=frac{1}{4pi }. Then, considering the eta /mathfrak {s} bound as universal, we derive a theoretical upper limit on the ratio of velocity average dark matter self interaction cross-section to its mass and also estimate an upper limit on SIDM mass. We report that mass of the SIDM particle should be sub-GeV scale. Furthermore, with the assumption of a power-law form of eta and zeta , we study its evolution in the light of low redshift observations. We show that at the large redshift, the SIDM viscosity is small, but at the small redshift, it becomes sufficiently large and contributes significantly to cosmic dissipation. As a consequence, viscous SIDM can explain the low redshift observations and also consistent with the standard cosmological prediction.

Impact of parton energy loss and nPDFs on J/ψ production in proton-nucleus collisions

The impact of parton energy loss and nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) on J/ψ production in proton-nucleus collisions are investigated by means of the E866, LHC and RHIC experimental data. By the recent EPPS21 nPDFs, a leading order phenomenological analysis of J/ψ production cross-section ratios is performed for E866 experimental data with considering the parton energy loss effect following Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) regime. The gluon transport coefficient qˆg extracted from the E866 data in 0.20<xF<0.65 region is qˆg=0.35±0.01 GeV2/fm with χ2/ndf=1.01, which indicates that the significantly better-constrained gluon distributions provided by EPPS21 contribute to accurately determining the gluon energy loss. It is founded that for E866 data in 0.20<xF<0.65 the depletion induced by cc¯ energy loss is the largest, gluon energy loss is the second, and quark energy loss is the smallest. In addition, it can be seen that for LHC and RHIC experiment the role of nPDFs and gluon energy loss on J/ψ production are both significant, which indicates that operating more precise measurements at LHC and RHIC in the future can facilitate significantly better-constrained gluon energy loss and nPDFs.

Theory of QED radiative corrections to neutrino scattering at accelerator energies

Control over quantum electrodynamics (QED) radiative corrections is critical for precise determination of neutrino oscillation probabilities from observed (anti)neutrino detection rates. It is particularly important to understand any difference between such corrections for different flavors of (anti)neutrinos in charged-current interactions. We provide theoretical foundations for calculating these corrections. Using effective field theory, the corrections are shown to factorize into soft, collinear, and hard functions. The soft and collinear functions contain large logarithms in perturbation theory but are computable from QED. The hard function parametrizes hadronic structure but is free from large logarithms. Using a simple model for the hard function, we investigate the numerical impact of QED corrections in charged-current (anti)neutrino-nucleon elastic cross sections and cross-section ratios at GeV energies. We consider the implications of mass singularity theorems that govern the lepton-mass dependence of cross sections for sufficiently inclusive observables and demonstrate the cancellation of leading hadronic and nuclear corrections in phenomenologically relevant observables.

Sub Coulomb barrier d+ 208Pb scattering in the time-dependent basis function approach

We employ the non-perturbative time-dependent basis function (tBF) approach to study the scattering of the deuteron on 208Pb below the Coulomb barrier. We obtain the bound and discretized scattering states of the projectile, which form the basis representation of the tBF approach, by diagonalizing a realistic Hamiltonian in a large harmonic oscillator basis. We find that the higher-order inelastic scattering effects are noticeable for sub barrier scatterings with the tBF method. We have successfully reproduced experimental sub Coulomb barrier elastic cross section ratios with the tBF approach by considering only the electric dipole (E1) component of the Coulomb interaction between the projectile and the target during scatterings. We find that the correction of the polarization potential to the Rutherford trajectory is dominant in reproducing the data at very low bombarding energies, whereas the role of internal transitions of the deuteron projectile induced by the E1 interaction during the scattering becomes increasingly significant at higher bombarding energies.

Cumulative fission yield measurements with 14.7 MeV neutrons on 238U* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11975113)

The fission yield data in the 14 MeV energy neutron induced fission of 238U play an important role in decay heat calculations and generation-IV reactor designs. In order to accurately measure fission product yields (FPYs) of 238U induced by 14 MeV neutrons, the cumulative yields of fission products ranging from 92Sr to 147Nd in the 238U(n, f) reaction with a 14.7 MeV neutron were determined using an off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique. The 14.7 MeV quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam was provided by the K-400 D-T neutron generator at China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP). Fission products were measured by a low background high purity germanium gamma spectrometer. The neutron flux was obtained from the 93Nb (n, 2n)92mNb reaction, and the mean neutron energy was calculated using the cross-section ratios for the 90Zr(n, 2n)89Zr and 93Nb(n, 2n)92mNb reactions. With a series of corrections, high precision cumulative yields of 20 fission products were obtained. Our FPYs for the 238U(n, f) reaction at 14.7 MeV were compared with the existing experimental nuclear reaction data and evaluated nuclear data, respectively. The results will be helpful in the design of a generation-IV reactor and the construction of evaluated fission yield databases.

K -matrix analysis of e+e− annihilation in the bottomonium region

We perform the first global and unitary analysis of $e^+e^-\to b\bar{b}$ cross sections. We analyze exclusive cross sections in the $B\bar{B}$, $B^* \bar{B}(+c.c.)$, $B^*\bar{B}^*$, $B_s^*\bar{B}_s^*$, $\Upsilon(nS)\pi^+\pi^-$ and $h_b(nP)\pi^+\pi^-$ channels as well as the total inclusive cross section for $b\bar{b}$ production. Pole positions and residues are determined for four vector states, which we associate with the $\Upsilon(4S)$, $\Upsilon(10750)$, $\Upsilon(5S)$ (or $\Upsilon(10860)$), and $\Upsilon(6S)$ (or $\Upsilon(11020)$). We find strong evidence for the new $\Upsilon(10750)$ recently claimed by Belle, although with parameters not well constrained by the data. Results presented here cast doubt on the validity of branching ratios reported earlier using Breit-Wigner parameterizations or ratios of cross sections. We also compare our results with a selection of theoretical calculations for the vector bottomonium spectrum.

Determination of the Collins-Soper kernel from cross-sections ratios

The Collins-Soper kernel is a powerful tool for studying the properties of the QCD vacuum and an essential component of the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization theorem. In this paper, we present a novel method for determining the Collins-Soper kernel directly from the comparison of differential cross sections measured at different energies. The method relies solely on the structure of the TMD factorization theorem and thus also provides a direct test of the theorem validity. With minor modifications, the procedure can be applied to the real measured data for Drell-Yan and SIDIS processes. As a demonstration, we analyze the pseudodata generated by the CASCADE event generator and determine the Collins-Soper kernel suggested by the parton branching model.

Recent heavy-ion results from LHCb

We briefly report on the recent heavy-ion measurements performed by the LHCb collaboration. An interesting variety of results are presented, such as the measurement of promptly produced charged particles in pp and pPb collisions, the cross-section ratio χc2 over χc1 in pPb and the measurement of coherent J/ψ in peripheral and ultra-peripheral PbPb collisions.

Doubly charged Higgs boson production at hadron colliders II: a Zee-Babu case study

Motivated by searches for so-called leptonic scalars at the LHC and the recent measurement of the W boson’s mass at the Tevatron, we revisit the phenomenology of the Zee-Babu model for neutrino masses and the ability to differentiate it from the Type II Seesaw model at the LHC. We conclude that this task is much more difficult than previously believed. All inputs equal in the two scenarios, we find that total and differential rates for producing pairs of doubly and singly charged scalars are identical in shape and only differ in normalization. The normalization is given by the ratio of hadronic cross sections and can be unity. Differences in cross sections are small and can be hidden by unknown branching rates. This holds for Drell-Yan, γγ fusion, and gg fusion, as well as observables at LO and NLO in QCD. This likeness allows us to reinterpret Run II limits on the Type II Seesaw and estimate projections for the HL-LHC. Using updated neutrino oscillation data, we also find that some collider observables, e.g., lepton flavor-violating branching ratios, are now sufficiently precise to provide a path forward. Other means of discrimination are also discussed. As a byproduct of this work, we report the availability of new Universal FeynRules Object libraries, the SM_ZeeBabu UFO, that enable fully differential simulations up to NLO+LL(PS) with tool chains employing MadGraph5_aMC@NLO.