Cross-section Model Research Articles

Identification of Subsurface for Grounding Installation System Using Geoelectrical Method: Case Study of Waru Substation, Sidoarjo, East Java

In the substation planning process, a study of subsurface conditions is needed for a good grounding system. Therefore, information on soil resistivity values is needed that can be used as a reference for related parties to carry out development, which is to determine the grounding locations. This research is to identify the recommended and optimal grounding depth point in the case study of Waru Substation, Sidoarjo, East Java. A good soil for grounding installation is to have a resistivity of less than 1 Ohm. In this research, 2D geoelectric method is used to determine the subsurface resistivity value. The configuration used in this measurement uses Wenner-Schlumberger which is a combination of the Schlumberger configuration which has sensitivity to vertical layer changes and the Wenner configuration which is sensitive to horizontal layer changes. In addition, measurements were also made using the Three Point Method to measure the soil resistance value of the research area, then compared with the resistance value measured using the 2D geoelectric method. The output produced in 2D geoelectric measurements is in the form of apparent resistivity values which will then be processed using Least Square inversion to obtain 2D cross-section modeling. The value and 2D resistivity cross section are a reference for interpretation of where the appropriate depth is for grounding installation. The results of the 2D resistivity cross section show that the subsurface layer is water saturated wet clay with a resistivity value of 0 Ωm -2 Ωm and wet clay with a resistivity value of 3 Ωm - 6 Ωm. Optimal grounding installation occurs at 7 meters depth with 0 Ωm -2 Ωm resistivity in moist soil. Grounding electrode measurements that have been installed on switchyard components can validate each other with the results of 2D cross-section interpretation in determining the optimal grounding depth.

A mathematical model of plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis of single fibrin fibers.

Fibrinolysis, the plasmin-mediated degradation of the fibrin mesh that stabilizes blood clots, is an important physiological process, and understanding mechanisms underlying lysis is critical for improved stroke treatment. Experimentalists are now able to study lysis on the scale of single fibrin fibers, but mathematical models of lysis continue to focus mostly on fibrin network degradation. Experiments have shown that while some degradation occurs along the length of a fiber, ultimately the fiber is cleaved at a single location. We built a 2-dimensional stochastic model of a fibrin fiber cross-section that uses the Gillespie algorithm to study single fiber lysis initiated by plasmin. We simulated the model over a range of parameter values to learn about patterns and rates of single fiber lysis in various physiological conditions. We also used epifluorescent microscopy to measure the cleavage times of fibrin fibers with different apparent diameters. By comparing our model results to the laboratory experiments, we were able to: 1) suggest value ranges for unknown rate constants(namely that the degradation rate of fibrin by plasmin should be ≤ 10 s-1 and that if plasmin crawls, the rate of crawling should be between 10 s-1 and 60 s-1); 2) estimate the fraction of fibrin within a fiber cross-section that must be degraded for the fiber to cleave in two; and 3) propose that that fraction is higher in thinner fibers and lower in thicker fibers. Collectively, this information provides more details about how fibrin fibers degrade, which can be leveraged in the future for a better understanding of why fibrinolysis is impaired in certain disease states, and could inform intervention strategies.

(Invited) Elucidation of Degradation Mechanisms of Ni Cermet Electrode during Co-Electrolysis Using Cross-Section Model Electrodes

One of the main problems in the commercialization of solid oxide H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis cells is performance degradation during long-term operation which mainly comes from the nickel migration and carbon deposition in the fuel electrode. In order to suppress the degradation, it is essential to understand its mechanism. However, practical porous cermet electrodes have a complex three-dimensional structure, making it difficult to separate the multiple causes of degradation. Therefore, a model electrode is used to understand the degradation phenomena. While previous studies used glid pattern electrodes [1], we use comb-shaped model electrodes. We developed a comb-shaped Ni electrode on the YSZ thin film that simulate a porous Ni/YSZ into a flat surface [2]. The comb model electrode has a structure in which anode and cathode thin-film electrodes are formed on a YSZ thin-film in the form of a comb. It allows the mechanism of Ni migration and carbon deposition to be revealed in the cross-sectional direction. To further understand the degradation mechanism, the morphological change of the electrode was captured in real-time by operando evaluation using a comb-shaped model cell to evaluate the distribution of migrated nickel and deposited carbon.The model electrode was fabricated by sputtering YSZ thin film on single-crystal MgO, on which thin-film patterned electrodes of Ni and Pt were fabricated by photolithography. Ni acts as WE (working electrode) and Pt as CE (counter electrode), WE and CE are 40 mm apart. To eliminate the contribution of the counter electrode, the Pt reference electrode was deposited in the middle of the YSZ electrolyte. The measurements were done under two different conditions: 1. Water electrolysis and 2. Co-electrolysis. The measurement was carried out at 1073 K with 10% H2O + 1% H2 + 99% Ar for water electrolysis and 10% H2O + 10% H2 + 20% CO2 + 70% Ar for co-electrolysis. The long-term measurements were performed for 100 h at -0.462 V from RE (reference electrode) to WE in water electrolysis, -0.516 V from RE to WE in co-electrolysis where the impedance measurements were taken for every 5 h by electrochemical workstation (Biologic SP-300). During the measurement, a laser microscope (Keyence VK-X3000, Japan) recorded the microstructure change for 100 h.In both steam electrolysis and co-electrolysis, the tip of the Ni electrode was raised by electrolysis, suggesting that Ni was exfoliated from the YSZ by the electrolysis of water vapor and carbon dioxide. In the co-electrolysis, carbon deposition was observed at the tip of the Ni electrode by EDX and EPMA results. This carbon deposition is concentrated at the tip of the comb, suggesting that the electrode reaction is concentrated at the interface between the fuel electrode and the electrolyte. The calculated reaction area length obtained from the transmission line model (TLM) was close to the range where the electrode was delaminated and carbon deposition was observed, suggesting that more quantitative analysis would allow the comb model electrode to reveal the conditions under which degradation phenomena occur. Acknowledgement This study was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan, grant number JPNP16002.

An evolutionary analysis method for small cracks in drive shafts based on cross-scale modeling

Due to the significant scale and complex operating conditions of drive shafts, experimental analysis of small crack evolution becomes challenging. This study presents a cross-scale modeling approach to analyze the evolution of small cracks in drive shafts. Firstly, by employing the sub-model method and the variable-node finite element method, two mesoscale models based on crystal plasticity theory are integrated into a macroscale model, constructing a cross-scale analysis model for small crack evolution. Then, by measuring the heterogeneous deformation degree in the mesoscale models, models for surface small crack initiation and propagation, accounting for heterogeneous deformation, are developed. Besides, energy-based models for internal small crack nucleation and propagation are established. To simulate the initiation and propagation of surface small cracks, the study utilizes a mesoscale variable-node shell model incorporating the Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM), coupled with the Crystal Plastic Coupling Extended Finite Element Method (CP-XFEM). From the simulation results, a cross-section of the mesoscale solid model is extracted to establish a polycrystalline plasticity mesoscale cross-section model. Then, utilizing the element deletion method in ABAQUS, simulations for internal small crack nucleation and propagation are performed. The findings demonstrate that the cross-scale model effectively reflects the irregular propagation rate of microscopic small cracks. The propagation patterns of surface small cracks are generally consistent, with more significant path deviations observed in models exhibiting significant grain orientation differences. In the latter stages of internal small crack propagation, as the number of failed grains rises, stress concentration in the microstructure intensifies, resulting in a significant acceleration phase in crack propagation and a significant decrease in propagation life.

Иглоподобные листовые органы хвойных. Часть II. Моделирование площади поверхности иглы

In ecological and physiological studies of plant cover, the predominant participation of leaves in the processes of photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration determines the key role of such a morphometric parameter as leaf surface area. The estimation of the area of needle-like leaf organs of conifers often requires an individual approach. The diversity of needle shapes is determined by species affiliation, morphological structure, ecological conditions and age, and, in turn, determines the diversity of methods for estimating the needle surface area. Therefore, the search for simple standard methods for determining the surface area of leaf organs of conifers is an urgent task for plant physiologists. The aim of this work has been to create a universal model for estimating the needle surface area, independent of species. To achieve it, the needle cross-section model proposed by the authors has been used, based on the transformation of the perimeter of the cross-section into an equivalent circle, the perimeter of which is associated with the parameters of the needle cross-section before the transformation. To estimate the surface area of the needle, it is possible to approximate the needle with a geometric body, which is a combination of an ellipsoid of revolution, a cone and a cylinder, with the radius of the cylinder being estimated using the needle cross-section model. The model allows to estimate the surface area of the needle by its 4 morphometric parameters: thickness, width, length of the middle part and total length. Full verification of the model proposed in the article has turned out to be impossible due to the lack of methods for accurate estimation of the needle surface area. The developed method has been compared to other methods for estimating the surface area of needle-like samples by the examples of the needles of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), as well as banana fruits (Musa paradisiaca L.), and the good predictive ability of the model has been demonstrated. It can be characterized as universal with a theoretical relative error of no more than 5 %.

Political Determinants of Health: Health Care Privatization and Population Health in Europe

Context: The extent to which health care reforms affect health remains understudied. Health care reforms result in policy outputs that determine provision of medical services, which have consequences for the health of the population. The authors scrutinize this relationship between health policy outputs and population health by focusing on legislative changes implying privatization of health care delivery and finance. They ask the following question: What is the relationship between reforms that privatize health care provision and population health in terms of health outcomes and inequalities? Methods: They answer this question by relying on fixed-effects time-series cross-section models. The authors use an original dataset of health care reforms passed in 36 European countries from 1989 to 2019. Health outcomes are operationalized with measures of subjective health status, unmet health needs, and resulting health inequalities. Findings: Their results show that privatization of health care is associated with higher rates of bad subjective health and unmet health needs several years after the passing of reforms. These effects are stronger for individuals in the lower tiers of income and education, resulting in greater socioeconomic inequalities. Conclusions: The article contributes to conceptualization of the political determinants of health as health policy outputs and a better understanding of the relationship between policy outputs and population health outcomes.

A quantitative comparison between velocity dependent SIDM cross-sections constrained by the gravothermal and isothermal models

ABSTRACT One necessary step for probing the nature of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) particles with astrophysical observations is to pin down any possible velocity dependence in the SIDM cross-section. Major challenges for achieving this goal include eliminating, or mitigating, the impact of the baryonic components and tidal effects within the dark matter halos of interest – the effects of these processes can be highly degenerate with those of dark matter self-interactions at small scales. In this work, we select 9 isolated galaxies and brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) with baryonic components small enough such that the baryonic gravitational potentials do not significantly influence the halo gravothermal evolution processes. We then constrain the parameters of Rutherford and Møller scattering cross-section models with the measured rotation curves and stellar kinematics through the gravothermal fluid formalism and isothermal method. Cross-sections constrained by the two methods are consistent at $1\sigma$ confidence level, but the isothermal method prefers cross-sections greater than the gravothermal approach constraints by a factor of $\sim 3$.

Development of a novel characterization model for innovative bionic helical carbon fiber tows

The design of bionic helical structures significantly enhances load-bearing capacity and impact resistance, demonstrating great potential for mechanical property improvement. However, there is still a lack of precise characterization models for the helical structures of carbon fibers, which constrains their potential in engineering applications. This paper successfully fabricated helical carbon fiber tows using a carbon fiber twisting technique and introduced a novel intersecting circular cross-section model to thoroughly investigate the influence of the helical structure on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber tows. Tensile test results show that at a twist angle of 5°, the helical structure increases the tensile strength and fracture toughness of carbon fiber tows by 13.6% and 34.3%, respectively. Additionally, the introduction of complex structures such as helices significantly influences the material’s modulus, and precise modulus prediction is crucial for material optimization and practical application. Based on the newly proposed model, a modulus prediction model is developed, demonstrating higher predictive accuracy than traditional models with a prediction error of 2.8%. Finite element simulations further validate the practicality and superiority of the intersecting circular cross-section model. Compared to traditional models, the predictions of the novel model are closer to experimental data, with a prediction error below 2%, emphasizing the significant impact of microstructures on macroscopic properties and offering a new perspective for modeling complex material systems. These findings provide crucial theoretical and methodological support for the design and performance optimization of carbon fiber materials.

Cross-section extraction and model reconstruction of lava tube based on L1-medial skeleton

Lunar lava tube caves, due to their unique geographical structure and potential as shelters, have repeatedly emerged as prime candidates or priority areas during discussions on lunar base site selection. However, owing to current technological limitations and the complexities of lunar exploration, obtaining detailed data directly from the interiors of lunar lava tubes poses a significant challenge. Hence, the study of terrestrial lava tubes assumes critical importance. By delving into Earth’s lava tubes, we can gain insights into crucial aspects such as their formation mechanisms, geological characteristics, and stability, which can then inform and guide research on lava tubes found on extraterrestrial bodies like the Moon and Mars. During the data acquisition process for lava tubes, given their intricate spatial configurations and dim lighting conditions, we have opted to employ LiDAR technology to collect point cloud data, revealing the internal structural information of the lava tubes. Consequently, this paper thoroughly explores a method for extracting lava tube parameters and constructing models using this point cloud data. This approach encompasses four key steps: data preprocessing, axis construction of the lava tube, cross-sectional feature extraction, and 3D model reconstruction. Initially, raw data is refined through the creation of point cloud voxels to mitigate noise interference. Subsequently, an iterative algorithm is utilized to obtain the L1-medial skeleton, enabling precise capture of the lava tube’s axis information. Using this extracted axis, we proceed with sampling at fixed intervals to derive cross-sectional points of the lava tube. These points are then utilized to extract fundamental geometric parameters such as cross-sectional area, length, and width. Ultimately, by integrating all these cross-sectional point cloud data, a comprehensive 3D model of the lava tube is constructed. Remarkably, this method achieves a high degree of accuracy, with 99 % of the extracted cross-sectional points exhibiting an error of less than 0.12 m, and 99 % of the model’s positional errors falling within 0.15 m. This not only enhances the precision of parameter extraction but also provides significant technical support for in-depth studies of extraterrestrial volcanic activities and lava tube formation mechanisms. Furthermore, it offers a valuable tool for parameter extraction and research on other irregular natural tunnels.

Geotechnical characterisation and 2D soil cross-section model development in the Kashmir Basin

Geotechnical characterisation and 2D soil cross-section model development in the Kashmir Basin

Modelling of Steel Concrete Composite Elements Cross-Sections with Adhesive Connections

Abstract Nowadays, complex steel-concrete composite structures are widely used, which combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of similar metal and rein-forced concrete structures. With the help of the LIRALAND software complex (automated design system), which is effectively used in the scientific and practical field of the construction industry of Ukraine, the article presents the study of composite cross-sections taking into account the modern experience of foreign specialists. Numerical modelling with the help of the “Section Designer” software module of “LIRA-SAPR” makes it possible to reliably assess the performance of structural elements, taking into account changes in a significant number of studied parameters.

Research of electrical impedance tomography based on multilayer artificial neural network optimized by Hadamard product for human-chest models

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-radiation, non-invasive visual diagnostic technique. In order to improve the imaging resolution and the removing artifacts capability of the reconstruction algorithms for electrical impedance imaging in human-chest models, the HMANN algorithm was proposed using the Hadamard product to optimize multilayer artificial neural networks (MANN). The reconstructed images of the HMANN algorithm were compared with those of the generalized vector sampled pattern matching (GVSPM) algorithm, truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) algorithm, backpropagation (BP) neural network algorithm, and traditional MANN algorithm. The simulation results showed that the correlation coefficient of the reconstructed images obtained by the HMANN algorithm was increased by 17.30% in the circular cross-section models compared with the MANN algorithm. It was increased by 13.98% in the lung cross-section models. In the lung cross-section models, some of the correlation coefficients obtained by the HMANN algorithm would decrease. Nevertheless, the HMANN algorithm retained the image information of the MANN algorithm in all models, and the HMANN algorithm had fewer artifacts in the reconstructed images. The distinguishability between the objects and the background was better compared with the traditional MANN algorithm. The algorithm could improve the correlation coefficient of the reconstructed images, and effectively remove the artifacts, which provides a new direction to effectively improve the quality of the reconstructed images for EIT.

Electron backscattering coefficients for Cr, Co, and Pd solids: A Monte Carlo simulation study

We have calculated electron backscattering coefficients, η(Ep), at primary electron energies Ep of 0.1–100 keV for three elemental and intermediate atomic number solids, Cr, Co and Pd, with an up-to-date Monte Carlo simulation model. A relativistic dielectric functional approach is adopted for the calculation of the electron inelastic cross section, where several different datasets of optical energy loss function (ELF) are adopted. The calculated backscattering coefficient is found to be substantially affected by the ELF, where the influence can be seen to follow the f- and ps-sum rules and the resultant energy dependence of electron inelastic mean free path. To understand the uncertainties involved in a comparison with experimental data both the theoretical uncertainty due to the elastic cross-section model and the experimental systematic error for the contaminated surfaces are investigated. A total of 192 different scattering potentials are employed for the calculation of Mott's electron elastic cross section and this theoretical uncertainty is confirmed to be small. On the other hand, the simulation of contaminated Co and Pd surfaces with several carbonaceous atomic layers can well explain the experimental data. The present results indicate that accurate backscattering coefficient data should be either measured from fully cleaned surfaces or obtained from modern Monte Carlo theoretical calculations involving reliable optical constants data. With the recent progress in the accurate measurement of optical constants by reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy technique, constructing a reliable theoretical database of electron backscattering coefficients for clean surfaces of elemental solids is highly hopeful.

Иглоподобные листовые органы хвойных. Часть I. Моделирование периметра поперечного сечения иглы

Despite the availability of measuring systems for estimating the surface area of leaf organs of higher plants, the need for simple standard methods for determining this indicator area remains relevant for plant physiologists. The methods for estimating the surface area of needle-like leaf organs of conifers, based on the geometry of an individual needle rest on the general principle of calculating the needle surface area as the product of its length by the perimeter of its cross-section. This makes the cross-section perimeter one of the most important parameters needed to characterize the needle surface area. The strong variability of this parameter depending on the species necessitates the development of individual models of the cross-section of individual needles. The aim of this study has been to create a universal model for estimating the needle cross-section perimeter, irrespective of the tree species. For the practical implementation of the aim, a method was proposed for estimating the perimeter of the needle cross-section, based on the well-known fact that any closed line is transformable into an equivalent circle, while the length of the closed line does not change. The perimeter of the equivalent circle can be related to the parameters of the geometric figure before the transformation. This approach allows us to relate the width and thickness of the needle cross-section to its perimeter. The developed universal model of the needle cross-section has been verified on cross-sections of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) needles. The samples of needles of these woody plants have been collected from a bilberry-sphagnum spruce forest in the boreal zone of the north-east of the European part of Russia (Knyazhpogostkiy district, the Komi Republic). Statistical analysis has shown the significance and adequacy of the model. It can be used to assess the perimeter of coniferous needles, irrespective of their species. In this case, the accuracy of perimeter estimation is comparable to the accuracy of direct perimeter measurement by the piecewise linear approximation method.

Research on the residual stress of stainless steel pipe after overlay repair

The weld overlays are widely used to repair metal butt welds or piping components by depositing weld metal on the outside surface of the welds and piping components. This paper presents the detailed residual stress distribution of girth weld in stainless steel pipe after butt welding and weld overlay repair by using finite element analysis. Two dimensional (2D) cross-section models, axisymmetric assumptions for piping girth welds are used to simulate the welding process in order to predict the residual stress distribution in the weld and base material. A project has been implemented to validate the analytical models used to perform welding residual stress analysis against measured residual stresses data in literature. It is found that the simulation results of butt welding are consistent with the experimental results in literature, which means that the analysis model and its results are accurate and reliable. A series of simulations are conducted to investigate the changing rules of influencing factors of overlay repair for stainless steel pipe. The results show that appropriate interpass temperature and heat input, increasing the thickness of overlay can effectively increase the range of compressive stress in pipe, so as to prevent and limit the generation and propagation of cracks. This research may provide an important support for the formulation of weld overlay repair standards in service.

A Feasibility Study of microwave respiration monitoring by off-body sensor

This paper primarily discusses the feasibility of utilizing microwave for monitoring the deflated and inflated states of the lungs during respiration, as well as investigating the influence of system parameters related to off-body sensor. According to the body feature parameter of humans, a two-dimensional model of the human thorax cross-section is constructed. Nine sensors were arranged in the front of the thorax cavity in the form of a line. The frequencies of 433MHz and 915MHz are adopted and each antenna works as transmitter in turn while the other antennas serve as receivers. Preliminary results evaluate the feasibility of monitoring respiration with off-body sensors. At the same time, we used the off-body sensors to explore the influence of each parameter on microwave respiration detection under different frequencies of microwaves by changing the system parameters.

An Equivalent Cross-Section Model for CORC Cable to Achieve Accurate AC Loss Estimations

An Equivalent Cross-Section Model for CORC Cable to Achieve Accurate AC Loss Estimations

Waterflood reservoir modelling for Chirag oilfield

This article describes the studies carried out to determine the impact of all available laboratory measured oil-water relative permeability data upon the predicted waterflood performance of the Chirag field of the GCA megastructure. Sector and cross-section models were built of the A-6, A-11 and A-13 area using appraisal well GCA-1 core data. A-6 is the first well in Chirag field to have cut water and is the best candidate well for calibrating the laboratory relative permeability data. Simulations using various wateroil relative permeability curves predicted a wide range of water breakthrough times for A-6 and A-11. It was not possible to obtain a good history match of A-6 water production from core relative permeability curves. Grid size sensitivities were studied using a cross-section model. The results show that optimisation of grid size gives an improved match to the actual field history. Static reservoir parameters and aquifer size were also found to have a major impact on the waterflood performance and by adjusting certain key parameters a good history match to the historic A-6 performance could be achieved with the optimised grid. Keywords: Chirag; relative permeability; simulation sensitivity; cross-section model; reservoir description; grid-size; water breakthrough time; history matching.

Reference Power Cable Models for Floating Offshore Wind Applications

The present study aims to address the knowledge gaps in dynamic power cable designs suitable for large floating wind turbines and to develop three baseline power cable designs. The study includes a detailed database of structural and mechanical properties for three reference cable models rated at 33 kV, 66 kV, and 132 kV to be readily used in global dynamic response simulations. Structural properties are obtained from finite element method (FEM) models of respective cable cross-sections built in UFLEX v2.8.9—a non-linear stress analysis program. Extensive mesh sensitivity studies are performed to ensure the accuracy of the predicted structural properties. The cable’s structural design is investigated using global response simulations of an OC3 5MW reference wind turbine coupled with the dynamic power cable in a lazy wave configuration. The feasibility of the present reference cable in floating offshore wind applications is assessed through a simplified analysis of cable fatigue life and structural integrity analysis of the cable in extreme environmental conditions. The analysis results suggest that the dynamic power cable does not significantly affect the response characteristics of the floating wind turbine in the analyzed lazy wave configuration. Furthermore, a simplified fatigue analysis demonstrates that the proposed cable design can sustain representative environmental loading scenarios and shows favorable dynamic performance in a lazy wave configuration.

Investigation of the Effect of Duct Geometry on Drying Air Flow in Conventional Grain Dryers by Porous Media Approach

It is a traditional practice to store many agricultural products after drying, ensuring that they are used all year round. Mixed counter flow air drying is one of the most common and traditional methods in the bulk drying process. In this application, the air flow produced by the air channels placed in the dryer bed is forced to flow through the grains in the opposite direction to the grain flow. The moisture contained in the grains is thrown out of the dryer through forced convection. However, it is expected that the air ducts installed in the dryers should not obstruct the flow of grain and provide the best possible drying performance. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for a counter-flow grain dryer was performed and the effect of the geometry of the drying channels on the process was investigated. Fluent 2020 R2 commercial software was used for 2-D flow modeling through the dryer. The airflow in the grain zone, modeled as porous media, was included in the calculation for three different geometries of the dryer air ducts (circular, angular, and straight). A constant temperature boundary condition (37°C) was applied for the air ducts in which the drying air circulated without mixing with the grain. As an output of the analysis, the dryer outlet temperature and differential pressure variation along the flow were calculated for 5 different inlet velocities (between 0.005-0.25) to determine the behavior of different air flow rates in the drying process. The increase in the inlet velocity increased the pressure difference and consequently the stability of the flow for all models. The outlet temperature decreased by about 2.5 °C with a 5-fold increase in velocity. The results showed that the sufficient outlet air for moisture removal depends on the structure of the porous medium and the flow geometry. For this analysis, the best flow was found to be for the circular cross-section model and the outlet temperature could be at acceptable levels.