Cross River State Research Articles

Principals’ Demographic Qualities and the Misuse of School Material Capital in Secondary Schools

Abstract Previous studies tend to not only assess principals’ demographic variables but also use other dependent variables, such as administrative effectiveness, job performance, and student achievement. In the literature, principals’ demographic qualities and the misuse of material capital have been under-assessed. This study used a quantitative approach to investigate the demographic attributes of principals and the abuse of school material capital in secondary schools. Using a questionnaire, data were gathered from 667 secondary school administrators in Cross River State, Nigeria. The findings revealed significant differences in the misuse of school material capital by principals of different ages, professional qualifications, and years of experience. However, major disparities between male and female principals were not identified. More specifically, principals who were older, seasoned, and possessed bachelor’s and Master of Education degrees were efficient managers of school material capital. A high rate of misuse was found among principals who were younger and inexperienced than their counterparts who were young, less experienced, and possessed a postgraduate diploma in education, as well as other professional academic qualifications unrelated to the field of education (e.g., HND, BSc, BA, and MSc). Based on these findings, key implications for quality service delivery and administrative effectiveness were discussed.

Female Participation in Creative Arts Practice and Sustainable Development in Selected Primary Schools in Cross River State, Nigeria

The aim of this paper was to discuss on how active participation of primary school pupils in creative art can bring sustainable development in the society. Generally, people do not see the subject “art” as an important course. They place more emphasis on other courses such as engineering, medicine, law and what have you. Art is of no value to most people in the society. Meanwhile everywhere man is, there is artistic presence. Right from the clothes we wear, the food we eat, chairs in our sitting room, the pots, plates and spoons in our kitchen, the desk, chairs and table in our schools. Our hair dos and decoration and even music from our radios and televisions are all artistic. So in order to recognize its importance and for the fact that we need these artistic values everyday of our lives we must lay more emphasis on the training of our children right from their tender age on the idea of Art Creativity. To discuss effectively on this topic, the following were looked into: Definition of creative art, Arts Creativity and the primary school child, problems of teaching and learning of arts, Arts creativity and sustainable development, Summary and conclusion were finally drawn

Cross Cultural Dynamics of Violence Against Women in Nigeria A Multivariate Analysis Approach

The purpose of the study was to examine Cross Cultural Dynamics of Violence against Women in Nigeria. A multivariate analysis approaches. To achieve this purpose, three research question were raised to guide the study. Literature were reviewed conceptually, empirically and theoretically according to the focus of the study. The study adopted a survey research design with stratified random sampling techniques used to choose participating states in two geopolitical zones, South-South and South -East. A total of 6 states were chosen randomly for the study. The researchers purposively selected 200 respondents from each state, thus having a total of 1200 respondents for the study. A questionnaire title ‘Violence Against Women Scale (VAWS)’ was the instrument that was used for data collection. The instrument was developed by the researchers and the face validity was ascertained using experts in Measurement and Evaluation and the reliability of the instrument was ascertained using Cronbach Alpha technique. The coefficient of the sub scale was high for the instrument to be adjusted reliable. The data collection was done using Google form administered to various people in different states as well as face to face contacts. The data collected were analysed using factor, cluster analysis and one way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the results showed that four dimensions were obtained explaining a total of 62.001% of the observed variation in the scale. More so, the result showed that for physical violence Cross River State indigenes are more violent physically compared to other six states followed by Enugu state indigene and then Anambra and Akwa Ibom State. For social violence, Akwa Ibom indigenes are more socially violent followed by Cross Riveriana and Anambra people. For sexual violence, Anambra indigenes are more involved followed by Enugu people, Cross River and then Anambra. Finally, for economic violence, Anambra is more involved, followed by Cross River, and Akwa Ibom and Enugu state. It was recommended that that strong legal enforcement should be carried out, properly monitored to bring perpetrators to books among others.

Estimation of redox-sensitive metals in Lafarge cement company’s area in Akamkpa Nigeria: Assessment of ecological health risk

Toxic compounds such as redox-sensitive metals usually contaminate the soil. They are implicated in the causation of oxidative stress, a precursor of human diseases and ecological extinction. Having uncontaminated soil serves as the link between plant and animal health quality, and a sustainable ecosystem. Geological accumulation and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in agricultural land can significantly hinder soil fertility, ecological health, food safety, and food security. This study used the soil samples from farmlands near the Lafarge industrial area at Mfamosing, Akamkpa local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria, to assess eight redox-sensitive metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, Arsenic, Cobalt, and Zinc), their spatial distribution, and geo-accumulation. The redox-sensitive metals were screened with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer connected with mass spectroscopy. A geographic information system (GIS) and ArcMap version 10:8:2 was used to infer the risk of the industrial area regarding geo-accumulation, and spatial distribution of redox-sensitive metals in the farmlands. The result shows Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Co and Zn have different concentrations among the samples. Three samples - MS2, MS3, and MS8, had the highest arsenic concentration, while samples Ms1, Ms2, Ms5, and Ms8, had the second-highest concentrations of Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium, respectively. The polluted area was moderately contaminated and distributed with other metals - Cu, Ni, and Co, respectively. Comparing these results with those of non-industrial areas, one can infer that the Lafarge industrial area is more contaminated with redox-sensitive metal. To advance this investigation, some microorganisms within the area can be used to verify a metal-hazard impact on the ecosystem and monitor the rise in redox-sensitive metals to predict the risk.

Effects of Deposit Mobilization on Financial Performance (Profitability) of Microfinance Banks in Nigeria

The study examined the effects of deposit mobilization on the financial performance of microfinance banks in Nigeria between 2012 and 2021. The study employed real interest rate and gross capital formation as control variables. This study utilized the exploratory research design and the population of the study consisted of all the microfinance banks in Cross River State and Abia State. A purposive/judgment sampling technique was used. Data for the study were obtained from the annual reports of various microfinance banks in the selected states in Nigeria. Regression models were estimated and analyzed using panel random-effects, and fixed effects. From the result of these analyses, the findings of the research were summarized as follows: there was a positive and significant effect of the demand deposit variable on the financial performance of microfinance banks in Nigeria; there was a negative and significant effect of savings deposit variable on the financial performance of microfinance banks in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that Commercial banks, and Microfinance banks in particular, should intensify efforts on deposit mobilization as one of their main financing options in the Nigerian financial system, as the study has confirmed that microfinance banks largely depended on deposits for financing their operations. Besides, banks should implement effective strategies promoting prize-linked-savings such as to mobilize more deposits from both the formal and informal sectors of the economy. Both strategies would enhance their profitability rating in the Nigerian banking environment in the years ahead.

It's better to die before dishonour: Linguistic creativity and the negotiation of meaning in the Nigerian Army community of practice

This article investigates emblematic language use and the negotiation of meaning with particular emphasis on generative mechanisms like jargon and slang in two Nigerian Army barracks in Calabar municipality, Cross River State, south-eastern Nigeria. The study is anchored in a linguistic ideology framework which is grounded in beliefs and values people have towards explicit and implicit language use in a particular communicative context. Drawing on qualitative ethnographic data sourced through participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 30 participants who were purposively sampled, the authors argue that jargon and slang are indexical linguistic resources that enable military personnel to create diverse new meanings in the informal linguistic ecology of the army. We conclude that beyond helping to create a new linguistic convention in the barracks, jargon and slang also facilitate the construction of professional identity, enact inclusion/exclusion and sustain dominant values and professional ethos. The study focuses on ways of interpreting the specificity of the military world and the reality of dominance through the prism of these linguistic specimens. Jargon and slang, therefore, offer a firmer lens to appreciate the army's social universe and subjectivities, and more broadly to enhance an understanding of contextually embedded social practices in the military.

Spatial analysis of leachate penetration at Lemna dumpsite, Calabar: Implications for sustainable waste management in Cross River State

This study rigorously investigated the spatial analysis of leachate penetration at Lemna dumpsite, located in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Purposeful soil sampling, performed at specific intervals (5 m, 25 m, and 50 m) along the Electrical Resistivity profile line within the dumpsite, was augmented by water sample collection from five boreholes near Lemna dumpsite. Utilizing Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Vertical Electric Sounding (VES) survey techniques, resistivity data were systematically gathered to comprehensively analyze the Leachate Penetration in the Lemna dumpsite. Laboratory analysis of soil and borehole water quality focused on Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX), with paired sample t-tests applied for statistical scrutiny. Analyzing the ERT and VES data employed sophisticated techniques embedded in Resistivity Two Dimension Invasion software and Advanced Geosciences Incorporation Earth Imager software. Substantial disparities (p < 0.05) emerged in the paired sample t-tests for BTEX in soil compared to National Environmental Standard Regulation and Enforcement Agency (NESREA) limits. Similarly, BTEX in borehole water displayed significant differences (p < 0.05) when compared to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, raising alarming concerns about the safety and portability of groundwater in the area. The examination of dumpsite leachate penetration revealed a resistivity anomaly of 8.01 Ωm and an inverse depth of 12.4 m, underscoring profound environmental implications and necessitating immediate remediation efforts. Additionally, Vulnerability and Aquifer Protective Capacity Index (VES) results, with a rating of <0.1, indicated severely compromised aquifer protective capacity, emphasizing the vulnerability of groundwater resources to further contamination. Our study advocates for strategic management, remediation, and monitoring measures to prevent contamination and safeguard water quality in the region.

Assessing The Challenges In Ownership And Funding Practices Of University Education In Cross River State, Nigeria

This study explored the challenges in ownership and funding practices of university education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted in conducting the study. Three research questions were answered through the data collected from all the Heads of Department in the sampled Universities in Cross River State including University of Calabar (UNICAL) and Cross River State University (CRSU), Havilla University, Nde-Ikom and Arthur Javis University Akpabuyo. The population comprised 228 Heads of Department in the study area. The census approach was adopted in drawing the population because they are manageable. A 20-item validated questionnaire titled: Challenges in Ownership and Funding Practices of University Education Questionnaire (COFPUEQ) was employed for data collection. The instrument was tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha at a statistical index .86 which was adjudged good enough for data collection. Data collected were analyzed through mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed that the key challenges in ownership and funding practices of universities in the study area include but not limited to insufficient funding, complex bureaucratic processes, inadequate infrastructure, difficulty in attracting and retaining faculty. It was concluded that by examining these challenges and proposing potential strategies for sustainable funding, the study recommends the importance of diversifying funding sources and engaging in public-private partnerships to enhance the financial sustainability of universities in the State.

Institutional Security Management For Goal Attainment Of Tertiary Institutions In Nigeria: A Case Study Of Cross River State

This study sought to examine the relationship between institutional security management and goal attainment of tertiary institutions in Nigeria: A case study of Cross River State. From the purpose of the study, two (2) research questions were raised and two (2) null hypotheses formulated to direct this investigation. Literature reviewed was both empirical and theoretical. The correlational research design was adopted for the study. Samples of the study were drawn from the four tertiary institutions using stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire titled “Institutional Security Management and Goal Attainment of Tertiary Institutions Questionnaire” (ISMGATIQ) was the instrument used for data collection. The instrument was validated by research experts in Measurement and Evaluation, Department of Educational Foundation, using face and content validation. The reliability of the instrument was achieved using the trial test with Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.88. The statistical tool employed for data analysis was the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient at 0.05 level of significance with 158 degree of freedom. The results of the analysis revealed that there is a significant relationship between institutional security management (students’ security management and facilities’ security management) and goal attainment of tertiary institutions. It was therefore, recommended among others that school administrators and their supporting staff should adequately and properly manage institutional security to ensure effective teaching and learning for the accomplishment of tertiary institutional goals.

The Law, Litigation and Politics Surrounding Legislators’ Pension in Cross River State, Nigeria

The 1999 Nigerian Constitution, as amended, grants State legislatures the authority to enact laws permitting former Governors and Deputy Governors to receive pensions. The Cross River State House of Assembly exercised this provision by instituting life pensions for former Governors and their deputies, extending it to cover former Acting Governors, Speakers, and Deputy Speakers of the state legislative body. Subsequently, a former Speaker initiated legal proceedings to compel the State to grant him a pension as a former Acting Governor. This led the court to invalidate the sections of the law providing pensions for former Acting Governors, Speakers, and Deputy Speakers. In response, the House of Assembly amended the law to remove the pension provisions and introduced a "special allowance" for former Speakers and Deputy Speakers. This analysis contends that the bill is unconstitutional and contradictory to the constitution because it exceeds the powers of the House of Assembly to determine their own allowances. Keywords: Nigerian Constitution, State legislatures, Life pensions, Former Acting Governors and Litigation

Strategic Planning And Instructional Supervision As Determinants Of Quality Assurance In Public Universities In Cross River State, Nigeria

Quality assurance plays a crucial role within the university education system. It is determined by upholding elevated standards in teaching, research, and the overall educational experience. This study investigated the interplay between strategic planning, instructional supervision, and quality assurance in public universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two hypotheses framed the study. The correlational research design was adopted. Census approach was adopted in selecting the entire population of 169 departmental heads and deans of faculties from two public universities in Cross River State. An instrument titled Strategic Planning, Instructional Supervision and Quality Assurance in University Scale (SPISQAUS) was used for data collection. It was validated by three experts in the department of Educational Management, Measurement and Evaluation, University of Calabar. The reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha and it ranges from .80 - .89 respectively. The null hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) and multiple regression analyses of statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 26 for data analysis. It was discovered that there was a statistically significant relationship between strategic planning, instructional supervision, and quality assurance in public universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study recommended among others, the university administrators must establish a robust instructional supervision system, which includes ongoing professional development for staff, effective classroom observation measures, and a culture that promotes constructive feedback.

Management Of Internally Generated Revenue And Goal Achievement Nexus In Public Universities Of Cross River State, Nigeria

The study was conducted on management of internally generated revenue and goal achievement nexus in public Universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study, two research questions were raised and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Correlational research design was adopted for the study. Population of the study consist of one hundred and fifty-one (151) Heads of Department from two public Universities in Cross River State were selected for the study. The selection which was done through census sampling approach. The instrument used for the data collection was questionnaire titled: Management of Internally Generated Revenue and Universities Goal Achievement Questionnaire (MIGRUGAQ) was developed by the researchers and was validated by two experts in administration in higher education and measurement and evaluation. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using Simple linear regression analysis. The result revealed that management of fund generated through alumni association and school fees significantly predict Universities goal achievement in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Investigation Of Delinquent Behaviour And Academic Performance Of Students In Biology In Public Secondary Schools In Obudu Local Government Area Of Cross River State, Nigeria

This study investigated delinquent behaviour and academic performance of students in biology in public secondary schools in Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The Ex-post facto research design was considered most appropriate for the study. The simple random sampling technique was adopted in selecting five public secondary schools and a sample of hundred students was used for the study. A twenty-item four point Likert scale questionnaire and students' achievement test in biology were the instruments used for data collection. The instruments were validated and tested for reliability before they were administered to the respondents. To test the hypotheses formulated for the study, Pearson product moment correlation statistical tool was used for data analysis. The results obtained from analysis of data and testing of hypotheses revealed that there is a significant relationship between truancy, drug abuse, lateness to school and academic performance of students in the study area. Based on these findings it was recommended among others that stringent measures should be adopted to discourage students from absenting themselves from school in order to improve their learning outcomes and subsequent performance.

Assessment of Background Gamma Radiation Levels Across Major Markets in Southern Senatoria District of Cross River State, Nigeria

Human exposure to ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources is unpreventable phenomenon on earth. Radiation profile and dose at for some markets in Cross River State, Nigeria have been ascertained using 451p ion chamber survey meter and the following indices of radiation absorb dose, annual effective dose equivalent, and excess life cancer risk, were calculated. the dose rate measures at the seven market are as follows; Biase 0.02\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.09\(\mu\)sv/h, Akamkpa 0.02\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.09\(\mu\)sv/h, Odukpani 0.02\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.09\(\mu\)sv/h marian market 0.06\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.19\(\mu\)sv/h, Calabar South, 0.05\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.30\(\mu\)sv/h, Akpabuyo 0.02\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.19\(\mu\)sv/h, Bakassi 0.02\(\mu\)sv/h to 0.16\(\mu\)sv/h. The mean value for dose is mean 0.047 \(\pm\) 0.018 for Biase, 0.043 \(\pm\) 0.018 for Akamkpa, 0.043 \(\pm\) 0.017 for Odukpani, 0.110 \(\pm\) 0.036 for Marian, 0.106 \(\pm\) 0.059 sv/h for Calabar South, 0.104 \(\pm\) 0.056 sv/h for Akpabuyo and 0.053 \(\pm\) 0.031 sv/h for Bakassi. Mean values of 0.073 \(\pm\) 0.026msvy-1, 0.067 \(\pm\) 0.029msv/y, 0.095 \(\pm\) 0.08msv/y, 0.158 \(\pm\) 0.072msv/y, 0.134 \(\pm\) 0.114msv/y, 0.159 \(\pm\) 0.084msv/y and 0.223 \(\pm\) 0.654 for AEDE were observed respectively for within the markets. Similarly, 0.259 \(\pm\) 0.092 x 10-3, 0.235 \(\pm\) 0.095 x 10-3, 0.338 \(\pm\) 0.265 x 10-3, 0.552 0.252 x 10-3, 0.470 \(\pm\) 0.397 x 10-3, 0.558 0.29 x 10-3, and 0.265 \(\pm\) 0.097 x 10-3 were recorded for ELCR, with the marketer the AEDE values are with the permissible limit as recommended by the international bodies, the ELCR values are also within permissible limit. The implication of the AEDE &amp; ELCR values is that the markets sides is radiation safe for any radiological health burdens that might arise due to absorb dose from BIR, but the probability of are developing cancer over a life time exposure in market places is high. It’s recommended that periodic BIR monitory and evaluation and radioactive concentration of nuclides in soil and rocks of the area be carried out by local authority.

Nutritional composition of cricket, Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1770), and selected animal source foods in Cross River State, Nigeria

Nutritional composition of cricket, Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1770), and selected animal source foods in Cross River State, Nigeria

Adaptation and Growth Performance of Tea Plants (Camelia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) in Obudu Hills, Cross River State

Young seedlings of five tea clones under cultivation (318, 236, 68, BB35, and 143) and five from the germplasm), were collected from the Kakara Highland tea Plantations, Mambila Plateau, Taraba State. Seedlings were planted in fifty sample boxes to enable the seedlings to be established first before transplanting to the field. After the establishment, they were transported to Obudu Hills for investigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) with 3 replications. Data collected on morphological traits were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation analysis were used to estimate genetic diversity between the tea plant clones. The result showed that the tea clones survived the first two months after transplanting. However, subsequently, the percentage of survival was reduced. Results from the morphological studies revealed that the accessions differed significantly (p&gt;0.001) in all evaluated traits except for leaf width and dry biomass. Three principal components were identified based on eigenvalues; the first principal component contributed 44.18% of the total variation with an eigenvalue of 3.977, the second principal component accounted for 24.36% with total eigenvalue of 2.193 while PC3 accounted for 15.345% of the total variation with eigenvalue of 1.381. Cluster analysis showed that the evaluated tea clones were grouped into two main clusters containing sub-clusters. The high genetic diversity identified in Camellia sinensis clone in the study will serve as a guide in breeding, genetic improvement, utilization and conservation of this important nutritional and medicinal plant species.

Comparative Analysis of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems in Selected Climatic Regions in Cross River State, Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of solar radiation’s intensity and ambient temperature on the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of monocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) systems in the generation of electricity in Calabar and Okuku, Cross River State, Nigeria. Appropriate measuring devices were employed to record daily readings of these parameters at the study locations, from July to August 2022. The data were collected and results graphically analyzed and calculated. The results indicate that current (Isc), voltage (Voc) as well as the maximum power (Pmax) of both module types increased positively with increase in solar radiation and ambient temperature. Results from collected and computed data also show average daily readings across the locations for solar radiation ranging between 271Wm-2 and 409Wm-2 and ambient temperature between 320C and 370C. The calculated Pmax ranges between 49W and 63W from the 130W solar modules used for the investigation. Another notable result is that the polycrystalline module exhibits higher Pmax than the monocrystalline module in both locations. In spite of the low solar radiation and ambient temperature obtained during this study period, which is considered the worst climatic period of the year (July and August), it is desirable and recommendable to employ solar modules as an alternative power generation in Calabar and Okuku, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Information Search Knowledge and Agricultural Education Students’ Use of Public Library in Cross River State, Nigeria

The study determined the influence of information search knowledge on agricultural education students’ use of public libraries in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose, two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated. This study adopted a survey research design. All the 96 final year agricultural education students of the two public universities in Cross River State were purposely selected for the study. A validated questionnaire titled “Information Search Knowledge and Agricultural Education Students’ Use of the Library Questionnaire (ISKAESULQ) was used for data collection. This instrument was face and content validated by three experts. A reliability index of 0.81 was obtained for the questionnaire using Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient after a pilot test. All hypotheses were tested at .05 significance level using simple linear regression and independent t-test statistics. Findings revealed that knowledge of information sourcing significantly influences the use of libraries by agricultural education students in public universities and that there is no significant difference in the influence of knowledge of information sourcing on male and female agricultural education students’ use of public libraries. Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others that information search knowledge and literacy should be included in the course outline for use in library, and taught as a course in tertiary institutions, as this would ensure that students including those in Agricultural Education have the necessary knowledge needed to source and search for key information in the library

Effectiveness of agricultural extension models in food crop production in Cross River State, Nigeria

This study assessed the effectiveness of agricultural extension models in food crop production in Cross River State. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identified the level of extension model activities in crop production and analyzed the effectiveness of agricultural extension models in the study area. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting respondents for the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean scores, percentages and standard deviation were used for the study. The result showed that the respondents had a mean age of x ̅ = 5. Majority (77.00%) of the respondents were married. Furthermore, the result of the socio economic characteristics of the respondents also showed that a negligible proportion (17.20%) of the respondents had no formal education. About 16.10% had primary level of education. A fair proportion (45.00%) had secondary level of education. Also, about 21.70% of the respondents had tertiary level of education. These implied that the respondents were educated. Educational attainment would make the farmers more responsible and responsive to agricultural extension models, programs and policies. The result also indicated that 79.50% of the respondents were farmers. These implied that farming was the major means of livelihood in the area. The result of distribution of respondents based on extension models available in the area showed that “training and visit” extension model was ranked first with standard deviation of 1.65; this means that the “training and visit” model of extension had a high level of acceptability in ensuring food crop production. Contact farmer model was ranked 2nd, with standard deviation of 1.28. This means that farmers had contact with fellow farmers faster than extension officers. In the same vein, video-based extension model was ranked 8th with standard deviation of 0.64. The result of the effectiveness of extension model revealed that mean (x ̅) of 3.58, 3.35, 3.49, 3.20 affirmed that agricultural extension models populated by extension officers are effective in food crop production in the study area. Similarly, individual persons oriented model such as mass media model with mean of x ̅ = 3.21 was very effective in food crop production. These results implied that agricultural extension models were effective in food crop production. The study concluded that the agricultural extension models are very effective and positively related to food crop production. Key words: Agriculture, Cross River, Effectiveness, Extension models, Food crop, Production

Digitalizing Cyber Security for Data Management in Higher Education Implication for Educational Management in Nigeria

This study was to determine the digitalizing cyber security for data management in higher education: Implication for Educational Management in Nigeria. Two research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of this study comprises 4000 students from four tertiary instructions in Cross River State. The sampling technique employed by the researcher in the selection of the sample was the simple random sampling technique. The sample size selected for this study was 400 students in selected schools which represents 10 percent of the accessible population comprising of 200 males and 200 females. The questionnaire was designed to measure the two sub-independent variables. The reliability of the instrument was 0.85 reliability coefficient. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the request questions. While Simple linear regression analysis statistical tool was used to test the null hypotheses that were formulated to guild the study at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study show that the educators’ lack of knowledge and expertise regarding cyberspace in tertiary institution significantly influence cyber security knowledge in data management in tertiary institution and Cyber security knowledge in data management in tertiary institution significantly reduces cyber-bully, online fraud, racial abuse, pornography and gambling among educators and students in tertiary institution in Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on the conclusion, it was recommended that tertiary institution management should formulate educational policies and curriculum the will help in addressing problems of cybercrime in schools. And students and educators should learn Cyberspace knowledge since it is very important in our day to day activities.