Cross-regional Trade Research Articles

The Influence of Economic Globalization on International Relations in the Era of Wireless Communication and Artificial Intelligence

The nexus between politics and economics is undeniable, with the latter often serving as a cornerstone for the former. Thus, shifts in international relations can be comprehensively analyzed within the framework of economic progress. As we entered the twenty-first century, the advancement of information technology and the rapid enhancement of transportation capabilities have significantly reduced the cost of cross-regional trade for human beings. This has led to the widespread integration of production and product circulation across the globe, fostering closer ties among nations. The acceleration of resource and financial capital circulation has propelled rapid global economic integration, where any major economy's shock can induce instability globally. Amidst this backdrop, political relations among nations have generally remained harmonious, despite occasional regional conflicts that tend to be relatively peaceful. Particularly in recent years, with wireless communication and artificial intelligence revolutionizing decision-making processes, the economic interdependence among countries has reached unprecedented levels. Simultaneously, international relations have become notably more intricate and volatile. To navigate this complexity effectively, it is imperative to explore the trends in international economic development within the context of contemporary technology.This research aims to dissect the impact of economic globalization on international relations under the backdrop of wireless communication and artificial intelligence. It seeks to elucidate the new facets of economic globalization within this framework and discern its potential ramifications for international relations. Furthermore, it delves into strategies for our country to better safeguard its own rights and interests through adept adjustments in international policies amid such evolving dynamics.

China’s cross-regional carbon emission spillover effects of urbanization and industrial shifting

With rapid urbanization and industrial shifting in China, demographic and industrial relocation leads to cross-regional carbon emission spillovers, which are playing an increasingly important role in regional carbon transfer and growth. However, how urbanization and industrial shifting influence carbon spillover still needs to be clarified. In this study, we use multi-regional input-output (MRIO) and scenario analyses to investigate the carbon spillover effects of urbanization, industrial shifting, and their synergy effect on provincial and sectoral carbon emissions in China during 2012–2017. The results showed that urbanization in China further increased carbon spillover in the provinces that already have a high spillover. Industrial shifting, as represented by cross-regional trade between sectors, drove changes in cross-regional carbon spillovers and significantly increased the spillover from Henan, Guangdong, and Hebei by 57.7, 29.9, and 23.6 Mt, respectively. By contrast, the synergy effect of urbanization and industrial shifting on carbon spillover was smaller than their separate effects, with Shandong having the highest increase about 0.61 Mt. Furthermore, at the sectoral level, the production and distribution of electricity and heat-power (PEH), smelting and processing of metals (SPM), and mining and washing of coal (MWC) sectors transmitted the largest carbon emission spillover effects among regions. Based on these findings, more fine-grained policy suggestions for assigning responsibility for carbon reductions and mitigation measures at the regional and sectoral levels in the context of urbanization and industrial shifting.

Bağlar ve Yolculuklar: Palaiologoslar Döneminde Doğu Akdeniz'i Birleştirmek

This article explores the establishment of economic unity in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Palaiologan Period, focusing particularly on the role of wine trade. It investigates how various regions were interconnected through sea routes and trading networks, contributing to a cohesive economic system. The study emphasizes the significance of wine production as a cash crop, involving landlords, peasants, and merchants. Wine, produced in different grades, played a pivotal role in daily consumption as well as in religious and social ceremonies, catering to diverse societal strata. Additionally, this study demonstrates the economic intricacies of Cretan Malmsey trade, revealing its paramount importance as a sought-after commodity across the Mediterranean. By analyzing historical sources and scholarly research, this study sheds light on the complex dynamics of wine commerce, highlighting its role in facilitating cross-regional trade and cultural exchange. The findings suggest that despite political fragmentation, the Eastern Mediterranean formed an integrated economic entity during the Palaiologan Period, facilitated by extensive trading networks and the prominence of wine trade. Through its comprehensive analysis, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the economic landscape of the era and its enduring impact on Mediterranean history.

Cross-regional green certificate transaction strategies based on a double-layer game model

With the implementation of the renewable energy quota system and the development of the green certificate market, the diversification of cross-region trading subjects has brought about the problem of complicating the competition and cooperative relationship between multiple subjects. This problem makes it difficult to balance the conflict of interests of multiple participating subjects in green certificate transactions, and reduces the enthusiasm for trading. To this end, this paper proposes a multi-participant decision model of cross-regional green certificate trading behavior that takes into account the uncertainty of renewable energy generation. In the model, in order to explore the potential full set of strategies of the participating subjects, the cooperative game theory is utilized to analyze the complex interaction between multiple participating subjects in the cross-regional transaction, and the cooperative game model based on green certificates is established. As the participating subjects' information about other participants and their knowledge of the game environment are limited, the decision-making behavior is uncertain. In order to more reasonably portray the subject's game behavior in the actual decision-making scenario and to solve the defect that the traditional evolutionary game model can not reflect the influence of uncertain factors, we use the stochastic evolutionary game theory to dynamically deduce the cooperative strategies of the participating subjects under the limited rationality, and at the same time, introduce the strategy influencing factors to explore the dependence relationship between strategies. In addition, in order to cope with the impact of power generation uncertainty on cross-regional trading and to solve the defects of distributionally robust fuzzy set construction which is subjective and only for the analysis of uncertainty in a single time section, it is proposed to use Bayesian multivariate nonlinear model and mixed-effects model to construct probability distribution fuzzy sets of wind and light power generation uncertainty on the basis of distributionally robust theory. Finally, based on the arithmetic example, the cooperative strategy of multi-participants in cross-regional transactions under finite rationality is deduced, and the impact of uncertainty factors on the cooperative strategy is analyzed.

The Impact of Transport Infrastructure Development in Africa on the Development of Regional Integration in Africa

This paper, combined with scholars' current discussions on the importance of regional integration for national economic development, this paper focuses on showing that poor transportation hinders the import and export trade and the introduction of integration-specific talents in Africa, and that high-quality transportation infrastructure can improve trade facilitation and promote cross-regional trade, investment and the formation of a unified market on the African continent. It shows that good transportation can facilitate the development of regional economic integration in Africa and is an enabler of regional economic integration.

Assessment of embodied carbon transfer in China’s interregional gas–electricity–heat trade based on multi-stream and multi-node model

With the implementation of the national ”dual carbon” goal, fully and effectively evaluating the spatial carbon transfer of regional natural gas–electricity–heat trade flows will help to better clarify the regional carbon emission reduction responsibilities and improve the efficiency of regional coordinated emission reduction. Therefore, this paper adopts an accounting system based on production and consumption, constructs a multi-stream and multi-node carbon transfer assessment model of regional natural gas–electricity–heat chain, calculates the embodied carbon transfer of natural gas–electricity–heat trade transmission, and analyzes the path of spatial transfer of implied carbon emissions between regions in China. The results show that the implicit spatial carbon transfer pattern of China’ s gas, electricity and heat cross-regional trade shows that Beijing, Tianjin and coastal developed areas have gradually become the main carbon inflows, and the NWC, NEC and other regions with rich resources but underdeveloped areas have become the main carbon outflows; the path of regional carbon transfer is roughly from upstream underdeveloped regions to downstream regions with better economic development, of which the secondary and tertiary transfers of embodied carbon from natural gas account for 6.1% and 0.8% of the total transfer.

A Study on the Complexity and Application of Coinage along the Silk Road

Occasionally, coin finds provide insight into daily life and business activities in markets and settlements, as well as some other purposes, including diplomacy, burial, tribute, etc. It is worth noting here that those coins minted from precious metals like gold and silver occupied the vast majority of purposes as described above. The history of the Silk Road began circa the 2nd century B.C. when the Han emperor Wudi of China expanded the territory into the Xinjiang region and inner Asian mountain corridor, considerably enhancing the interactions with the nomadic groups in Central Asia in aspects including commerce, military, and politics. Moreover, India, in another hand, also was part of this nexus and occupied a key position as far as the sea route was concerned, and its correlation with ports of the Roman Empire in the red sea region. In this paper, the role of currencies for local commerce and cross-regional trade will be examined by comparing the circulation of currencies and their application in different regions along the Silk Road.

That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health.

H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.

Special Economic Zones in an Era of Multilateralism Decadence and Struggles for Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery: Perspectives from the Global South

AbstractRecent years have seen a proliferation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in developed and developing countries. Developed in Europe in its modern shape, most SEZs are located outside the continent today, notably in the developing world, where SEZs form part of these countries’ export-oriented growth policy tools and overall economic development. At a period of growing unilateralism and the return of the State as an economic actor, this contribution seeks to tackle the rise of SEZ laws in the global south, with a particular focus on Africa. It will scrutinize the reasons for their establishment, the measures chosen to promote them, and the international ramifications in these respective regions and broadly on the global plane, notably at the WTO. With the entry into force of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement, African countries face challenges of multi-layered SEZ governance, which this contribution intends to address. These challenges also extend to the cross-regional trade agreements these countries conclude, individually and as a bloc. Since SEZs are often assimilated with a category of subsidies and are discriminatory trade measures, this contribution, in essence, investigates the extent to which current trade rules at multilateral and regional levels address these controversial aspects of SEZs.

Research on a cross-regional robust trading strategy based on multiple market mechanisms

With the increase in the variety of market players in cross-regional trading, the interaction of interests among multiple participants is complicated, resulting in unbalanced interests in the cross-regional trading market. Therefore, a robust trading model with joint multi-market mechanisms is proposed in this paper to cope with the intricate interactions among market players. The proposed model builds a joint trading market framework of carbon emission rights and green certificates to incentivize more market players to participate in cross-region trading. To better balance the interests among the market players, a multi-market player alliance based on the cooperative game theory is established, and a profit distribution method based on the contribution degree of system power balance is proposed. To ensure the balance of energy supply and demand for cross-regional trading, the distributed robust optimization method based on the Wasserstein metric is proposed considering the uncertainty of renewable energy generation. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed dispatching model is demonstrated with the modified IEEE 39 bus system and the Hami power grid as an example. The results show that the proposed model can obtain a conservative and economical operating scheme with fast operation time, and the joint trading mechanism can further save the operating cost.

Unbalanced PM2.5 emission and happiness effect through cross-regional trade in China

Cross-regional trade and environmental impact are intricately linked. While the PM2.5 emissions embodied in trade has been discussed previously, an integrated analysis of how cross-regional trade reallocate PM2.5 emission flows and further impact residents' happiness has, to date, rarely been explored. Based on emission inventory and multiregional input-output model, the production-, consumption-, and income-based PM2.5 emissions were estimated, combined with PM2.5 Gini coefficient the regional PM2.5 emissions inequalities as well as the happiness effect were investigated. The results show that 49.6% and 28.1% of the PM2.5 emissions were driven by final demands and primary inputs of other provinces, which would displace local residents' happiness effect from the final consumers. The PM2.5 Gini coefficient for consumption-based emission was lower than that for production- and income-based emission, indicating the inequality of regional distribution of PM2.5 emissions in China has been exacerbated by production- and income-based accounting. We found that for every one-unit increase in the consumption-based PM2.5 emission was associated with a 0.037 and 0.072 decrease in happiness and depression index, respectively. The higher-income north provinces with high levels of PM2.5 footprint had a significant negative impact on both happiness and depression sentiment due to much higher resource intensities. Those results were partly attributed to the variation of economic structure and further highlight the critical role of consumption-based measurement in evaluating unbalanced PM2.5 emissions and sentiment impacts, promoting final consumers share environmental responsibility by tracing their transferred air pollution.

Predicting Possible New Links to Future Global Plastic Waste Trade Networks

China’s waste plastic ban has sparked a discussion about how the global plastic waste trade (GPWT) will develop in the future. To answer this question, this article uses the link forecasting and QAP method to predict and analyze the possible development trend of the GPWT in the future. The research results show that GPWT has certain stability and sustainability; although plastic waste trade has narrowed under the ban, it still has the potential trend of reconnecting the same type of links. Specifically, from a regional perspective, the future trade of new plastic waste trade will be dominated by cross-regional trade. Plastic waste may continue to flow to countries in the Asian–Pacific, Middle East, and African regions, while European countries will strengthen the internal recycling and processing of plastic waste. From the perspective of the national income level, the establishment of the new relationship will show an evolutionary trend in which high-income countries are dominated and the scale of trade between non-high-income countries expands. In addition, the differences in the level of economic development, liner transport connectivity, and the proportion of mismanagement of plastic waste among countries has a positive effect on the establishment of a new relationship in the GPWT, while tariff rates have an inhibitory effect. In general, the GPWT will still exist in the future, which requires the international community to guide the GPWT to promote the recycling and reuse of plastic waste in a real sense and adjust the unreasonable trade model.

Impact of Economic Globalization on International Relations under the Background of Wireless Communication and Artificial Intelligence

Politics and economics are closely related, and it is not an exaggeration to say that it depends on the latter. Therefore, changes in international relations can be analyzed in the context of economic development. After entering the twenty-first century, the development of information technology and the rapid improvement of transportation capabilities have made the cost of human beings’ cross-regional trade lower and lower; the production and circulation of products all over the world have gradually formed an integration and have been integrated more and more closely. The circulation of resources and even financial capital is accelerating to be integrated, and the global economy is rapidly integrating. The shock of any major economy will almost cause instability in the global economy. Against this background, the political relations between countries are generally relatively harmonious. Although there are occasional regional conflicts, they are generally relatively peaceful. Especially in recent years, under the background that wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making have brought drastic changes to human production and life, the economic closeness of countries has reached an unprecedented level. At the same time, the complexity and volatility of international relations have also increased considerably. In order to better cope with this complex form, we are required to discuss the trends of international economic development in the context of today’s technology. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of economic globalization on international relations under the background of wireless communication and artificial intelligence, and to sort out the new features of economic globalization in this context, and its possible implications for international relations’ impact. Then, it further discusses how my country can better safeguard its own rights and interests through the adjustment of international policies under such a background.

Assessing the Efficiency and CO2 Reduction Performance of China’s Regional Wind Power Industry Using an Epsilon-Based Measure Model

China has become the largest wind power installation market in the world, and on such a large scale its wind power industry contributes to the sustainability of electricity generation and reduction of carbon emissions, yet has problems such as wind curtailment, insufficient wind power consumption, and regional disparities. Thus, this research uses an epsilon-based measure (EBM) data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate and compare wind power electricity generation efficiency and CO2 emission reduction efficiency in the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions of China for the period 2013–2017. The empirical results show that the nation’s overall wind power efficiency presents a significant upward trend, in which the western and northeastern regions have increased the most, while the east region has increased the least. Technical inefficiency is mainly due to diseconomies of scale in China’s wind power industry. Moreover, CO2 emission reduction in the four regions exhibits high efficiency, and the regions’ efficiencies are very consistent with that of installed capacity efficiency. Finally, this study’s policy implications are that industry development plans should be made according to local conditions as well as cross-regional trade of wind power electricity and that the upgrading of wind power generation capacity should be encouraged.

Evaluation on the Effectiveness of New Energy Market-Based Trading in Promoting New Energy Consumption

In recent years, in order to promote the consumption of new energy, many regions in China have carried out new energy market-oriented trading exploration, including direct trading of new energy and large users, new energy and thermal power generation rights trading, new energy cross-provincial medium and long-term trading, new energy cross-regional spot trading, and the establishment of a peak shaving auxiliary service market. This research takes typical new energy-rich provinces as an example to quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of the typical trading mechanism of new energy consumption in promoting new energy consumption. It is an inevitable trend to promote the consumption of new energy through market-oriented transactions. Combined with the construction process of China’s power market, the market will fully play the role of optimizing the allocation of resources, accelerate the construction of a power market-oriented trading mechanism that adapts to the consumption of new energy, and further utilize the market mechanism to promote new energy the role of energy consumption.

Saarc and Safta: Dynamic of Trade Facilitation in South Asia

With one of largest concentration of poor South Asia intra-regional trade stands at less than one third of its potential. Regional economic frameworks are rather impediments than a facilitation inform of irrational sensitive lists, non-tariff and para tariff barriers, existence of more welcoming and responsive bilateral trade agreement coupled with very weak infrastructure and nonexistence of political will to support cross border trade. SAFTA’s implementation in true spirit to boost intra-regional trade has become indispensable for the South Asian region to deepen the regional market integration to tap the economic and commercial potential being the most potent solution to eradicate widespread disparities in form of poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. The viable and doable way of enhancing intra-regional trade is strengthening and extending the SAFTA. Effective implementation and extension of SAFTA rules will not only enhance the intra-regional trade, rather will accelerate the process of regional integration. To overcome the shortcoming of SAFTA, the SAARC countries should accelerate and strictly follow the schedules for tariff cuts, gradual reduction of the item in sensitive lists to broaden the scope and coverage of SAFTA maker SAFTA more striking than the other bilateral trade agreements across the region. SAARC today needs mobility of people by opening the visa regime within SAARC and facilitate cross regional trade and commerce by eliminating non-tariff barriers and curbing para-tariffs.

Cross-provincial Cross-region Power Trading Optimization Modeling

Background: China's power resources are unevenly distributed in geography, and the supply-demand imbalance becomes worse due to regional economic disparities. It is essential to optimize the allocation of power resources through cross-provincial and cross-regional power trading. Methods: This paper uses load forecasting, transaction subject data declaration, and route optimization models to achieve optimal allocation of electricity and power resources cross-provincial and cross-regional and maximize social benefits. Gray theory is used to predict the medium and longterm loads, while multi-agent technology is used to report the power trading price. Results: Cross-provincial and cross-regional power trading become a network flow problem, through which we can find the optimized complete trading paths. Conclusion: Numerical case study results has verified the efficiency of the proposed method in optimizing power allocation across provinces and regions.

Volatility spillovers in Australian electricity markets

Abstract Electricity markets are significantly more volatile than other comparable financial or commodity markets. This study examines volatility spillover effects across different regions in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM), aiming at providing a better understanding of the transmission of risks in a multi-regional context. Our analysis is based on the econometric framework originally proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012). We conduct both a static and a dynamic assessment of aggregated spillover effects as well as their directional decomposition between the individual regions. We find that volatility spillovers are typically more pronounced between physically interconnected markets. We further relate the dynamic spillover patterns to specific short-term market events as well as long-term changes in the share of renewable energy, fuel mix, generation capacity, and the implementation of a Carbon Pricing Mechanism. Our findings provide important insights to market participants and regulators with regard to cross-regional trading of electricity, developing risk management strategies, and building additional interconnector infrastructure to facilitate regional market integration in the NEM.

The incremental construction land differentiated management framework: the perspective of land quota trading in China

Construction land plays a vanguard role in China’s rapid urbanization process. However, confront with massive loss of farmland resources, the highly centralized land-use planning and management system established by the central government in 1998 stipulates that the red line of 1.8 billion mu of farmland should be guarantee to ensure food security. A series of land management system innovations such as “the replacement of basic farmland in different places”, “the compensated supplement of farmland in different places”, and “the land conversion quotas transregional transaction” in Zhejiang province have received increasing attention, under the premise that neither dissipating the economic development efficiency nor breaking the constraints of various planning quotas. Inspired by the “three-phase” efficiency improvement based on the concept known as the “adaptive efficiency”, this article first proposes the inherent policy shortcomings as incalculability, inseparability, and uncontrollability. Then, adopting the mathematical model derivation and economic analysis tool, we demonstrate that the “general allocation + competition allocation + rewarded allocation” of new construction land quota allocation scheme has improved the three-stage Pareto efficiency. Relying on the network analysis of the cross-regional trading in Zhejiang province, the “time hotspot”, “regional hotspot”, Siphon effect, price fluctuation and inequality of opportunity are also observed in the process of trading. The authorities should play a quasi “wedge-like” blocking role in due course. It is therefore suggested that a differentiated management scheme should be adopted considering the variance in regional resource endowments and social ecosystem. This paper expected to shed light on improving construction land-use efficiency for China and other similarly placed developing countries.

Trans-regional power trading optimization for promoting clean energy accommodation

A trading decision-making method that uses electricity market means to promote clean energy accommodation is proposed. Making Ml use of load difference, peak-to-valley difference and time difference, a joint optimization model of clean energy purchasing-selling-transmission is established to promote clean energy accommodation, which considers the willingness of the recipient side, and satisfies the physical operation constraints of DC line. The model can set the power curve shape, in order to realize the lean decision of cross-regional trading power, and propose a practical accommodation plan. Based on the calculation of cross-regional power transactions between two regions in China, the validity of the model and scheme is verified.