Cross-product Terms Research Articles

Abstract P2-11-01: Breast cancer (BC) risk among patients with benign breast disease (BBD) by NSAID use

Abstract Background: Approximately one million U.S women are diagnosed with benign breast disease (BBD) annually, which increases breast cancer (BC) risk between 1.5- and four-fold, depending on the pathologic characteristics of the lesion and other factors. BBD lesions are associated with inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting that inflammatory pathways may play a role in progression of BBD to BC. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well tolerated, widely used drugs that block inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, which lowers prostaglandin synthesis, and by exerting numerous additional anti-inflammatory effects. NSAIDs are inversely associated with several types of cancer, including BC in some, but not all studies, and have been linked to lower BC risk among BBD patients in prior publications. We examined the association between NSAID use and BC risk, overall and by self-reported history of BBD, using data from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II). Methods: The Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort is a study of approximately 189,000 U.S. men and women followed prospectively for cancer incidence and mortality. Study participants filled out a detailed questionnaire at baseline in 1992/1993 and follow-up surveys in 1997 and every two years until 2017. On each follow-up survey, participants reported type, quantity, and duration of NSAID use as well as diagnoses of BBD. Incident BCs were either self-reported and validated via medical records or cancer registry linkage, or identified via National Death Index linkage. Women in the analytic cohort were followed from date of 1997 survey until diagnosis of BC, reported use of tamoxifen, report of cancer other than BC, date of death, loss to follow-up or end of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) assessing associations of BBD and NSAID use with BC risk were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Statistical interactions between BBD and NSAID were evaluated by fitting and testing the corresponding cross-product terms, along with the main effects of each. Both NSAID use and BBD were modeled as time-dependent variables, allowing exposure status to change over the course of the multiple surveys returned. Results: Of the 60,517 women included in the study, 3,899 (6.4%) developed BC. Mean follow-up time was 12.7 years. A total of 23,661 women (39%) reported a diagnosis of BBD at some point during the study period, and 54,656 (90%) reported some NSAID use. Women self-reporting BBD were 46% more likely to develop BC than those without self-reported BBD (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.36-1.57). Overall, BC risk was not increased among NSAID users versus non-users (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.88-1.02). In contrast, BC risk was reduced among current NSAID users with a history of BBD (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.97), but not among NSAID users who did not report a history of BBD (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.92-1.13, p-interaction=0.04). Risk did not differ across number of pills per month (RR=0.84 for <15 pills/month, 0.89 for 15-29, 0.88 for 30-44, 0.78 for 45-59, 0.88 for 60+). Conclusion: In our study, NSAID use had a statistically-significant protective effect on BC risk among women with BBD, suggesting its potential use as a chemopreventive agent in this high-risk group of women, but not among those who did not report a history of BBD. Citation Format: Robert A Vierkant, Matthew Masters, Lauren R Teras, Mark E Sherman. Breast cancer (BC) risk among patients with benign breast disease (BBD) by NSAID use [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-01.

Causal inference methods for vaccine sieve analysis with effect modification.

The protective effects of vaccines may vary depending on individual characteristics, such as age. Traditionally, such effect modification has been examined with subgroup analyses or inclusion of cross-product terms in regression frameworks. However, in many vaccine settings, effect modification may also depend on the infecting pathogen's characteristics, which are measured postrandomization. Sieve analysis examines whether such effects are present by combining pathogen genetic sequence information with individual-level data and can generate new hypotheses on the pathways whereby vaccines provide protection. In this article, we develop a causal framework for evaluating effect modification in the context of sieve analysis. Our approach can be used to assess the magnitude of sieve effects and, in particular, whether these effects are modified by individual-level characteristics. Our method accounts for difficulties occurring in real-world data analysis, such as competing risks, nonrandomized treatments, and differential dropout. Our approach also integrates modern machine learning techniques. We demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our approach in simulation studies and apply the methodology to a malaria vaccine study.

General indefinite backward stochastic linear-quadratic optimal control problems

A general backward stochastic linear-quadratic optimal control problem is studied, in which both the state equation and the cost functional contain the nonhomogeneous terms. The main feature of the problem is that the weighting matrices in the cost functional are allowed to be indefinite, and the cross-product terms in the control and the state processes are present. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the problem are obtained, and a characterization of the optimal control in terms of forward-backward stochastic differential equations is derived. By a Riccati equation approach, a general procedure for constructing optimal controls is developed and the value function is obtained explicitly.

Vital Sign Detection via Angular and Range Measurements With mmWave MIMO Radars: Algorithms and Trials

Vital signs such as respiration rate and pulse (heart rhythm) rates are very useful in determining health problems and managing well-being. Heart rate measurement techniques have evolved from counting pulses to contact-based approaches such as electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG). The current availability and proliferation of low-cost and easily integrable millimeter wave (mmWave) radar sensors make contact-free simultaneous detection of weak vital sign signals highly promising. However, radar echoes reflected from the mechanical behavior of the heart (i.e. heartbeat) are complex and mixed with other (usually stronger) mechanical signals (respiration, body movements, etc.). Such echoes, as captured by radar sensors, comprise a range of Doppler frequencies with varying densities. These frequencies can be directly related to the respiratory and heart rate patterns. Conventional spectral-based approaches adopted directly from radar signal processing do not always yield an accurate estimations of these frequencies. For example, the harmonics of the respiration signal, intermodulation, and cross-product terms complicate the robust detection of heart rate signals. In this study, we show that spatially scanning a human participant using digital beamforming methods provides a more reliable estimation technique for heart rate detection. Prior studies using radar sensors that can filter participants in the range use a range selection strategy based on either the maximum return signal or the highest variance. We developed a strategy to incorporate multiple range and angular bins to reduce the probability of erroneous heart rate estimation. The algorithm, tested on multiple participants, provides an accurate heart rate estimation compared to existing methods.

Interaction of Cigarette Smoking and Polygenic Risk Score on Reduced Lung Function

The risk of airflow limitation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is influenced by combinations of cigarette smoking and genetic susceptibility, yet it remains unclear whether gene-by-smoking interactions are associated with quantitative measures of lung function. To assess the interaction of cigarette smoking and polygenic risk score in association with reduced lung function. This UK Biobank cohort study included UK citizens of European ancestry aged 40 to 69 years with genetic and spirometry data passing quality control metrics. Data was analyzed from July 2020 to March 2021. PRS of combined forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and percent of forced vital capacity exhaled in the first second (FEV1/FVC), self-reported pack-years of smoking, ever- vs never-smoking status, and current- vs former- or never-smoking status. FEV1/FVC was the primary outcome. Models were used to test for interactions with models, including the main effects of PRS, different smoking variables, and their cross-product terms. The association between pack-years of smoking and FEV1/FVC were compared for those in the highest vs lowest decile of estimated genetic risk for low lung function. We included 319 730 individuals, of whom 24 915 (8%) had moderate-to-severe COPD cases, and 44.4% were men. Participants had a mean (SD) age 56.5 of (8.02) years. The PRS and pack-years were significantly associated with lower FEV1/FVC (PRS: β, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.031 to -0.03; pack-years: β, -0.0064; 95% CI, -0.0064 to -0.0063) and the interaction term (β, -0.0028; 95% CI, -0.0029 to -0.0026). A stepwise increment in estimated effect sizes for these interaction terms was observed per 10 pack-years of smoking exposure. The interaction of PRS with 11 to 20, 31 to 40, and more than 50 pack-years categories were β (interaction) -0.0038 (95% CI, -0.0046 to -0.0031); -0.013 (95% CI, -0.014 to -0.012); and -0.017 (95% CI, -0.019 to -0.016), respectively. There was evidence of significant interaction between PRS with ever- or never- smoking status (β, interaction; -0.0064; 95% CI, -0.0068 to -0.0060) and current or not-current smoking (β, interaction; -0.0091; 95% CI, -0.0097 to -0.0084). For any given level of pack-years of smoking exposure, FEV1/FVC was significantly lower for individuals in the tenth decile (ie, highest risk) than the first decile (ie, lowest risk) of genetic risk. For every 20 pack-years of smoking, those in the tenth decile compared with the first decile of genetic risk showed nearly a 2-fold reduction in FEV1/FVC. COPD is characterized by diminished lung function, and our analyses suggest there is substantial interaction between genome-wide PRS and smoking exposures. While smoking was associated with decreased lung function across all genetic risk categories, the associations were strongest in individuals with higher estimated genetic risk.

Peripheral Blood Cytopenia and Risk of Cancer Mortality

▪Introduction:Unexplained peripheral blood cytopenia remains a challenge in clinical practice which requires sorting through an array of etiologies from transient abnormalities to premalignant conditions. Clonal hematopoiesis has established an association between cytopenia and hematologic cancer, likely caused by inflammatory responses leading to hematopoietic stress. Similar mechanisms may occur in other organ systems and lead to neoplasia as the link between inflammation and solid tumors is well known. Thus, cytopenia may represent an early marker of serious conditions, including malignancy. Using the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study, we studied the association between cytopenia and cancer mortality.Methods:REGARDS prospectively enrolled 30,239 US black and white adults from 2003 to 2007 (41% black). Sociodemographic and medical data were obtained by phone interview, physical exam, and laboratory studies at enrollment (baseline CBC drawn after 8,000 people were recruited). Cancer death was identified via semiannual phone follow-up through 2018 to ascertain health events and linkage with Social Security Death and National Death Indexes. Cytopenia was defined as presence of 2 or more of the following: 1) hemoglobin below age, sex, and race-specific lowest 5th percentile, 2) white cell count below race-specific lowest 5th percentile, 3) platelet count below lowest 5th percentile, and 4) macrocytosis (MCV >98fL). Participants with baseline cancer, missing CBC, or lost to follow-up were excluded. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard of cancer mortality associated with cytopenia, adjusting for demographics (Model 1), Model 1 + risk factors for cancer/anemia (Model 2), and Model 1 + socioeconomics (Model 3). Differences in the association of cytopenia and cancer death by race was tested by cross-product interaction terms and Inverse Odds Ratio Weighting (IORW) mediation analysis was conducted to study the effect of cytopenia as mediator in the race-cancer death interaction.Results:The analysis population included 19,028 participants, 62% were female and 60% were white. Median follow up was 9 years. There were 1112 (5.8%) cancer deaths and 3725 (19.6%) deaths from other causes. Cytopenia was present in 383 (2%) participants, of which 250 (65%) were white and 113 (35%) were black. Cytopenia prevalence increased by age and was higher in males (56%). Cytopenia was associated with increased risk of cancer mortality in all multivariate models adjusting for demographics (HR=1.60, 95%CI 1.16-2.21), cancer risk factors (HR=1.67, 95%CI 1.2-2.32), and socioeconomics (HR=1.58, 95%CI 1.12-2.23). Anemia and macrocytosis, but not leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, were hematologic parameters individually associated with risk of cancer death (Table 1). The 10-year cumulative incidence of cancer death was 13% for participants with baseline cytopenia vs. 6.5% for those without cytopenia (p<0.01, Figure 1). The race by cytopenia interaction term was significant with higher HR for cancer mortality in blacks compared to whites in all models: 2.01 vs 1.41, p=0.016 in model 1 (demographics), 2.12 vs 1.45, p=0.009 in model 2 (cancer risk factors), 1.82 vs 1.44, p=0.04 in model 3 (socioeconomics). Anemia and macrocytosis were individual hematologic parameters with higher HR for cancer death in blacks compared to whites and significant race by cytopenia interaction terms across all models (Table 2). Mediation analysis by IORW method showed that cytopenia was not a significant mediator in the pathway between the race and cancer death association (not shown).Discussion:In a large biracial prospective cohort, cytopenia was associated with increased risk of cancer mortality after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomics, and cancer risk factors. Cytopenia was a race-specific risk factor for cancer death affecting blacks more than whites, but not a mediator of the race and cancer death association. We conclude that 1) cytopenia is a risk factor for cancer death, with stronger association in blacks than whites, and 2) race is an effect modifier for the association of cytopenia with cancer death, but cytopenia is not a mediator of the black to white difference in cancer mortality. These results can inform further studies aimed at clarifying racial disparities in cancer death through theorized mechanisms such as clonal hematopoiesis. [Display omitted] DisclosuresGangaraju: Alexion: Consultancy; Sanofi Genzyme: Consultancy.

Recreational Physical Activity and Outcomes After Breast Cancer in Women at High Familial Risk

BackgroundRecreational physical activity (RPA) is associated with improved survival after breast cancer (BC) in average-risk women, but evidence is limited for women who are at increased familial risk because of a BC family history or BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants (BRCA1/2 PVs).MethodsWe estimated associations of RPA (self-reported average hours per week within 3 years of BC diagnosis) with all-cause mortality and second BC events (recurrence or new primary) after first invasive BC in women in the Prospective Family Study Cohort (n = 4610, diagnosed 1993-2011, aged 22-79 years at diagnosis). We fitted Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age at diagnosis, demographics, and lifestyle factors. We tested for multiplicative interactions (Wald test statistic for cross-product terms) and additive interactions (relative excess risk due to interaction) by age at diagnosis, body mass index, estrogen receptor status, stage at diagnosis, BRCA1/2 PVs, and familial risk score estimated from multigenerational pedigree data. Statistical tests were 2-sided.ResultsWe observed 1212 deaths and 473 second BC events over a median follow-up from study enrollment of 11.0 and 10.5 years, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, RPA (any vs none) was associated with lower all-cause mortality of 16.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.4% to 27.9%) overall, 11.8% (95% CI = -3.6% to 24.9%) in women without BRCA1/2 PVs, and 47.5% (95% CI = 17.4% to 66.6%) in women with BRCA1/2 PVs (RPA*BRCA1/2 multiplicative interaction P = .005; relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.01 to 1.74). RPA was not associated with risk of second BC events.ConclusionFindings support that RPA is associated with lower all-cause mortality in women with BC, particularly in women with BRCA1/2 PVs.

Discrimination and Sympathy for Violent Radicalization Among College Students in Quebec (Canada): The Protective Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiosity.

The present study examines the moderating role of total, intrinsic, and extrinsic religiosity in the relation between perceived discrimination and sympathy for violent radicalization (VR) among college students in Quebec, Canada. A total of 931 students responded to an online questionnaire and were included in this study. Linear mixed-effects models were conducted to account for the clustered nature of the data, and moderation was assessed via interaction analysis using cross-product terms in the models. Findings indicated that both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity had a protective role in the link between perceived discrimination and sympathy for VR and buffered the effects of sadness in response to discrimination on sympathy for VR, but not the effects of anger in response to discrimination. These results provide evidence of the protective role of religiosity in Canada, a social context characterized by an increase in religious discrimination, but which also supports religious diversity.

A new 4-D hyper chaotic system generated from the 3-D Rösslor chaotic system, dynamical analysis, chaos stabilization via an optimized linear feedback control, it’s fractional order model and chaos synchronization using optimized fractional order sliding mode control

This research article reports the finding of a new twelve term hyper-chaotic system with three nonlinearities in a fourth dimensional order, obtained by adding a nonlinear state feedback to the first equation and a cross-product nonlinear term to the third equation of the 3 dimensional famous Rösslor continuous-time chaotic system with two new optimized additive control parameters. Firstly various basic dynamic properties have been analyzed. Then the stabilization of the new hyper-chaotic motion trajectories via genetically optimized linear feedback controllers to zero, as the direct Lyapunov stability analysis of the robust controller and the Lipschitz condition to get an appropriate negative define Lyapunov function which contain non linear third order terms is difficult, the stability of the resulting error system in a given finite time is proved. The fractional order model and it’s synchronization are also included, based on an optimized fractional order sliding mode controller, not solved analytically but using genetic algorithm which can give a smart solution with an objective function and some additive unknown parameters. Numerical simulations of phase portraits (integer and fractional), bifurcation diagrams and spectrum of Lyapunov exponents are presented, chaos stabilization and synchronization are depicted and show the use of controllers scheme.

Factors Affecting the Trade Dependence Relationship of Asian Countries with China: Implications for China’s Belt and Road Initiative

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (B&amp;R) has received much doubts about its impact on Asian countries. This paper studies the B&amp;R effect from a new perspective of the trade dependence relationship, and explores this B&amp;R impact on the influencing factors of the degree of trade dependence. By implementing a series of grouping analyses on influencing factors, this paper analyses the impact of four national characteristics, including Asian countries’ income levels, geographical location characteristics, social development levels and intimacy with China, and finally gives a robust test by combining alternative indicators of trade dependence degree based on information entropy. The empirical results show that trade dependence degree has increased after implementing the B&amp;R, but its downward growth rate shows that the B&amp;R has not taken over the trade dependence. The inhibiting effects of energy exports on the degree of trade dependence deny the trade binding hypothesis due to the increasing energy of export trade. Trade openness and infrastructure development had a negative effect on the degree of trade dependence, while their cross-product term weakened their respective inhibitory effects, and even more after B&amp;R. Meanwhile, the asymmetry of trade and FDI have a significantly positive impact on the degree of trade dependence. Moreover, grouping national characteristics will bring the promoting or inhibiting effects of these influencing factors on the degree of trade dependence. The robust test presents conclusions. This paper enriches the research content on the B&amp;R, and the findings can provide some implications on the selection of trade partners and the sustainable development of the B&amp;R.

The interactive effects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hemoglobin concentration in the first trimester on the development of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes. Epidemiological studies have reported that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a high hemoglobin (Hb) concentration are risk factors for GDM in the middle trimester. However, no consistent conclusions have been reached, especially in Chinese pregnant women. A case-control study was conducted to better understand the associations between NAFLD and Hb concentration in the first trimester and the risk of GDM and their interactive effects. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and a cross-product term of Hb and steatosis were used to evaluate the associations between first trimester Hb concentration, steatosis, and GDM and their interactive effects. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using two-sided statistical tests at an alpha level of 0.05. For the study, 1,017 normal pregnant women, and 343 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM (25.22%) were recruited from the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Province, China. NAFLD-associated steatosis was found to be independent risk factors for developing GDM compared with grade 0 steatosis, with ORs of 1.98 (95% CI: 1.35–2.89) and 2.27 (95% CI:1.29–3.96), respectively. Meanwhile, a high Hb concentration was found to be a risk factor for developing GDM compared with the normal Hb concentration (OR = 1.88; 95% CI:1.24–2.83). The risk of developing GDM was more pronounced among pregnant women who had both high-grade steatosis and higher Hb concentrations during their first trimester (OR = 6.24; 95% CI: 1.81–23.66). However, we found no significant interactions between Hb concentration and steatosis grade. In conclusion, our study confirmed that a high Hb concentration and NAFLD-associated steatosis during the first trimester play important roles in predicting the risk of GDM in Chinese women. Future studies are required to verify the interactive effects between NAFLD-associated steatosis and Hb concentration.

Improved stabilization criteria for Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems with variable delays

In the present research, the stability analysis and stabilization of nonlinear processes characterized by the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model with variable time delays have been investigated. The state’s delay is presumed to belong to a given interval, ensuring that the delay lower limit is not constrained to zero. First, a new and improved integral inequality (II) lemma is proposed to deal with the cross-product terms in the derivative of the constructed delay-product-type (DPT) augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF). Second, a novel delay-range-dependent (DRD) stability condition and parallel distributed compensation (PDC) technique-based stabilization condition is then achieved in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, to illustrate the superiority of the proposed stability criterion and controller design approach over existing ones, three numerical examples are given.

Interactive effects of serum ferritin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein on diabetes in hypertensive patients

BackgroundHypertensive patients, often characterized by chronic inflammation, are susceptible to diabetes. Evidence suggests that the positive association between serum ferritin (SF) and diabetes was affected by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), an inflammation marker. We investigate whether there was an interaction between SF and hs-CRP on diabetes in hypertensive patients. MethodsWe analysed data of 1,735 hypertensive people in this cross-sectional study. Diabetes was diagnosed when fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or a previous clinical diagnosis of diabetes. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of the SF and hs-CRP with diabetes. Multiplicative interaction was evaluated by incorporating a cross-product term for SF and hs-CRP to the logistic regression model. Additive interaction was assessed by calculating the relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) and attributed proportion due to interaction (AP). ResultsIn the adjusted analysis, SF (highest vs lowest tertile: odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.20−2.16) was positively associated with diabetes. There was no multiplicative interaction between SF and hs-CRP, but evidence of additive interaction in regard to diabetes (RERI: 0.86; 95 % CI: 0.06−1.67). Compared to the patients with low SF (lower two thirds) and low hs-CRP (≤ 2 mg/L), those with high SF (upper one third) and high hs-CRP (> 2 mg/L) had increased OR for diabetes (adjusted OR: 2.33 [1.65−3.30]), with 37.0 % of the effects attributed to the additive interaction (AP: 0.37; 95 % CI: 0.09−0.65). ConclusionsWithin a cross-sectional study consisting of hypertensive patients, co-exposure to high SF and high hs-CRP was synergistically associated with diabetes. Dietary intervention or pharmacological treatment to lowering SF concentration may help to reduce diabetes morbidity in hypertensive patient with chronic inflammation.

Free fatty acids and heart failure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Free fatty acids (FFAs) may be associated with heart failure (HF) risk, but prospective research is lacking. This study investigated associations between fasting FFAs and HF incidence overall and by ejection fraction (EF) subtypes [HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) and HF with reduced EF (HFrEF)] to evaluate FFAs as a potential biomarker for HF risk prediction. This study was conducted in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) prospective cohort among 6,667 participants with complete baseline (2000-2002) FFAs and HF follow-up (through 2015). Associations between FFAs and HF incidence were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards regression. Cross-sectional associations between FFAs and HF risk markers were also evaluated using linear regression [N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), left ventricular (LV) mass index] and logistic regression [LV hypertrophy (LVH)]. Stratification and cross-product terms were utilized to evaluate differences by age, sex, race/ethnicity and diabetes. FFAs were not associated with HF overall or with HFrEF. FFAs were not associated with HFpEF in the overall population or among males, but were borderline positively associated with risk among females (fully-adjusted tertile 3 vs. 1 HR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.06, 4.42) (sex P-interaction=0.05). FFAs were not associated with NT-proBNP, but were inversely associated with LV mass index and LVH with stronger associations among females (P-interaction≥0.10). Associations did not differ by age, race/ethnicity or diabetes status. FFAs generally do not appear to be an independent predictor for HF risk. Additional research is needed to confirm findings particularly studies evaluating associations by sex and EF subtypes.

The influence of thermophysical parameters on the prediction accuracy of the spindle thermal error model

The model based on the velocity and acceleration of temperature variation (MBOTV) was established for spindle thermal growth error. However, the thermophysical parameters of MBOTV, such as the thermal expansion coefficient related to the velocity of temperature variation, Hv, the thermal expansion coefficient related to the acceleration of temperature variation, Ha, and the thermal inertia coefficient of the spindle, τ, may change during actual working. In order to analyze the influence of thermophysical parameters on the prediction accuracy of MBOTV, it is necessary to calculate the reliability of MBOTV. Actually, it is difficult to obtain the function of MBOTV. Although the improved response surface method can be used to calculate the reliability of the model with implicit function, the accuracy is not enough obviously when the implicit function is replaced by linear polynomials. Therefore, an improved response surface method based on quadratic polynomial approximation was proposed in this paper to calculate the reliability of MBOTV. In this method, the linear polynomial was replaced by a quadratic polynomial without cross product terms to replace the implicit function, which can improve the accuracy of reliability calculation. The predicted residual errors of MBOTV with single-parameter fluctuation and multi-parameter fluctuation were given in this paper. Studies reveal that MBOTV has strong robustness when the thermophysical parameters change.

Prenatal metal mixtures and sex-specific infant negative affectivity.

Analyses included 308 mother-infant pairs enrolled in the PRISM pregnancy cohort. We measured As, Ba, Cd, Cs, Cr, Pb, and Sb in urine, collected on average during late pregnancy, by ICP-MS. At age 6 months, we assessed negative affect using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised. We used Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression with repeated holdout validation to estimate the joint association between the metals and global negative affectivity, as well as four subdomains (Fear, Sadness, Distress to Limitations, and Falling Reactivity). We also tested for a sex interaction with estimated stratified weights. In adjusted models, urinary metals were associated with higher scores on the Fear scale (βWQS = 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 0.30), which captures behavioral inhibition, characterized by startle or distress to sudden changes in the environment and inhibited approach to novelty. We observed a significant sex interaction (95% CI for the cross-product term: -0.19, -0.01), and stratified weights showed girls (61.6%) contributed substantially more to the mixture effect compared with boys (38.4%). Overall, Ba contributed the greatest mixture weight (22.5%), followed by Cs (14.9%) and As (14.6%). Prenatal exposure to metals was associated with increased infant scores on the temperamental domain of fear, with girls showing particular sensitivity.Key words: Prenatal; Metals; Mixtures; Temperament; Infancy; Negative affect.

Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and stroke mortality among urban residents in northern China

Evidence is still limited for the role of long-term PM2.5 exposure in cerebrovascular diseases among residents in high pollution regions. The study is aimed to investigate the long-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on stroke mortality, and further explore the effect modification of temperature variation on the PM2.5-mortality association in northern China. Based on a cohort data with an average follow-up of 9.8 years among 38,435 urban adults, high-resolution estimates of PM2.5 derived from a satellite-based model were assigned to each participant. A Cox regression model with time-varying exposures and strata of geographic regions was employed to assess the risks of stroke mortality associated with PM2.5, after adjusting for individual risk factors. The cross-product term of PM2.5 exposure and annual temperature range was further added into the regression model to test whether the long-term temperature variation would modify the association of PM2.5 with stroke mortality. Among the study participants, the annual mean level of PM2.5 concentration was 66.3 μg/m3 ranging from 39.0 μg/m3 to 100.6 μg/m3. For each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.04–1.65) for stroke mortality after multivariable adjustment. In addition, the HRs of PM2.5 decreased gradually as the increase of annual temperature range with the HRs of 1.95 (95% CI: 1.36–2.81), 1.53 (95% CI: 1.06–2.22), and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.75–1.63) in the low, middle, and high group of annual temperature range, respectively. The findings provided further evidence of long-term PM2.5 exposure on stroke mortality in high-exposure settings such as northern China, and also highlighted the view that assessing the adverse health effects of air pollution might not ignore the role of temperature variations in the context of climate change.

Continuous-time synthesizing robust sampled-data dynamic output-feedback controllers for uncertain nonlinear systems in Takagi–Sugeno form: A descriptor representation approach

This paper discusses controller design techniques for robust sampled-data dynamic output-feedback (DOF) for nonlinear systems in the Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy form with parametric uncertainties and L2/L∞ disturbances. We perform the sampled-data syntheses in a continuous-time domain based on an augmented sampled-data closed-loop model in descriptor form. Hence, the investigation does not require any (approximate) discrete-time model of a T–S fuzzy system, which is a significant obstacle in nonlinear sampled-data control system designs. Moreover, various cross-product terms among system matrices, to-be-designed DOF controller matrices, and other decision variables are reduced, yielding single-stage linear matrix inequality-based design conditions.

Abstract PS8-17: Assessing effect modification of obesity-associated genes variants in FTO, MC4R, BDNF, and CREB1 on weight loss among breast cancer survivors enrolled in the randomized lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition (LEAN) study

Abstract Background: Obesity is a leading risk factor for breast cancer in post-menopausal women and is associated with greater risk of recurrence and cancer-specific mortality. There are over 3 million female breast cancer survivors in the United States, and nearly 65% are either overweight or obese. Lifestyle intervention studies have been shown to be effective in achieving clinically meaningful weight loss for breast cancer survivors with a BMI &amp;gt; 25 kg/m2. However, individual variability in body weight response to diet or exercise interventions has been previously reported among carriers of common obesity-genetic variants. Our study examined whether common variants of obesity-associated genes FTO, MC4R, BDNF, and CREB moderated the effects of an exercise and nutrition intervention on weight change among breast cancer survivors. Methods: A total of 151 breast cancer survivors with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 at baseline were randomly assigned to a 6-month weight loss intervention (n=93) or usual care group (n=58). The weight loss intervention included eleven 30-min counseling sessions on improving nutrition and increasing physical activity. Height, weight and body composition (via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured at baseline and six months. Genotyping of FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs6567160, BDNF rs11030104, CREB1 rs17203016 was performed using Taqman® SNP genotyping assays. Association analyses were performed in SAS version 9.4, separately for each SNP and assuming a dominant genetic model. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the main effects of genotype and the intervention on weight, BMI, and percent body fat changes at 6 months, with adjustment for age. Appropriate cross product terms were included in each regression model to analyze the potential interaction between genotype and treatment arm. All statistical tests were evaluated against a Bonferroni-corrected alpha of 0.0125. Results: The genetic distributions of the FTO SNP rs9939609, MC4R SNP rs6567160, BDNF SNP rs11030104, CREB1 SNP rs17203016 did not differ significantly by treatment arm. Changes in weight, BMI, and percent body fat did not differ significantly between carriers of the FTO SNP rs9939609, MC4R SNP rs6567160, BDNF SNP rs11030104, and CREB1 SNP rs17203016 risk alleles compared to non-carriers (p-interaction &amp;gt; 0.0125 for each SNP and across all outcomes). Women in the intervention group achieved significantly greater weight loss than the usual care group (-4.8 kg vs -0.6 kg, p &amp;lt; 0.001) regardless of genotype. Conclusions: Common variants of known obesity-associated genes (FTO, MC4R, BDNF, and MC4R) did not modify the effect of the nutrition and exercise intervention on changes in body weight and body fat. Women who are genetically predisposed to obesity and recently diagnosed with breast cancer may benefit from lifestyle changes similarly to women who are not genetically predisposed to obesity. Our findings may help guide the incorporation of lifestyle interventions and weight loss counseling into breast cancer survivorship care. Citation Format: ThaiHien Nguyen, Melinda L Irwin, Andrew T Dewan, Maura Harrigan, Brenda Cartmel, Tara Sanft, Lingeng Lu, Fangyong Li, Yasmmyn D Salinas. Assessing effect modification of obesity-associated genes variants in FTO, MC4R, BDNF, and CREB1 on weight loss among breast cancer survivors enrolled in the randomized lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition (LEAN) study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS8-17.

Stability and chaos with mathematical control of 4-D dynamical system

&lt;p&gt;A new four-dimensional continuous-time system is dealt in this paper. The system employs eight&lt;br /&gt;simple terms involving two quadratic cross-product nonlinear terms. The fundamental characteristics of&lt;br /&gt;the system are analyzed by means of equilibrium points, stability analysis, dissipativity, wave form&lt;br /&gt;analysis, Lapiynuov Exponents and Kaplan-Yorke dimension. The maximum value of Lapiynuov&lt;br /&gt;exponent is obtain as (1.660748) and Kaplan-Yorke dimension obtain as (), that show the system is&lt;br /&gt;unstable and highly chaotic. As well, an optimal controller by adaptive control strategy is established to&lt;br /&gt;be system trajectories are stable. Finally, Adaptive synchronization of system (1) is clarified. Tables are&lt;br /&gt;made to compare the theoretical and graphical results of the system before and after control.&lt;/p&gt;