Cross Piece Research Articles

Design Optimization of Universal Joints for All-Terrain Vehicles

Universal joint mechanism widely used in the automobile power transmission systems. This joint mechanism desired to permit some angular deviations along the axis of rotation. The cardan joint comprises of the three main parts including the input drive shaft, the output drive shaft and the cross like piece. Two points of the cross piece connect to the input drive shaft and two other points connect to the output drive shaft. Connections are provided by the needle bearings. It is an important aspect of these bearings that while in action they never go through complete cycles. In other words, each of these bearings revolves only a few degrees around its axis before returning to its original position. The paper aims to develop a UV joint that is suitable for All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs). These types of vehicles have to traverse rough terrain and hence require taller suspension set up. Conventional universal joints limit this ability as the allowable articulation angle is very less. Due to this, they are prone to wear and malfunction and need to be replaced in comparatively short intervals of time. Naturally, it means that such parts have limited life span. We have hence developed a UV joint design which allows for better articulation angle while maintaining strength and reducing weight at the same time.

О видах калмыцких родовых тамг

The study gives a review of the Kalmyk clan sings called tamga. The article identifies the main types of these signs. The author points out that tamgas in their image have simple geometrical figures that can be the evidence of their ancient origin and the high probability of duplication in different nations. The most simple geometrical figure in the system of the clan signs has a form of a straight line and also an angle with sides of different length. One of the most popular images is a cross that in the folk culture is associated with cross piece of the smoke flap of the yurt. There are a lot of tamgas in the shape of a circle or, as the Kalmyks call it in the system of tamgas, iron ring. The variety of this type of tamgas is set up based on the number of rings and their position in relation to each other. There were popular tamgas in the shape of a semicircle that differed in the direction of the image and also in the shape of bident or trident. The authors’ materials point to the fact that there could also be sings in the form of Chinese characters. All things considered, there are several desiderata in the study of Kalmyk tamgas and their further study will allow to enlarge the list of tamga types.

Study of Controlled Atmosphere Flexible Microtube Plasma Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds as Potential Biomarkers in Saliva for Cancer.

A new soft ionization device for mass spectrometry is presented using the flexible microtube plasma under controlled atmospheric conditions. The controlled atmosphere flexible microtube plasma consists of the plasma source itself connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer using a borosilicate glass cross piece. Controlled atmosphere, for example, nitrogen and/or an oxygen mixture, is introduced to the system to create a clean ionization environment. Reproducibility issues are discussed, and solutions are presented manipulating the gas flow in the cross piece. A proof of concept is shown using a ketone mixture introduced to the mass spectrometer to optimize atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, application of the presented device for the sensitive and nonfragmenting ionization of volatile organic biomarkers relevant for cancer is carried out. Sample treatment for human saliva is described, and relevant candidate biomarkers are measured in the saliva matrix, showing a very good ionization efficiency and neglectable matrix effects with limits of detection below 80 ppt.

Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Special Structures On Suppression of Pressure Pulsations in The Draft Tube of a High-Head Hydraulic Turbine

The authors have performed numerical simulation of pressure pulsations in the draft tube of a hydraulic turbine that are excited by large-scale vortex structures. Numerical simulation of unsteady transfer in the draft tube in different operating regimes of the turbine has been carried out. It has been shown that the structure of flow in the outlet diffuser corresponds to vortex-core flow. Calculated data have been compared with experimental results and their agreement has been shown. To suppress pressure pulsations, a study has been made of the influence of various structural inserts into the draft tube, such as fins, a cross piece, and a hollow cylinder in the draft-tube cone. Consideration has been given to the influence of various constructions on the structure of flow behind the wheel and on pressure pulsations on the draft-tube wall. A comparison has been made of the constructions and optimum parameters have been selected to stabilize the flow in the diffuser of the hydraulic-turbine draft tube.

The effect on dynamics of using a new transmission design for eccentric speed reducers

This paper proposes a new transmission design for eccentric speed reducers that differs from that used with a traditional cycloid speed reducer. The main difference, other than the input and output shafts, is that it uses the internal gear as its fixed part and transmission between the external gear and output shaft occurs via pins connected to a drive plate. In this paper, gearing theory is used to construct a mathematical model of the involute external and internal gears, based on which the trajectory equations, component geometry, and reducer kinematics can be derived. A dynamics analysis model is also constructed and used to test the feasibility of two types of drive plate designs — a cross piece and a round disc, each with a single-gear and double-gear design. The stress results show the infeasibility of the cross drive plate versus the feasibility of the round disc drive plate. An additional kinematic analysis provides evidence that the design of the gear tooth profile also affects the machine transmission and can lead to vibration and stress fluctuation.

Endoscopic closure devices

Endoscopic closure devices

DEVELOPMENT OF WOODEN SHEAR WALL USING JAPANESE TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS

In this study, vertical cross piece made from hard wood was contained, the wooden shear wall composed of Japanese traditional elements was designed and the in-plane shearing test was done. The presumption of the moment resisting performance of the wall was tried by existing Inayama’s and Fukuyama’s formula. The stiffness, the yield load and the calculation value had good coincidence with the result of the test in the M-θ relation of each part, and it made it possible to presume on the safety side in the entire wall for the initial stiffness. The possibility of the wooden wall with high ductility and rigidity was shown by this development even if it did not rely on the steel hardware.

Source Data Model of Integration Manufacturing Information System

The moments transmitted by a universal joint in varying operating condition was investigated. A model of shaft system driven by a universal joint which consists of a driving shaft, a driven shaft and a cross piece is chose. Both structure misalignment and error misalignment between the two shafts at the universal joint was considered, and the study was based on the assumption that friction, inertia and elastic forces of the cross piece were disregarded. Two pairs of Euler angles were introduced to denote structure misalignment and error misalignment respectively, sets of reference frames were built up on the driving shaft, driven shaft and cross piece. Using direction cosine matrixes to describe the relation between different frames, then the expressions of components of the Considering the processes of manufacturing enterprise design, plan, technology, manufacture and etc, it analyses the composition and interdependence of enterprise information system data in this paper. Emphasizing the technical and process section data, analyzing these data’s source, attribute and outgoing. It creates an integral information system basic data model, obtains a system overlap model of these kinds of source data acquisition, provides a settle method for source data incomplete, inaccurate, and substandard of the manufacturing enterprise information system.

Analysis of Moment Transmitted by Universal Joint in Varying Operating Condition

The moments transmitted by a universal joint in varying operating condition was investigated. A model of shaft system driven by a universal joint which consists of a driving shaft, a driven shaft and a cross piece is chose. Both structure misalignment and error misalignment between the two shafts at the universal joint was considered, and the study was based on the assumption that friction, inertia and elastic forces of the cross piece were disregarded. Two pairs of Euler angles were introduced to denote structure misalignment and error misalignment respectively, sets of reference frames were built up on the driving shaft, driven shaft and cross piece. Using direction cosine matrixes to describe the relation between different frames, then the expressions of components of the transmitted moment acting on the driven shaft were obtained via method of vector projection. Based on engineering fact, the transmitted moment model was simplified with respect to different misalignment conditions, such as only structure misalignment or only error misalignment is considered. Then for different misalignment situations, the lateral and torsional components of the transmitted moment acting on the driven shaft were simulated through numerical examples. It turns out that both the lateral moment and torque components will fluctuate based on the import torque, and that due to accelerating of the driving shaft, the fluctuation of transmitted moment will be more distinct, consequently, more complicated nonlinear dynamics behavior will arise.

The Planking Clamp from Tårnby: a Medieval Danish Boatbuilding Tool

At the bottom of a well on a medieval farm on the Danish island of Amager, archaeologists found a planking clamp dated by dendrochronology to 1405 AD.11 The planking clamp's lever section NMU 524 x6A has been C14-dated to AD 1405 (1330–1420 ± 1 standard deviation; AAR-6444) (Heinemeier, 2001). The specimen was extracted from the middle of the lever, 39.5 cm from the top, where an oblong hole is cut ready for the cross piece. The clamp is of great importance: very few examples have been found or recognised in Northern Europe to date, and this is the best preserved, and thus provides data about its shape and use; and the size of boat it was used in the construction of. It is discussed whether the clamp was used exclusively for boatbuilding or whether it might also have been used in other crafts. It is suggested that copies of the Tårnby planking clamp might be used in future experimental boatbuilding projects. © 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society

Simultaneous determination of phenylureas and triazines in water, by capillary gas chromatography with ion trap detection and large volume injection

A GC method is described for the simultaneous determination of triazines and phenylureas in aqueous samples by large volume injection with a Programmable Temperature Vaporisator injector (PTV) and ion trap detection (ITD). The analytical col- umn (DB 5MS, 30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) is connected to a pre-column (DB 5MS, 5 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) via a cross piece valve (MCS) to prevent residual solvant vapour from polluting the analytical column. The 8 pesticides (4 triazines and 4 ureas) are determined by this method, the linearity is improved using 2 Fisher test. The detection and the quantification limits are a lso determined for each compounds and are less than 0.10 μg/L which is the limit fixed by the ECC reglementation on drinking water.

Galvanized Tee Shuts Off Water

Presented in this month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” is a device for shutting off a customer's water. The galvanized tee with a short chain through a cross piece is described.

Polyethylene tube with nylon whisker for serous otitis media.

SINCE Armstrong 1 first employed polyethylene tubing, the treatment of serous otitis media has been simplified. In a difficult case, however, the tube is often extruded before the eustachian tube has resumed adequate aeration of the middle ear. There are also those patients in whom equilization of the middle ear pressure can be accomplished only by a permanent indwelling tube. Most tubes have used the principle of a flanged end. This large portion of the tube is placed through the myringotomy. Even these are too often extruded. Silverstein 2 employs the malleus clip which requires insertion with anesthesia and is technically difficult to position. The polyethylene tube with nylon whisker for serous otitis media (Fig 1) uses a new principle to hold it in place. Pressure is exerted against the walls of the external canal. The polyethylene tube has a cross piece or whisker which transmits this pressure. The

Elliptical Ring Under Axisymmetric Linear Loading

Calculation of intensity of loading of elliptical ring-shaped disk bounded by 2 confocal ellipses and loaded in its own plane; in order to determine stresses of disk, elliptical ring is mapped on circular ring, of which stress analysis is performed by means of complex potentials; equations derived can be used to design stiffening ring for cross piece of 2 pressure pipes of which diameters are identical and crossing is rectangular.

Sling Used in the Postoperative Treatment of Thoracoplasty

Slings as shown in the accompanying illustrations have been used by us in the postoperative treatment of patients who have been subjected to the operation of thoracoplasty. The sling is composed of a canvas strip 18 inches wide and 3 feet long, with perforations along the two ends through which a rope may be passed. This canvas sling is supported by means of a cord to a single cross piece on a balkan frame. The ropes are adjusted in such a way that the patient's chest is kept well away from the bed, thus lifting the weight from the shoulder; and the head of the patient is supported on pillows raised to the necessary height. Previous to the use of this sling, patients were laid in bed on the side that had been operated on and were supported by pillows. It was found, however, that it was difficult to obtain

THE GIRDLESTONE SPLINT FOR BILATERAL DELTOID PARALYSIS

While I was visiting Mr. Girdlestone at Oxford, England, in June, 1925, he demonstrated a splint for use in bilateral deltoid paralysis, both as prophylactic and curative measures. He has not published the description and assents to the suggestion of the desirability of makit known so that it might have a suitable trial. The splint (fig. 1) is made of one-eighth inch duralumin1with sponge-rubber pads. It consists of six curved bands, and two straight bands each with a short right angled bend, one cross piece behind and four padded metal plates. It is self retaining and very light. The patient (fig. 2) was a man, aged 25, born in the United States, a Rhodes scholar studying at Oxford. He was stricken with infantile paralysis in September, 1923, resulting in complete paralysis below the ninth dorsal segment, almost complete loss of the intercostals and neck muscles, except the platysma, and complete loss of both shoulders and upper arm.

Notice of a Harp-shaped Fibula found on the Estate of Polmaise, Stirlingshire, and of Another in the Perth Museum

A copper alloy brooch was found at Bannockburn in 1850. It is very well preserved and in working order. The original pin of the hinge was replaced in antiquity. Two brooches of very similar shape, with hinged pin and solid cross piece, were found at Traprain Law. An unprovenanced trumpet brooch in Perth Museum exhibits to a marked degree the special characteristics of one of the varieties of the La Tene brooch as it was developed in Britain with a large box foot, pronounced moulding round the bow, a top ring and enamelling.

Magnetic intensity variometers

For the measurement of the variations of the Earth's magnetic force, advantage is taken of a comparison with a compensating force; e.g., the magnetism of a bar and the directive force of the bifilar suspension. Both forces mentioned are not free from changes in the course of time, and are greatly affected by temperature.The force of torsion of a unifilar suspension has only been applied with advantage since the invention of quartz fibers. The systems of magnets and suspensions, which weigh at least 20–30 grams usually employed with magnetometers are not suited for quartz fiber suspensions, as too strong fibers must be used. Magnetometers have, therefore, been built at my request by the firm of O. Toepfer, of Potsdam, which are provided with a light system of magnets (weighing about 1.5 g.), and possess several advantages over the instruments used hitherto. Among these are to be mentioned : easy accessibility to the system of magnets, clamping of the lower suspension, so that slight displacements of the mirrors can be made; moreover, a damping adjustable at pleasure; finally, a fixed mirror for photographic registration, which can be displaced with ease and certainty. The system of magnets carries two mirrors, inclined at a certain angle to each other, so that the range of registration is increased twofold. The magnet consists of a well‐hardened laminar piece of watch‐spring steel, 25 mm. long, which can be turned at pleasure about the axis of the system. The frame, supporting mirrors and magnet, is made of aluminum, and is hung, by means of a double hook, on a small cross piece attached to the bottom of the fiber suspension.

IX. On the solar variations of magnetic declination at Bombay

1. The observations discussed in the following pages were made at the Government Observatory at Bombay, during the years 1859 to 1865, and constitute a portion of a much larger series of observations of which the remaining part is still awaiting reduc­tion. With the exception of Sundays, and eight or ten complete days in each year, the observations were taken continuously at hourly intervals throughout the period of seven years. The observers were carefully trained Brahmins, who were under the im­mediate oversight of highly intelligent assistants of the same caste. 2. The instrument used was made by Grubb of Dublin, and consists of a rectangular bar-magnet suspended horizontally, and carrying a divided scale and a lens, by means of which its position can be determined from time to time by reading the scale with a fixed telescope properly placed. The dimensions of the magnet are 15 inches by 0.86 inch by 0.25 inch, and the broad surface is made to lie horizontal; the suspension-thread was formed of about forty fibres of untwisted silk, and is 35 inches long, being protected (but not concealed from view) by a glass tube 1.3 inch in diameter: the bot­tom of the glass tube rests upon the top of a cylindrical mahogany box (8.5 inches in height) which surrounds the magnet, and the top supports a horizontal divided circle (the torsion-circle), and a brass cross piece to which the suspension-thread is attached. The tube is secured in a vertical position by a mahogany cross bar which has a circular hole in its centre that fits over the upper end of the tube, and which is fixed at its ex­tremities to two copper pillars whose feet are screwed into the marble basement of the instrument; and the upper aperture of the tube with the attachments is screened from the outer air and dust by an inverted hemispherical glass vessel. A sliding-frame which carries above a finely divided scale etched upon glass is fixed by a binding-screw near the northern extremity of the magnet, and a similar frame carrying a lens, whose focal length is about 12.7 inches, is secured to the magnet at that distance to the southward of the glass scale, so that the latter is approximately in the principal focus of the lens. The vertical lines which form the scale are equidistant and generally of uniform length; but every fifth division is slightly and every tenth division considerably prolonged, and over the tenth divisions numbers are marked in consecutive order, thus allowing a nume­rical designation to be given with facility to every point of the scale when viewed by the telescope. To permit the scale to be viewed through its lens by a telescope outside the mahogany box, the latter has two small windows of flat glass suitably inserted in its curved side, and a lamp is placed on a stool to the northward of the masonry pillar which supports the declinometer, and is kept constantly burning. The joints and crevices, and for greater security, the whole outside surface of the cylindrical box was covered with paper to keep out small spiders or other insects.