Cross-linked Nanofibers Research Articles

Preparation of biocompatible Zein/Gelatin/Chitosan/PVA based nanofibers loaded with vitamin E-TPGS via dual-opposite electrospinning method

Wound management is a critical aspect of healthcare, necessitating effective and innovative wound dressing materials. Many existing wound dressings lack effectiveness and exhibit limitations, including poor antimicrobial activity, toxicity, inadequate moisture regulation, and weak mechanical performance. The aim of this study is to develop a natural-based nanofibrous structure that possesses desirable characteristics for use as a wound dressing. The chemical analysis confirmed the successful creation of Zein (Ze) (25% w/v) /gelatin (Gel) (10% w/v) /chitosan (CS) (2% w/v) /Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (10% w/v) nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vit E). The swelling percentages of nanofiber (NF), NF + Vit E, cross-linked nanofiber (CNF), and CNF + Vit E were 49%, 110%, 410%, and 676%, respectively; and the degradation rates of NF, NF + Vit E, CNF, and CNF + Vit E were 29.57 ± 5.06%, 33.78 ± 7.8%, 14.03 ± 7.52%, 43 ± 6.27%, respectively. The antibacterial properties demonstrated that CNF impregnated with antibiotics reduced Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts by approximately 27–28% and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) counts by about 34–35% compared to negative control. In conclusion, cross-linked Ze/Gel/CS/PVA nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Vit E have potential as suitable wound dressing materials because environmentally friendly materials contribute to sustainable wound care and controlled degradation ensures wound dressings breakdown harmlessly.

Electro-spinning a calcium alginate based molecular imprinted nanofiber membrane for selectively adsorbing cytochrome c

Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is a typical water-soluble heme metalloprotein with a wide variety of physiological properties. High-efficient separation of Cyt c from bio-matrix is very important to Cyt c practical use but always difficult. By coupling the electro-spinning technology and the molecular imprinting technology, a molecularly imprinted nanofiber membrane (MINM) was prepared by using calcium alginate as skeleton. The characterization indicated a well cross-linked calcium alginate nanofiber membrane was formed with good structure stability and high mechanical strength. The obtained MINM showed high capacity of 3312 mg/g on adsorbing Cyt c at the initial concentration of 2 mg/mL. The adsorption selectivity against bovine serum albumin, bovine hemoglobin and ovalbumin was as high as 36.49, 66.01 and 59.70, respectively. A good separation efficacy toward Cyt c was also observed in pig heart extracts. The obtained MINM had homogenous surface and identical adsorption sites, the adsorption of Cyt c on the membrane was monolayer, chemisorption and diffusion controlled, the molecules diffusion in the interior of the membrane was not the only rate-limiting step. The results indicated a good reusability and a promising practical application value of the obtained MINM on Cyt c separation, which further emphasized the value of the synthesis procedure employed in this study.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of cross-linked tragacanthin nanofibers as implants for delivery of cisplatin to hepatocellular carcinoma

There is growing interest in the use of electrospun polymeric nanofibers in drug delivery systems due to their remarkable surface-to-volume ratio, which enhances the processes of drug loading, specific cell binding and proliferation. The preferred polymers for drug delivery must be biocompatible and biodegradable. Gum tragacanth is one of the materials of choice for drug delivery. This work aimed at cross-linking the tragacanthin, the water-soluble fraction of gum tragacanth, with glutaraldehyde, synthesis of the cross-linked nanofibers and evaluating their properties to encapsulate and deliver a drug using caffeine as a model drug in the first place. The nanofibers were then loaded with cisplatin and evaluated against HepG2 cell line. The drug-loaded nanofibers (dia. 0.841 μm) were prepared by electrospinning using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker and glycerol as a plasticizer and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, 1HNMR, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. They released the encapsulated drugs in a sustained manner at pH 7.4 over 4.5 days (∼275 h with ∼80 % release) following Higuchi (cisplatin) and Hixon-Crowell (caffeine) kinetics. In a cytotoxicity assay against HepG2 cell line the cisplatin-loaded nanofibers exhibited enhanced activity compared to that with the standard cisplatin and in the caspase activity assay it activated caspase 3 to a higher extent and 8 and 9 to double the extent (4-fold) of cisplatin, suggesting a higher apoptotic activity by the nanoformulation than the standard cisplatin. Thus, nanoformulation appeared to be a potential candidate for treating hepatocellular carcinoma as an implant.

Isolation of chitosan-melanin complex from black soldier fly adults and obtaining nanofibrous materials based on it

The article presents the results of studying the viscosity of chitosan-melanin complex solutions from the larvae of the insect Hermetia illucens and the process of gelation in these solutions in the presence of crosslinking reagents. Chemically cross-linked nanofibers were obtained from solutions of the chitosan-melanin complex in dilute solutions of acetic acid by the method of spinneretless electrospinning. The presence of 14% melanin made it possible to reduce the concentration of acetic acid in the spinning composition.

Lactosporin loaded electrospun nanofibrous membrane: Novel antibacterial and wound dressing patch

IntroductionAny disruption in the cohesion of skin tissue is called a skin ulcer. If the skin lesion is a superficial lesion, it heals easily. But some wounds, such as diabetic wounds, bedsores, and burns, are difficult to heal and are often associated with infection. Therefore, one of the new methods used to treat such wounds is skin patch. MethodIn this study, partly purified lactosporin (LP), as novel postbiotic, was extracted from Bacillus coagulans, and its antibacterial properties against six bacterial species, namely Escherichia coli, Micrococcus Luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Klebsiella pneumonia were investigated. An electrospun nanofibrous membrane (NFM) containing LP was electrospun based on the three polymers including hyaluronic acid (HA), chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and its potential for biomedical applications was analized. The morphological characteristics, hydrophilic properties, cytotoxicity, and wound healing potential of LP-loaded NFMs were investigated. ResultsIt was revealed that extracted LP includes supperior antibacterial properties, which is beneficial for developing wound dressing patches. The results showed fabricated composite NFMs are bead-free and uniform. The average diameter of uncross-linked and cross-linked nanofibers are 281 ± 10 nm and 359 ± 51 nm, respectively. These NFMs are hydrophilic in both cross-linked and uncross-linked forms and the contact angles of them were 39 and 13°, respectively. These NFMs were also tested for cytotoxicity by the MTT assay and were found to be non-toxic. ConclusionThese results indicate that HA/CS/PVA/LP NFM could act as an efficient antibacterial and multifunctional wound dressing patch.

A tough, reversible and highly sensitive humidity actuator based on cellulose nanofiber films by intercalation modulated plasticization

Cellulose nanofiber was an ideal candidate for humidity actuators based on its wide availability, biocompatibility and excellent hydrophilicity. However, conventional cellulose nanofiber-based actuators faced challenges like poor water resistance, flexibility, and sensitivity. Herein, water-resistant, flexible, and highly sensitive cross-linked cellulose nanofibers (CCNF) single-layer humidity actuators with remarkable reversible humidity responsiveness were prepared by combining the green click chemistry modification and intercalation modulated plasticization (IMP). The incorporation of phenyl ring and the crosslinked network structure in CCNF films contributed to its improved water resistance and mechanical properties (with a stress increased from 85.9 ± 3.1 MPa to 141.2 ± 21.5 MPa). SEM analysis confirmed enhanced interlaminar sliding properties facilitated by IMP. This resulted in increased flexibility and toughness of CCNF films, with a strain of 11.5 % and toughness of 9.9 MJ/m3. These improvements efficiently enhanced humidity sensitivity for cellulose nanofiber, with a 4.8-fold increase in bending curvature and a response time of only 3.4 ± 0.1 s. Finally, the good humidity sensitivity of modified CNF can be easily imparted to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via simple self-assembly method, thus leading to a high-performance humidity-responsive actuator. The click chemistry modification and IMP offer a new avenue to fabricate tough, reversible and highly sensitive humidity actuator based on cellulose nanofiber.

PMDI cross-linked rare earth/liquid metal reinforced ANF/MXene membranes for multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding

With the miniaturization of electronic devices, the creation of efficient and lightweight electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials is of imminent significance. In this context, we reported an electromagnetic shielding membrane with hydrophobic, antioxidative, and high temperature stability. The chemically cross-linked Aramid nanofibers (ANF)/MXene@Ga/Gd2O3 (CAMG) nanocomposite membranes exhibit a considerable tensile strength and possess exceptional flexibility. The CAMG shielding membranes demonstrate multiple heterogeneous interfaces and a magnetic-dielectric synergistic system, thereby effectively enhancing the absorption shielding efficiency, with the specific shielding effectiveness per unit volume (SSE/t) reaching 6788 dB cm2 g−1. Furthermore, the composite membranes demonstrate remarkable electrothermal capabilities, acting as pliable heaters with notable, swiftly replicable, and consistent electrothermal effects at reduced voltages. Additionally, they possess superior heat dissipation efficiency and ensure a uniform heat dispersion. The exceptional electromagnetic shielding performance and multifunctionality of the C-ANF/MXene@Ga/Gd2O3 shielding membranes imply their instructive relevance in next-generation fields such as flexible electronics and aerospace.

Citric acid cross-linked biopolymeric nanofibers containing Zataria multiflora extract, an environmentally friendly active food packaging system

Citric acid cross-linked biopolymeric nanofibers containing Zataria multiflora extract, an environmentally friendly active food packaging system

Formation of pH-responsive hydrogel beads and their gel properties: Soybean protein nanofibers and sodium alginate

Hydrogel beads prepared from protein nanofibers are popular because of their safety, sleek appearance, and protection of biologically active substances. However, extreme external environmental variations, such as pH and temperature, can limit their practical application. To meet the application requirements of hydrogel beads in different environments, non-covalent mixtures of CaCl2 cross-linked soybean protein nanofibers (SNF) and sodium alginate (SA) were used to prepare hydrogel beads. In the present study, the hardness (782.48 g) and elasticity of hydrogel beads formed at SNF/SA = 7:3 and CaCl2 concentration of 0.1 mol/L were the maximum. Furthermore, the water content and pH swelling also reached a peak (98.68 %, 43.85 g/g) due to the best morphology and regular internal network structure. Meanwhile, the pH-responsive hydrogel beads with added anthocyanins were able to respond to the ambient pH under different temperatures and pH conditions and maintained color stability during 96 h of storage (ΔE < 5). In this experiment, a pH-responsive hydrogel bead based on soybean protein nanofiber (SNF) and sodium alginate (SA) was prepared by simple ionic crosslinking. It provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the future application of plant protein nanofibers as pH-responsive hydrogel materials.

Thermoconductive Graphene Fluoride Cross-Linked Aramid Nanofiber Composite Films with Enhanced Mechanical Flexibility and Flammable Retardancy for Thermal Management in Wearable Electronics

Thermoconductive Graphene Fluoride Cross-Linked Aramid Nanofiber Composite Films with Enhanced Mechanical Flexibility and Flammable Retardancy for Thermal Management in Wearable Electronics

PVA Nanofibers as an Insoluble pH Sensor.

Turmeric has been widely studied as a color indicator for pH variations due to its halochromic properties. It has been tested in solution or included in some polymeric matrices. Some studies have demonstrated that its change in color is due to the tautomeric species of curcumin, and this property can be observed even if turmeric is assimilated in a film or nanofiber. Chitosan/polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymers have been tested in previous studies. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers are used as potential carriers of drugs once they are insolubilized. The aim of this work is to cross-link PVA with citric acid (CA) to insolubilize the nanofibers and determine the effect on turmeric's halochromic properties. The nanofibers were treated with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and a chromatic study was undertaken to determine color change. The change in color was assessed by eye (subjective) and by spectroscopy (objective). The nanofibers were characterized, in addition to the colorimetric study, by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well. The results demonstrate how thermal treatment induces cross-linking between the nanofibers, allowing them to keep their shape once the NaOH solution is applied to them. The opposite effect (solubilization) can be observed for non-cross-linked (NCL) samples. Although the final color varied, the cross-linked (CL) nanofibers' halochromic behavior was maintained. It was demonstrated that during cross-linking, ester groups are formed from the free carboxyl group in the cross-linked CA and the ketones present in the curcumin under acid conditions. So, CA acts as an acid catalyst to bond turmeric to the cross-linked PVA nanofibers.

Poly(2-isoproprenyl-2-oxazoline)-Based Reactive Hydrophilic Cross-Linked Nanofiber Networks as the Basis for Colorimetric Continuous Meat Freshness Monitoring Sensors

Poly(2-isoproprenyl-2-oxazoline)-Based Reactive Hydrophilic Cross-Linked Nanofiber Networks as the Basis for Colorimetric Continuous Meat Freshness Monitoring Sensors

The Effects of Electrospinning Structure on the Ion Conductivity of PEO-Based Polymer Solid-State Electrolytes

To overcome the safety hazard of the liquid electrolytes used in traditional lithium batteries, solid electrolytes have drawn more attention because of their advantages such as non-volatility, easy processing, good mechanical properties, and stability. In this paper, sodium alginate (SA) nanofiber membranes were used as the backbone of PEO-based solid electrolytes. SA nanofiber membranes were prepared by electrospinning with assistance from PEO and cross-linked with calcium ions to construct a nanofiber network skeleton, which provided a guarantee for the stability of the subsequent electrolyte preparation process. The effects of spinning conditions and crosslinking time on the structure and performances of the nanofiber membranes were investigated. Meanwhile, the relationship between the skeleton of nanofiber membranes cross-linked with calcium ions and ion conductivity was investigated. The optimal parameters of the electrospinning process including concentration, voltage, distance, and SA content were discussed, and the fiber diameter and its distribution were analyzed. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, thermal gravimetric analyzer analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) maps were used to characterize the nanofiber membranes and electrolytes. The results showed that the thermal performance of cross-linked nanofiber membranes improved and the crystallinity of the PEO matrix decreased. The ion conductivity of the electrolytes was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing, and the results showed that the assembled lithium symmetric battery had a good ion conductivity of 6.82 × 10−5 S/cm at 30 °C.

Kraft lignins from different poplar genotypes obtained by selective acid precipitation and their use for the production of electrospun nanostructures

Kraft lignins from different poplar genotypes (Populus alba L. “PO-10-10-20” and Populus x canadensis “Ballotino”) were isolated by selective acid precipitation (pH 5 and 2.5), chemically and structurally characterized and used together with cellulose acetate (CA) for the manufacture of nanostructures by electrospinning. Generally, lignins showed a predominance of β-β´ resinols substructures (4.7–5.3 linkages per 100 aromatic units) followed by β-O-4´ (1.6–3.3 linkages per 100 aromatic units) and β-5´ phenylcoumarans (0.5–2.4 linkages per 100 aromatic units) and a high abundance of S lignin units (S/G 3.0–4.3). Moreover, lignins showed low molecular weight values (between 5.14 and 5.59 KDa) and high phenolic content (529.1 –644.5 mg GAE/g lignin). Regarding the electrospun nanostructures obtained from Kraft lignins/CA solutions, all of them presented uniform cross-linked nanofibers with a few beaded fibers according to the suitable range values of surface tension (29.18–29.71 mN/cm), electrical conductivity (131.2–158.9 μS/cm) and dynamic viscosity (0.28–0.32 Pa.s) that biopolymer solutions showed. Nevertheless, electrospun Kraft lignins/CA nanostructures with larger mean diameters were generated from lignins at pH 5, which displayed higher phenolic and β-O-4´ contents compared to lignins at pH 2.5. On the other hand, the type of poplar lignin genotype did not exert a significant influence on the mean fiber diameter.

Ethanol-free Cross-Linking of Alginate Nanofibers Enables Controlled Release into a Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Model.

The use of alginate nanofibers in certain biomedical applications, including targeted delivery to the gut, is limited because an ethanol-free, biocompatible cross-linking method has not been demonstrated. Here, we developed water-stable, alginate-based nanofibers by systematically exploring post-electrospinning cross-linking approaches that used calcium ions dissolved in (1) a glycerol/water cosolvent system and (2) acidic, neutral, or basic aqueous solutions. Scanning electron microscopy proved that the fibers cross-linked in a glycerol cosolvent or pH-optimized solutions had maintained the same morphology as the ethanol-based literature control. Notably, cross-linked fibers were generally smaller in diameter than the as-spun fibers due to both chemical interactions and mass loss during cross-linking, which was supported by mass measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. During stability tests wherein the cross-linked fibers were exposed to three aqueous solutions, the cross-linked fibers were stable in water and acid buffer yet swelled in phosphate buffer saline, making them useful scaffolds for pH-controlled release applications. Proof-of-concept release experiments were conducted using a simulated gastrointestinal tract model. As desired, the cargo remained encapsulated within the cross-linked nanofibers when exposed to an acidic solution that modeled the stomach. Upon exposure to a solution that mimicked the intestines, the cargo was released. We suggest that these cross-linked, alginate-based nanofiber mats hold the potential to be broadly used in biomedical and environmental applications.

Electrochemiluminescence Sensor based on Electrospun Crosslinked Carbon Nanofibers for the Detection of Difenidol Hydrochloride.

Cross-linked porous carbon nanofibers (CNF) were successfully prepared by electrospinning and high-temperature carbonization. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the carbon source and genipin as the cross-linking agent were used to prepare cross-linked porous carbon nanofibers (CNF). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), automatic specific surface and porosity analyzer Brunner Emmet Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a laser confocal microspectroscope (Raman, XploRA PLUS, Horiba) were used to characterize the materials. The CNF suspension was dropped on the surface of the bare glassy carbon electrode by the drip coating method to obtain a CNF-modified electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemiluminescence behavior of difenidol hydrochloride on CNF-modified glassy carbon electrode (Glassy Carbon Electrode, GCE). Herein, we synthesised a kind of crosslinked carbon nanofibers and designed a novel ECL biosensor. Under the optimal conditions, the concentration of difenidol hydrochloride exhibited a linear relationship with the peak current in the range of 8.0×10-8 to 1.0×10-4 mol/L, with the correlation coefficient of R2=0.997, and a low detection limit (1.2×10-8 mol/L). Difenidol hydrochloride in difenidol hydrochloride tablets was tested, and the recovery rate of sample addition was estimated to be 83.17%-92.17%, and the RSD value to be <5.0%. The designed platform exhibited excellent analytical performance for difenidol hydrochloride determination.

Hierarchical Composite from Carbon Nanofibers Wrapped SnS Core–Shell Nanoparticles as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The significant capacity loss and pulverization caused by the dramatic increase in volume of Sn-based anodes during redox reactions severely limit their practical application in lithium-ion batteries. Herein, with the ultralong cycle life and high capacity Sn-based compounds (SnS-C/NS@CNFs), a self-supporting anode was prepared by electrospinning followed by the calcination scheme, which is a superb material for lithium storage since the buffer matrix reduces the volume expansion of Sn. In this strategy, SnS nanoparticles are scattered into a porous carbon framework using Sn-MOFs as a pore-forming template, which allows for easier extraction–insertion of Li-ions due to their inherent layered structure. Moreover, the nitrogen and S-doped carbon nanofibers not only serve as a barrier to impede the aggregation and volume expansion of SnS during cycling but also act as electrical pathways to enhance the conductivity of the electrodes. Having profited from the desirable nanostructures, the flexible three-dimensional cross-linked nanofibers were straightly used as a self-supporting anode for LIBs, displaying ultralong cycle life (455.8 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g) and exceptional rate performance (481 mAh/g at 2 A/g). This work offers a reliable and efficient method for fabricating flexible self-standing and durable electrodes.

Cross-Linked Electrospun pH-Sensitive Nanofibers Adsorbed with Temporin-Ra for Promoting Wound Healing.

Bioresponsive nanodrug delivery systems have excellent potential in tissue engineering applications. Poly-anionic and poly-cationic biopolymers have provided a superior platform for designing pH-sensitive drug delivery systems. In this regard, hyaluronic acid-chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol complex nanofibers with high quality and reproducibility were produced by optimizing the solution preparation process. In addition, the synthesized composite nanofiber, with 66.82 kN/mm toughness, 200% swelling ratio, and 60% porosity, exhibited excellent properties to meet the requirements of the ideal wound dressing. Green cross-linking with citric acid prevented the destruction of the nanofiber even after prolonged immersion in biological solutions. ζ potential studies demonstrated that the synthesized nanofiber has a negative surface charge (∼-30) at physiological pH. The pKa of the temporin-Ra peptide is about 10, and as a result the peptide molecules have a net positive charge in physiological conditions. Therefore, peptide molecules immobilized on the synthesized scaffold based on surface adsorption. In vivo evaluation has proven that the wound bed has an alkaline environment, facilitating peptide release from the nanofiber scaffold. Electrospun nanofibers can imitate the architecture of the extracellular matrix for accelerating wound healing. In vitro investigation showed better adhesion, proliferation, migration, and fibroblast cell growth on peptide-loaded nanofiber samples than other groups. In vivo studies on full-thickness wounds in the mouse model indicated that the designed nanofiber was gradually absorbed without causing dryness or infection. On day 6, the peptide-loaded nanofiber revealed 60% wound closure compared to the control group (17%). In addition, based on histological studies, the composite nanofiber demonstrated excellent tissue repair ability, hence these active nanofiber mats can be a good alternative to existing wound dressings. Gene expression studies show that the antimicrobial peptide promotes the inflammatory phase of wound healing in a shorter time frame by accelerating the tumor necrosis factor-α cytokine response.

Cross-linking electrospinning.

Although electrospinning (e-spinning) has witnessed rapid development in recent years, it has also been criticized by environmentalists due to the use of organic solvents. Therefore, aqueous e-spinning (green e-spinning) is considered a more attractive technique. However, considering the poor water resistance and mechanical properties of electrospun (e-spun) nanofibers, cross-linking is a perfect solution. In this review, we systematically discuss the cross-linking e-spinning system for the first time, including cross-linking strategies (in situ, liquid immersion, vapor, and spray cross-linking), cross-linking mechanism (physical and chemical cross-linking) of e-spun nanofibers, and the various applications (e.g., tissue engineering, drug delivery, water treatment, food packaging, and sensors) of cross-linked e-spun nanofibers. Among them, we highlight several cross-linking methods, including UV light cross-linking, electron beam cross-linking, glutaraldehyde (and other commonly used cross-linking agents) chemical cross-linking, thermal cross-linking, and enzymatic cross-linking. Finally, we confirm the significance of cross-linking e-spinning and reveal the problems in the construction of this system.

Porous Covalent Organic Polymer Coordinated Single Co Site Nanofibers for Efficient Oxygen-Reduction Cathodes in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells.

Nitrogen-coordinated single-cobalt-atom electrocatalysts, particularly ones derived from high-temperature pyrolysis of cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), have emerged as a new frontier in the design of oxygen reduction cathodes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) due to their enhanced durability and smaller Fenton effects related to the degradation of membranes and ionomers compared with emphasized iron-based electrocatalysts. However, pyrolysis techniques lead to obscure active-site configurations, undesirably defined porosity and morphology, and fewer exposed active sites. Herein, a highly stable cross-linked nanofiber electrode is directly prepared by electrospinning using a liquid processability cobalt-based covalent organic polymer (Co-COP) obtained via pyrolysis-free strategy. The resultant fibers can be facilely organized into a free-standing large-area film with a uniform hierarchical porous texture and a full dispersion of atomic Co active sites on the catalyst surface. Focused ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy and computational fluid dynamics experiments confirm that the relative diffusion coefficient is enhanced by 3.5 times, which can provide an efficient route both for reactants to enter the active sites, and drain away the produced water efficiently. Resultingly, the peak power density of the integrated Co-COP nanofiber electrode is remarkably enhanced by 1.72 times along with significantly higher durability compared with conventional spraying methods. Notably, this nanofabrication technique also maintains excellent scalability and uniformity.