Cross Layers Research Articles

Studying the influence of Geometric Characteristics and Arrangement of FRP Layers on Rehabilitation of Concrete Shear Walls

During recent years, the use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) as a desirable alternative for improving the behavior of lateral resisting system are known. There are various factors influencing the quality of such kind of rehabilitation. This study aims to investigate the influence of geometric characteristics and arrangement of FRP layers on rehabilitating of concrete shear walls. A few reinforced concrete shear walls with different thickness and arrangement of FRP layers were analyzed by ABAQUS finite element model software, under gravity and lateral loads. The results indicated that the variation of shear wall strength is considerable due to confinement provided by the FRP layers based on the influence of thickness and arrangements. It is seen that, the performance of Chess and Cross layers of FRP are more effective than other arrangements for improving the final strength of reinforced concrete shear wall. It is also observed that, by increasing the FRP thickness, the wall performance against lateral loading will be improved considerably.

Multipath Transmission for the Internet: A Survey

Smart devices equipped with multiple network interfaces are becoming commonplace. Nevertheless, even though multiple interfaces can be used to connect to the Internet, their capabilities have not been fully utilized yet because the default TCP/IP stack supports only a single interface for communication. This situation is now changing due to the emergence of multipath protocols on different network stack layers. For example, many IP level approaches have been proposed utilizing tunneling mechanisms for hiding multipath transmission from the transport protocols. Several working groups under IEEE and IETF are actively standardizing multipath transmission on the link layer and transport layer. Application level approaches enable multipath transmission capability by establishing multiple transport connections and distributing data over them. Given all these efforts, it is beneficial and timely to summarize the state-of-the-art, compare their pros and cons, and discuss about the future directions. To that end, we present a survey on multipath transmission and make several major contributions: 1) we present a complete taxonomy pertaining to multipath transmission, including link, network, transport, application, and cross layers; 2) we survey the state-of-the-art for each layer, investigate the problems that each layer aims to address, and make comprehensive assessment of the solutions; and 3) based on the comparison, we identify open issues and pinpoint future directions for multipath transmission research.

Nutritional Effect of Flaxseeds on Cholesterol Profile and Fatty Acid Composition in Egg Yolk

ABSTRACTThis experiment investigated the effect of a supplementary dietary source (flaxseed) on egg yolk cholesterol contents and fatty acid profile. Flaxseeds at three different levels (5, 10, and 15%) were supplemented to 84 Rhode Island Red × Fayoumi cross layers during 21–24 weeks of age. The birds were divided randomly into four groups. Flaxseeds were supplemented in the diet at the level of 5% (FS‐5), 10% (FS‐10), and 15% (FS‐15), and one group served as the control (FS‐0). Cholesterol content of eggs was not significantly affected by flaxseed. The amount of monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly decreased with the increase in the flaxseed level, and the highest reduction was observed in FS‐15. The highest total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and total omega‐3 PUFA were recorded in FS‐15. These findings reflect that unsaturated healthy fatty acid content in poultry eggs can be increased with dietary supplementation of flaxseed.

Control-plane protocol interactions in cellular networks

Control-plane protocols are complex in cellular networks. They communicate with one another along three dimensions of cross layers, cross (circuit-switched and packet-switched) domains, and cross (3G and 4G) systems. In this work, we propose signaling diagnosis tools and uncover six instances of problematic interactions. Such control-plane issues span both design defects in the 3GPP standards and operational slips by carriers. They are more damaging than data-plane failures. In the worst-case scenario, users may be out of service in 4G, or get stuck in 3G. We deduce root causes, propose solutions, and summarize learned lessons.

Measurement of rolling shear modulus and strength of cross laminated timber fabricated with black spruce

The design and application of cross laminated timber (CLT) is strongly influenced by the rolling shear properties of cross layers. Hence, to predict the performance of CLT requires accurate information about its rolling shear properties. In this study, a wooden cross layer (WCL) specimen was made of 38mm by 89mm black spruce lumber of a grade of No. 3. The average rolling shear modulus of the WCL specimens measured by the two-plate shear test was 136MPa. The rolling shear modulus measured was then used as input to predict, using the shear analogy method, the deflection (dc) of a 3-layer CLT beam subjected to the centre-point bending load. Subsequently, the bending test was conducted to directly obtain the deflection (dm) of a 3-layer CLT beam for validation. It was found that dc could, with an adjustment factor (α), provide a good estimate of dm at different span-to-depth ratios under the centre-point bending test. Additionally, the bending test results showed that the specimen width did not have a statistically significant effect on apparent modulus of elasticity (Eapp) and apparent shear modulus (Gapp) of 3-layer CLT beam specimens.

Design of wireless TCP fluid model based on cross layers

Design of wireless TCP fluid model based on cross layers

Green Cooperative Cognitive Communication and Networking: A New Paradigm for Wireless Networks

Wireless communication has nowadays become one of the major worldwide causes of energy consumption in the field of ICT, with a devastating impact in terms of pollution and energy waste. As a result, the past decade has witnessed tremendous efforts and progress made by both the industry and academia for improving energy and power efficiency in current and emerging wireless communication networks, among which cognitive and cooperative communication are proposed as key technologies to increase both spectrum and energy efficiency. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the green cognitive and cooperative communication and networking techniques from its characteristics point of view to operational details in the eventual deployment. We present a systematic overview on the tools and techniques that can be used to solve problems arising in energy efficiency optimization problem in this context. The need to incorporate green concepts such as multi-input and multi-output, multi-rate, and multi-carrier systems, short-range low-power communication using small cell networks, and machine to machine communication in emerging and advanced wireless communication technologies is also addressed. Finally, we highlight design challenges and open issues in embracing green technologies in different and cross layers of communication and networking.

Editorial for the Special Issue: Green Cognitive and Cooperative Communication and Networking

Wireless communication has nowadays become one of the major worldwide causes of energy consumption in the field of ICT, with a devastating impact in terms of pollution and energy waste. As a result, the past decade has witnessed tremendous efforts and progress made by both the industry and academia for improving energy and power efficiency in current and emerging wireless communication networks, among which cognitive and cooperative communication are proposed as key technologies to increase both spectrum and energy efficiency. With cognitive and cooperative communication, the use of larger spectrum band and the opportunistic adaptation of the spectrum use lead to more effective interference management, better spatial and temporal reuse, thus reducing the power consumption. Despite the ever growing interests, the research on green cognitive and cooperative communication and networking is still in its infancy. Some fundamental problems are still open and require immediate studies. This special issue is intended to provide a forum for presenting, exchanging and discussing the recent advances on green cognitive and cooperative communication and networking. In response to the call for paper, we have received 26 paper submissions from both academia and industries that covered a variety of topics. Two rounds of careful review by the guest editors and experts in the field led to 5 papers for inclusion in this issue. In the first article, “Green Cooperative Cognitive Communication and Networking: A New Paradigm for Wireless Networks”, the authors (Lin Chen, Wei Wang, Alagan S. Anpalagan, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Kandasamy Illanko, Honggang Wang, Muhammad Naeem) provide a comprehensive survey of the green cognitive and cooperative communication and networking techniques from its characteristics point of view to operational details in the eventual deployment. They present a systematic overview on the tools and techniques that can be used to solve problems arising in energy efficiency optimization problem in this context. The need to incorporate green concepts such as multi-input and multi-output, multirate, and multi-carrier systems, short-range low-power communication using small cell networks, and machine to machine communication in emerging and advanced wireless communication technologies is also addressed. Finally, the paper highlights design challenges and open issues in embracing green technologies in different and cross layers of communication and networking. In the second paper titled “Towards Energy-Efficiency in Selfish, Cooperative Networks”, the authors (Chi Harold Liu, Jun Fan, Zhengguo Sheng, Xiumei Fan, Kin K. Leung) propose an adaptive multi-relay selection with power allocation mechanism to offer energy fairness at each node for a cooperative network. Unlike traditional approaches where all nodes are considered to transmit in a collaborative manner, they explicitly consider the situation where nodes exhibit some degree of selfish behavior. Specifically, they introduce a novel concept of the selfishness index and incorporate it into a utility function which denotes the degree a node can benefit from cooperative transmission. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are supplemented to show advantages inmaximizing the network lifetime and guaranteeing the QoS in realistic wireless environments. They also consider the practical situation when nodes consume energy in mode switching, and study the L. Chen (*) Department of Computer Science, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France e-mail: Lin.Chen@lri.fr

Adsorption of organic matter from industrial phosphoric acid (H3PO4) onto activated bentonite

The Tunisian industrial phosphoric acid (IPA) was obtained from the phosphate rock by the wet process. However, the organic matter (OM) contained in the acid may interact with organic solvents to form stable foams, preventing phase settling, or simply by forming cross layers and organic phases, and denaturing part of the solvent. Hence, removal of these organics seems to be an important step for the production of decontaminated phosphoric acid.In the phosphoric acid plant of M'dhilla, the OM can be found as colloidal suspension and soluble forms. The colloidal organics are coagulated and deposited with the gypsum precipitation during the aging of H3PO4, while the soluble part remains behind. The purpose of this work was to study the OM adsorption onto montmorillonite bentonite. Equilibrium data are analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson adsorption isotherm models.

A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications

Recent advances in electronics and integrated circuits have fostered the development of small and intelligent medical sensors and actuators that are wearable or implementable inside the human body. The main function of these devices is to collect patient’s physiological parameters and forward them to the medical center in an efficient and reliable way. Therefore, routing is a non-trivial task in wireless body area networks (WBAN); sensing the importance of routing in WBAN and the availability of a significant body of literature on this topic are the main motivations that encourage the study and examination of routing mechanisms. This paper proposes WBAN routing approaches. It outlines the design challenges for WBAN routing protocols and sketches out the communication architecture of this type of network. The authors’ main contribution is the classification of the routing techniques into six main categories, which corresponds to thermal aware routing protocols, cluster based routing protocols, cross layers based routing protocols, quality of service (QoS) aware routing protocols, and delay tolerant aware routing protocols. The advantages and performance issues of each routing technique are highlighted. This paper is useful for researchers to make enhancements to the future design of WBAN routing protocols and algorithms.

The Stability Analysis of Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall System and the Study of its Reinforcement Optimization

Because the relationship is not considered between physical behavior and cross sections of bars, the conventional reinforced earth retaining wall design based on constant value would lead to some limitations: the haul-resistant coefficient of the top wall is not enough, but it goes beyond at the bottom of retaining wall. In the paper, considering the SARMA method, based on computing formula of traditional slope stability, the detailed programme is realized by the language of FORTRAN, it can make up deficiency that lies in the tradition reinforced earth retaining wall by considering the relationship of physical behavior and cross sections, lengths and layers of bars. Finally, the system program has been applied to a slope treatment project in Guangzhou. Compared with the design method of traditional regulations, it is demonstrated that the optimum length required is obtained, the cross section and length of bars are fully used, and the design is simplified.

Brillouin Light Scattering Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Layer-by-Layer Assembled Cellulose Nanocrystal Films

Composite thin films containing cellulose nanocrystal (cellN) polyanions embedded between either poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) or chitosan were fabricated using the layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition technique. The in-plane and out-of-plane elastic constants of the composites were measured using Brillouin light scattering as a function of film thickness and cellulose content. Compared to the pure cast polymer films, the addition of cellN raises the elastic constants within the growth plane by a factor of 2 and 3 for [chitosan/cellN] and [PDDA/cellN] films, respectively, while in the growth direction the elastic constant increases by 50% for [PDDA/cellN] and not at all for [chitosan/cellN]. With increasing amounts of cellN in the films, the stiffness increases in the growth plane at a higher rate than in the growth direction. These trends reflect the contribution of the cellulose nanocrystals within and cross layers to load transmission. The results are interpreted in terms of processes that occur during film deposition and the resulting spatial arrangements of the nanocrystals.

Review of QoS mechanisms for mobile Ad Hoc networks

There are difficulties to guarantee QoS of mobile Ad Hoc networks due to their features of dynamically changing topology and wireless communication.Current QoS techniques for mobile Ad Hoc networks are divided into five categories: link layer solutions,network layer solutions,transport layer solutions,cross layers solutions and cross networks solutions.The main link layer solutions are QoS MAC protocols.The main idea in network layer solutions is QoS routing.Wireless TCP is the main scheme to guarantee QoS in transport layer.To choose route and balance load,cross layer solutions were researched to provide network architectures to support QoS.The main idea in cross network solutions is to propose QoS solutions between mobile Ad Hoc networks and fixed networks.These QoS solutions were introduced and analyzed.

Relation between social order and use of resources in small and large furnished cages for laying hens

1. The objective was to determine the relation between social rank and use of resources in a small furnished cage with sufficient resources per hen (SF) and a commercial large one with less adequate allowance of facilities per hen (LF). 2. Ninety-two cross layers were used. At the age of 16 weeks, the hens were divided at random into two groups. There were 4 furnished cages with 5 birds per cage and 4 large furnished cages with 18 birds per cage. The dominance hierarchy was determined, in which highest, medium and lowest ranking hens in each cage were identified. Behaviour, use of facilities and physical conditions of these hens were measured (one in each rank category in SF, two in each in LF). 3. Dustbathing and litter scratching were more frequent in the high ranking hens than the medium and low ranked hens in LF, while no significant difference was found between them in SF. 4. No significant difference between SF and LF was found in use of nest boxes. However, pre-laying sitting tended to be less frequent in low ranking than medium and high ranking hens in LF (Social order × Cage design). In the nest box most of time was spent in pre-laying sitting by SF hens, LF high and medium ranked hens (average 94·9%). However, LF low ranking hens spent their time escaping (33·1%), pre-laying sitting (27·7%) standing (25·7%) and moving (13·5%) in the nest. 5. In the large furnished cages with less facilities per hen, high ranking hens may be expected to have priority using the dust bath. In contrast, low ranking hens rarely performed nesting behaviour fully, and spend more time using the nest box as a refuge than for laying.

Pecking behaviour of laying hens in single-tiered aviaries with and without outdoor area

1. The objective of the present study was to examine the behaviour of laying hens in single-tiered aviaries with and without outdoor areas with particular reference to the proportion of each behaviour and the ways it changed. 2. In all, 144 interbred cross layers (WL/RIR cross-breed) were used. At the age of 16 weeks, the hens were divided at random into two groups and moved to single-tiered aviary (SA) and free-range systems (FR, SA with in addition an outdoor range area covered with clover) with 18 hens per pen. Behavioural observations were conducted before, during and after access to the range. 3. All behaviours using the beak (eating, grazing, drinking, preening, aggressive pecking, feather pecking, litter pecking, object pecking and mate pecking) were recorded as pecking behaviour. 4. While most of the FR hens spent their time outside foraging, the proportion of hens eating, preening, litter pecking, object pecking, aggressive pecking and feather pecking was higher in SA than in FR hens. 5. The proportion of hens performing pecking behaviour of all types was very similar in SA (61·7 ± 2·0%) and in FR (64·0 ± 0·8%). The proportion of hens performing overall pecking behaviour increased as pre-laying sitting decreased. 6. The proportion of hens feather pecking decreased in FR during access to range and a similar tendency was found for aggressive pecking. 7. In conclusion, the total proportion of hens pecking was almost the same regardless of whether an outdoor area was provided or not, but the incidence of different types of pecking behaviour differed between SA and FR. The risk of feather pecking in FR may be lower when an outdoor grazing area is provided, although further testing on a larger scale would be essential.

Finite-element calculation of a bass drum

The bass drum of a drum kit used with rock or jazz music is modeled as a 3D geometry in a transient finite-element formulation. The geometry was taken from a Gretch drum set called ‘‘Vinnie Colaiuta’’ with no cushion damping within the drum or at the resonance membrane. The 12 cross layers or wood used for the drum body was assumed to result in an isotropical Young’s modulus all over the wood. The drum was modeled with air enclosed, with the beating and resonating membranes being coupled to the air and to the wooden rim of the drum body. Also, as a starting point of the transient calculation, the strain of the wooden body caused by the tension of the membranes was taken into consideration. The transient model started with a beating on the front membrane and the radiation of the system was integrated over the radiating area. The results are compared to recordings of a real bass drum of this Gretch drum set.

Ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Rollschubmoduls von Holz

The rolling shear modulus influences the load and deformation behaviour of plywood and laminated timber plates with cross layers when loaded perpendicular to the plate. To date, only very few data are available regarding the rolling shear modulus which also depends on certain wood properties such as density and annual ring orientation. For a study of the rolling shear properties of wood a reliable and time-saving method for determining the rolling shear modulus in structural sizes is needed. Theoretical considerations and some systematic test series show that the dynamic method of measuring the frequencies of a bending vibration is suitable for determining the rolling shear modulus in a fast and reliable manner.

Effect of Dietary Fossil Shell on the Quality of Hen's Egg Shell in Summer

Effect of dietary fossil shell on improving the quality of hen's egg shell in summer was investigated. One hundred and twelve white Leghorn inbred cross layers were fed experimental diets from 19th June to 8th October 1973. Experimental diets were formulated to provide 16.1 per cent crude protein and 3.5 per cent calcium, and contained 90.47 per cent basal diet and the remainders were calcium sources. Calcium sources were provided by 0, 1.56, 3.13 and 4.69 per cent fossil shell and by 6.66, 6.09, 5.46 and 4.84 per cent calcium carbonate, respectively and cellulose powder was used to make up 100 per cent. The basal diet contained yellow corn 61.4, milo 11.0, wheat bran 4.3, fish meal 7.5, soybean meal 10.1, alfalfa meal 3.2 and vitamin and meneral mixture 2.5 per cent.Egg production rate, thickness of egg shell, egg weight and body weight gain of experimental hens showed similar values in all experimental groups. Food consumption of hens fed fossil shell diets showed higher (about 3 gram per bird day) values than that of hens fed calcium carbonate alone diet.Average determined egg shell strength of hens fed 4.69 per cent fossil shell showed 0.23 higher than that of hens fed calcium carbonate alone diet. When the egg shell strength of the experimental period were compared with the values of pre-experimental period, all hens showed lower values in summer, but dietary fossil alleviated the adverse effect of summer on the egg shell strength.