Cross-layer Routing Protocol Research Articles

Simulation and experimental testbed for adaptive video streaming in ad hoc networks

This paper presents a performance evaluation of the scalable video streaming over mobile ad hoc networks. In particular, we focus on the rate-adaptive method for streaming scalable video (H.264/SVC). For effective adaptation a new cross-layer routing protocol is introduced. This protocol provides an efficient algorithm for available bandwidth estimation. With this information, the video source adjusts its bit rate during the video transmission according to the network state. We also propose a free simulation framework that supports evaluation studies for scalable video streaming. The simulation experiments performed in this study involve the transmission of SVC streams with Medium Grain Scalability (MGS) as well as temporal scalability over different network scenarios. The results reveal that the rate-adaptive strategy helps avoid or reduce the congestion in MANETs obtaining a better quality in the received videos. Additionally, an actual ad hoc network was implemented using embedded devices (Raspberry Pi) in order to assess the performance of the proposed adaptive transmission mechanism in a real environment. Additional experiments were carried out prior to the implementation with the aim of characterizing the wireless medium and packet loss profile. Finally, the proposed approach shows an important reduction in energy consumption, as the study revealed.

Location aware sensor routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks

Location aware sensor routing (LASeR) protocol is a novel solution to the challenges of routing in mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs). It addresses the high reliability and low latency requirements of emerging applications. The protocol uses location information to maintain a gradient field even in highly mobile environments, whilst reducing the routing overhead. This allows the protocol to utilise a blind forwarding technique to propagate packets towards the sink. The protocol inherently utilises multiple paths simultaneously to create route diversity and increase its robustness. LASeR is designed for use in a high variety of MWSN applications with autonomous land, sea or air vehicles. Analytical expressions are derived and evaluated against the simulations. Extensive modelling and simulation of the proposed routing protocol has shown it to be highly adaptable and robust. It is compared with the recent MWSN proactive highly ambulatory sensor routing protocol, the high performance mobility adaptive cross-layer routing protocol, as well as ad-hoc on-demand distance vector and optimised link state routing. Protocols are evaluated on packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, overhead, throughput and energy consumption. The results highlight both the high performance of LASeR in various challenging environments and its superiority over the state-of-the-art.

Routing, power control and rate adaptation: A Q-learning-based cross-layer design

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) contain individual nodes exchanging data in a distributed manner. Although each node is capable of determining its own transmission power level, rate adaptation method and routing strategy, few existing routing protocols fully explore the potential performance improvement by the joint optimization of power, rate and routing. This paper proposes and evaluates a cross-layer routing protocol considering power control and rate adaptation by using a delay-based non-selfish cost function with a multi-agent Q-learning coordination mechanism. A simulation-based evaluation, considering node density, node mobility, traffic load and flow number, shows that our algorithm improves the average end-to-end latency and throughput with acceptable power consumption level.

A Priority based Cross Layer Routing Protocol for healthcare applications

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) represent one of the most promising approaches for improving the quality of life, allowing remote patient monitoring and other healthcare applications. Data dissemination and medium access in a WBAN are critical issues that impact the network reliability, the efficiency and the total energy consumed by the network. In this paper, we propose a Priority-based Cross Layer Routing Protocol (PCLRP) along with a Priority Cross Layer Medium Access Channel protocol (PCLMAC) for healthcare applications.PCLRP combined with PCLMAC ensures reliable traffic dissemination and customized channel access for intra- and inter-body communications. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol achieves customized quality of services and outperforms state of the art existing protocols in terms of power consumption, packet delivery ratio and delay.

English

English

RCTP: An Enhanced Routing Protocol Based on Collection Tree Protocol

Due to implementation of routing protocols in limited power supply devices in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), this paper presents and evaluates Rainbow Collection Tree Protocol (RCTP) as an enhanced version of Collection Tree Protocol (CTP). CTP is a lightweight, efficient, robust, and also reliable routing protocol for WSNs. CTP as a cross layer routing protocol is also a platform-independent protocol. It uses Trickle Algorithm to optimize the overhead cost and also makes it quickly adaptable to changes in topology. The basic foundation of CTP is on link quality identification and it uses expected transmission count (ETX). ETX is not stable during the time in real environments and ETX fluctuations cause the routing protocols to not work in optimum level. RCTP uses average expected transmission count (AETX) as link quality metric that has shown it is more stable than ETX. It also uses a new mechanism in parent selection to make it more accurate. Rainbow mechanism is used in RCTP to detect and route around connectivity nodes and avoid route through dead end paths. The Omnet++ has been used as a simulator and the results show RCTP performs more efficiently than CTP in dynamic and crowded environments.

A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Balancing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficiency and load balancing are known to be critical design concerns in routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. We can achieve the first concern by finding the minimum energy path, ...

Energy Efficiency Cross Layer Protocol for Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging technology that will change the world more effectively and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promising technology being increasingly important in mobile wireless networks of the future generation. In this paper, we consider energy management for wireless mesh networks from a point of view that started recently to attract the attention means the conservation of energy for operational and the environment reasons which is known as the Green Networking. This paper discusses different routing protocols to establish a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The existing protocols are compared using the basic functions of routing and the suggest protocol is designed to overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusing on the conception of the cross-layer routing protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based MAC protocol.

A cross-layer MAC and routing protocol based on slotted aloha for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consist of a large number of sensors which have limited battery power. One of the major issues in WSN is the need to improve the overall network lifetime. Hence, WSN necessitate energy-efficient routing protocols. In this paper, a cross-layer routing protocol (PLOSA) is designed to offer a high delivery rate, a low end-to-end delay and a low energy consumption. To achieve these goals, the transmission channel is divided into different slots and a sensor has access to a slot related to its distance from the collector. The transmissions are then ordered within the frame from the farthest nodes to the closest ones which is a key point in order to ease forwarding and to conserve energy. We have conducted simulation-based evaluations to compare the performance of the proposed protocol against the framed aloha protocol. The performance results show that our protocol is a good candidate for WSN.

A Novel Cross-layer Routing Protocol for Increasing Packet Transfer Reliability in Mobile Sensor Networks

In mobile sensor networks (MSNs), sensor data is generally transferred via mobile sensor nodes by multi-hop fashion. Because of the mobility of the nodes in the network, the efficient routing proto...

Investigation of traffic impact on RDCLRP

Routing fails frequently owing to scarce energy resources and movement of nodes in mobile adhoc network (MANET). This hampers the data flow continuity and limits the performance of routing protocol. Maintaining an uninterrupted flow of traffic is the key challenge in the design of efficient routing protocol. An algorithm RDCLRP (route discovery using cross layer routing protocol) is proposed to reduce discontinuity of data flow. An on-demand route is discovered in advance before route failure to avoid route instability. The modifications are made to the AODV protocol's route maintenance mechanism in order to develop RDCLRP. Three variants of proposed work are developed and their results are discussed. Performance of proposed algorithm is investigated for change in traffic. Proposed algorithm illustrates that the data flow discontinuity rate is reduced by 90% over AODV.

A Cross-Layer Channel Access and Routing Protocol for Medical-Grade QoS Support in Wireless Sensor Networks

One of principal design issues of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for medical information systems is to classify received packets based on their priorities and guarantees so that they can be transmitted reliably, thus satisfying QoS requirements. In addition, when the target WSN requires multi-hop communications and the traffic load increases significantly, it is challenging to support both load balancing and suitable QoS at the same time. In this paper, we propose a new reliable protocol termed Cross-layer Channel Access and Routing (CCAR), which simultaneously supports both MAC and routing operations for medical-grade QoS provisions. CCAR initially determines the routing path with the lowest traffic load and low latency using newly defined channel quality factors. Concurrently, the source node allocates the predefined QoS Access Category to each packet and reserves the channel along the route. In addition, CCAR introduces an effective route maintenance scheme to avoid link failures in bottlenecked intermediate nodes, which prevents unnecessary packet drops and route rediscovery evocations. Finally, through both simulation studies and real test-bed experiments, we evaluate the performance of CCAR by comparing it with other conventional protocols, demonstrating that the proposed protocol can more efficiently support medical-grade QoS packets, especially when the network is heavily loaded.

Cross-Layer Routing Protocol Based on AODV in Cognitive Radio

With the rapid development of science and technology, the current spectrum resources cannot simply cope with the high-load wireless networks cross-layer transmission. This thesis is based on the in-depth analysis of cognitive radio technology to understand the routing protocol in wireless cross-layer data transmission, and then discuss the relevant characteristics of the AODV routing protocol, and base on the AODV, the routing protocol uses in the analysis of the radio network organization based on the proposed to the possibility of cross-layer cognitive radio.

Cross Layer Preemptive Route Repair Scheme for MANET

The challenge of mobile adhoc network (MANET) is to keep the path active for long time. Since the path breaks due to node movement and limited battery power. The route is repaired and discovered only after a path breaks in existing routing protocols. Detection of route break and establishment of a new route insisted a high cost on the network. Preemptive route repair can be an alternative. It allows a routing algorithm to maintain connectivity by switching to a new path before a path break. In this paper, ‘Route discovery by cross layer routing protocol ( RDCLRP)’ is proposed. RDCLRP is modification of AODV. RDCLRP is a preemptive route repair routing protocol using cross layer approach. A route is considered to break when the node is moving towards out of transmission range or battery power is going to zero. When a path is about to break, a warning is broadcast showing the possibility of disconnection. A route is discovered in advance before route break to avoid disconnection. The performance of proposed algorithm is investigated for change in traffic. Simulations are run on qualnet 5.0. Proposed algorithm shows improvement compared to an AODV. Results illustrated that the route breakage is reduced by an average of 91%, throughput is improved by 30.62%, delay is reduced by 24.1%, received packets are increased by 24.3% and residual battery power is increased by 16.05%.

A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Based on Minimum Interference Duration

Cross-layer design of routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has become a hot research topic in recent years. By integrating physical layer, MAC layer and network layer together for cross-layer design, a cross-layer routing protocol called MIR is proposed in this paper. Via predicting the duration of the interference imposed by the neighbors at every hop along the route, a new routing metric is presented which guarantees that the established routes will not break frequently while having the minimum interference. Simulation results show that MIR can significantly improve the network performance.

Interference aware routing for mobile ad hoc networks based on node's sending and receiving capabilities

How to efficiently build routes among nodes is increasing important for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This paper puts forward an interference aware routing protocol called Interference aware cross layer routing protocol (IA-CLR) for MANETs based on the IEEE 802.11 medium access layer (MAC). By defining the node's sending and receiving capabilities, IA-CLR can indicate the interference strength of the link in a real and comprehensive way. Further more, in order to choose the route with minimum bottleneck link interference, a new routing metric is proposed by combining the MAC layer and the network layer for cross layer design. Simulation results show that IA-CLR can significantly improve the performances of network such as the average end-to-end delay, the packets loss ratio and the throughput.

Performance Analysis of Route Discovery by Cross Layer Routing Protocol- RDCLRP

Wired and wireless network is based on the TCP / IP architecture but it is not sufficient to cope with the dynamics of the MANET. Cross layer design can be an alternative architecture for MANET. Frequent route break is one of the major problems of mobile adhoc network (MANET). Path breaks due to less available battery power and mobility of nodes. Most of the battery power is consumed in flooding of control packets. A key challenge in the design of efficient routing protocol is to reduce link breakage and flooding of control packets. Route breakage can be reduced if the possibility of route breakage is predicted and a handoff is done without drop of data packets. If route breakage is reduced, the more battery power will be available with nodes. In turn it reduces the possibility of route breakage and the possibility of flooding. This is a cumulative effect. So a novel preemptive route repair algorithm is proposed named as RDCLRP- Route discovery by cross layer routing protocol to reduce frequency of control packet flooding and route breakage. Three variants of RDCLRP and their results are illustrated. In this paper, the impact of the number of nodes on performance of RDCLRP are investigated and analyzed. The results show 55.6% reduction in link breakage, 14.7% improvement in residual battery power and an average of 6.7% increase in throughput compared to basic AODV.

A Minimum Interference Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), channel contention and packet collision can seriously affect the performance of routing protocols, which will eventually affect the performance of the whole network. Besides, the arbitrary mobility of nodes makes contention and collision ever-changing and more complex. Thus, it is imperative to analyze the problem of contention and collision so as to build appropriate routes in MANETs. In this paper, by respectively predicting the durations of the contention and collision at every hop along the route, a minimum interference cross-layer routing protocol (MI-CLR) is proposed based on Random Waypoint (RWP) model. The new protocol classifies the interference in the network into two types; the first type of interference can only affect channel contention, while the other affects both channel contention and packet collision. Via taking the two types of interference together into account, we propose a new routing metric to build routes which guarantees that the established routes will not break frequently while having the minimum interference. Simulation results show that the MI-CLR protocol can significantly improve the network performance such as the average end-to-end delay, the packet loss ratio, the routing overhead and the throughput.

A dynamic cross-layer routing protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

A new cross-layer routing protocol, named Dynamic Packet Guidance (DPG), is introduced for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Simulation results show that DPG is quite useful for usage in dense networks of mobile nodes, with medium-to-high speeds, and low-to-medium load. In these scenarios, DPG provides a superior performance compared to several well-known ad hoc routing protocols. The low end-to-end delay and smaller overhead that DPG achieves in such scenarios positively impacts the scalability of MANETs and reduces the energy requirements of nodes in such networks. DPG also shows immunity to failing nodes, as it operates consistently almost independently of failing nodes up to a certain ratio.

UPS: Universal Protocol Stack for emerging wireless networks

Recent devices developed for emerging wireless networks, such as 4G cellular networks, wireless mesh networks, and mobile ad hoc networks, support multiple communication substrates and require execution of multiple protocols within a layer, which cannot be supported efficiently by traditional, layered protocol stack approaches. While cross-layer approaches can be designed to support these new requirements, the lack of modularity makes cross-layer approaches inflexible and hence difficult to adapt for future devices and protocols. Thus, there is a need for a new protocol architecture to provide universal support for cross-layer interactions between layers, while also supporting multiple communication substrates and multiple protocols within a stack. In this paper, we propose Universal Protocol Stack (UPS), which provides such support in a modular way through packet-switching, information-sharing and memory management. To show that UPS is realizable with very low overhead and that it enables concurrent and independent execution of protocols of the same stack layer, first, we present a wireless sensor network test-bed evaluation, where UPS is implemented in TinyOS and installed on individual sensor motes. Two cross-layer routing protocols are implemented and evaluated with UPS and without UPS. We also implemented UPS in the OPNET simulator, where the IP (e.g., Routing Information Protocol (RIP)) and AODV routing protocols are executed concurrently to support networks with both static and mobile wireless nodes. Our implementation shows that the overhead incurred to implement UPS is very low, and little or no modification is required to adapt existing protocols to the UPS framework. Both studies also show the advantage of enabling concurrent protocol execution within a stack layer, improving the successful packet delivery ratio or the total number of packets sent for the investigated scenarios.