Cross-lagged Relationships Research Articles

A longitudinal investigation of the influence of psychological factors on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate psychological factors that may influence nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) progression in early pregnancy based on longitudinal observations. Fifty-nine pregnant women completed the Rhodes Index of Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching (RINVR) and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and recorded their resting heart rate with photoplethysmography for 5min to determine heart rate variability (HRV) indexes at 7-9weeks and 11-13weeks of gestation with a 4-week interval. GHQ-28 scores (total and subclasses) and HRV indexes at 7-9weeks were compared among groups classified according to the presence of severe NVP (RINVR ≥ 9 points) at the two measurement points. Among women without severe NVP at 7-9weeks, women who developed severe NVP at 11-13weeks had significantly higher levels of anxiety/insomnia in the GHQ-28 subclasses (p = 0.018). The cross-lagged relationship from anxiety/insomnia at 7-9weeks to RINVR at 11-13weeks was significant (β = 0.367, p < 0.001). Among women with severe NVP at 7-9weeks, women whose severe symptoms subsided at 11-13weeks had significantly higher high-frequency (HF) power (p = 0.010), and women with relatively higher HF power demonstrated a significant reduction in RINVR (interaction effect, p = 0.035). During early pregnancy, women with strong anxiety/insomnia symptoms tend to have NVP symptoms that become more severe as the pregnancy progresses. The higher HF power in women whose severe NVP subsided within 4weeks suggests a contribution of emotion regulation to early amelioration of NVP.

The development of the relationship between professional identity tensions and teacher identity: A quantitative longitudinal study among Dutch primary student teachers

This longitudinal study investigated reciprocal associations among various professional identity tensions and Dutch primary student teachers’ teacher identity. Students (N = 201, 82.9% female) completed the professional identity tensions scale and the teacher identity measurement scale across three waves. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models showed that five out of nine investigated professional identity tensions were negatively associated with teacher identity at the inter-individual level. At the intra-individual level, no significant cross-lagged relationships were detected. Our findings imply that the development of professional identity tensions and teacher identity are not automatically interrelated and should, therefore, be both explicitly addressed in teacher education. The development of the relationship between professional identity tensions and teacher identity: A quantitative longitudinal study among Dutch primary student teachers.

Effort–reward imbalance and job burnout: Examining cross-lagged relationships and the moderating role of sensitivity to terrorism.

Effort–reward imbalance and job burnout: Examining cross-lagged relationships and the moderating role of sensitivity to terrorism.

Dampening of positive affect and depression: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships

Dampening responses to positive affect have been posited to confer vulnerability to depression, but longitudinal studies have not consistently shown dampening tendencies to predict follow-up depression. The cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-lagged relationships between dampening and depression were determined using meta-analytic methods. A systematic literature search of the PsycINFO and PubMed databases supplemented by Google Scholar yielded 60 samples suitable for inclusion in the cross-sectional analyses and 12 samples meeting criteria for the longitudinal analyses. In the first meta-analytic study to examine the relationship between dampening and depression, we found dampening to be associated with depression both cross-sectionally (r = .45) and prospectively (r = 0.34). Crucially, dampening at baseline remained a significant predictor of follow-up depression even after controlling for baseline levels of depression in cross-lagged analyses (β = .09). A bidirectional effect was also found, with baseline levels of depression predicting follow-up tendencies to engage in dampening (r = 0.36). This relationship was again diminished but remained significant after controlling for initial levels of dampening (β = .14). These results suggest that dampening responses to positive affect are a risk factor for the development of depression and highlight the importance of targeting dampening cognitions in treatment.

Cross-lagged models of health-related quality of life and breastfeeding across different body mass index groups: A three-wave prospective longitudinal study

BackgroundBidirectional relationships between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and breastfeeding outcomes during the perinatal period across different body mass index (BMI) groups have not been investigated. Understanding the nature of such relations can provide strategies the for development of targeted interventions. ObjectivesThis study aims to longitudinally (1) investigate the patterns of HRQoL during the perinatal period across different BMI groups; (2) explore bidirectional associations between HRQoL, breastfeeding attitude, and positive breastfeeding status during the perinatal period, and (3) compare the aforementioned relationships across four BMI groups. MethodsA three-wave prospective longitudinal design was adopted in the second and third trimesters and six weeks postpartum. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to examine reciprocal relations between two domains of HRQoL, breastfeeding attitudes, and positive breastfeeding status from antenatal to postnatal periods. Multi-group analyses were conducted to determine whether different patterns exist in these relationships according to the four BMI groups. The BMI was self-reported. Breastfeeding attitude and HRQoL were measured by the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey, respectively. ResultsA total of 781 perinatal multi-ethnic women were recruited in Singapore. Our results showed that the physical HRQoL scores were the lowest at Wave 2 compared with those at Waves 1 and 3, whereas the mental HRQoL scores were the lowest at Wave 3 compared with those at Waves 1 and 2 across different BMI groups. Multigroup cross-lagged path analyses showed that breastfeeding attitudes were an antecedent of physical HRQoL in women with underweight. A cross-lagged relationship was found between breastfeeding attitudes and physical HRQoL scores across Waves 1 and 2 in women with obesity. Chi-square difference tests suggested that two paths (breastfeeding attitudes to Wave 2 physical HRQoL, and Wave 2 mental HRQoL to Wave 3 positive breastfeeding status) were significantly different across the four BMI groups. ConclusionsPhysical and mental HRQoL patterns were different during the perinatal period, pre-conception counselling and perinatal care should be tailored to women's physical and mental health care needs. Reciprocal relations between physical HRQoL and breastfeeding attitudes during pregnancy were found in women with obesity. A flexible and individualised approach should provide for the woman with obesity in a respectful manner.

The Relationship between Adolescents’ Psychosocial Development and Life Satisfaction: A Cross-Lag Study

Objective: To explore the relationship between adolescents’ psychosocial development and life satisfaction from the perspective of personality development according to the theory of psychosocial development stage and social ecosystem theory. Methods: The one-year interval tracking design was adopted to analyze the cross-lagged relationship between psychological development and life satisfaction of 526 junior students in middle school: 44.5% girls and 55.5% boys. Results: In early adolescence, the level of individual psychosocial development and life satisfaction decreased with the increase of age. There is a significant cross lag between the degree of psychosocial development and life satisfaction: the psychosocial development in December 2017 (the first assessment, T1) positively predicts the life satisfaction in December 2018 (the second assessment, T2); T1’s life satisfaction can predict T2’s psychosocial development. Conclusion: The degree of psychosocial development and life satisfaction of adolescents will decline over time. Psychosocial development will affect their life satisfaction, and life satisfaction will also affect their psychosocial development.

Cross-Lagged Relationships between Collective Turnover and Affective Commitment: The Moderating Role of Cooperative Climate

Cross-Lagged Relationships between Collective Turnover and Affective Commitment: The Moderating Role of Cooperative Climate

The bidirectional effects of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and difficulties in emotion regulation in Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—a dynamic structural equation model

BackgroundWith the accumulation of negative emotions brought by COVID-19-related dysfunctional beliefs, individuals adopted obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms (e.g., over-checking the wearing of masks) and formed difficulties in emotion regulation (DER). This study focused on the temporal dynamics of the bidirectional relation between OC symptoms and DER, which had a devastating effect on the individual's mental health. As an extension, we further explored whether OC and DER and their relationship affect sleep problems.MethodsIn February 2020, a 14-day (twice a day, of 28 measurement intervals) online questionnaire survey was conducted on 122 Chinese adults (aged 18–55 years; 63 females). Subsequently, this research applied a dynamic structural equation model with a cross-lagged relationship and a time series. Health anxiety, anxiety, and depression were controlled as covariates.ResultsBoth OC symptoms and DER had a significant autoregressive and cross-lagged effect. Comparatively speaking, DER was a stronger predictor of OC symptoms than OC’s prediction of DER. Moreover, both higher levels of OC symptoms and DER were related to the severity of sleep problems.ConclusionsMore guidance on intervening in OC symptoms and identifying emotion regulation should be added to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health.

Mechanisms of change in multicomponent group-based treatment for patients suffering from medically unexplained physical symptoms

Objective: Understanding psychological mechanisms of change is essential to advance treatments for patients suffering from medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS). This study aimed to test the role of selected change mechanisms (incl. interoceptive awareness, emotional regulation skills, symptom acceptance, relational needs satisfaction, clarification of meaning, working alliance, and group cohesion) in the modification of patients’ somatic symptom intensity and well-being. Method: N = 290 patients suffering from MUPS participated in a multi-component group-based treatment at seven clinical sites. Data were collected weekly. Multi-level modeling was used to test cross-lagged relationships between the hypothesized mechanisms and outcomes in terms of Granger causality (with lags of 1, 2, and 3 weeks). Results: None of the mechanisms predicted a time-lagged change in outcomes in the expected direction. In fact, there was a consistent pattern of negative time-lagged relationships (i.e., an increase in a mechanism predicted worsening of the outcome). Findings consistent with the hypothesized role of the mechanisms were found only in concurrent relationships between mechanisms and outcomes. Conclusion: This study did not support time-lagged relationships under the condition of weekly measurement and many methodological factors remain to be considered (e.g., a finer time resolution).

Get a little help from your perceived employability: Cross-lagged relations between multi-dimensional perceived employability, job insecurity, and work-related well-being

ABSTRACT Based on a two-dimensional perspective of job insecurity and perceived employability, the present study examines the role of perceived employability in preventing job insecurity and subsequent work-related well-being (i.e., emotional exhaustion and vigour). Building on the Job Demands-Resources Model, our hypotheses were tested with 3-wave panel data of 1,233 Chinese employees with six months in between each measurement time. Results showed that: 1) perceived internal employability had a cross-lagged relation with qualitative job insecurity, and perceived external employability had a cross-lagged relation with quantitative job insecurity; 2) there was no cross-lagged relationship between job insecurity and work-related well-being indicators, while emotional exhaustion was positively related to both qualitative and quantitative job insecurity; 3) the relationship between perceived external employability and vigour was reciprocal; perceived internal employability was positively related to future vigour, but not the other way around. Hence, the present study contributes to the job insecurity and perceived employability literature by identifying perceived employability as a critical antecedent of job insecurity and work-related well-being as well as finding the reverse relationship between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion.

Future Time Orientation and Learning Engagement Through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory for Freshman: Evidence From Cross-Lagged Analysis.

View of future time orientation is a cognitive construct about future time. This view has its unique work of motivation and effect on academic performance. Previous studies have only explored the influence that future time orientation brings to the learning process at a single time, and most of them focus on cross-sectional studies. To further explore the cross-lagged relationship for freshmen between future time orientation and learning engagement during different periods, AMOS 23.0 was performed for cross-lagged analysis in this study to explore the influence and effect among variables of different periods. This research was based on the theory of self-determination to discover the relationship between future time and learning involvement for freshmen in enrollment and the first summer vacation. In this research, there were 1,000 valid samples in the first stage and 840 valid samples in the second stage for the conduction of descriptive statistics, pair t-test, and cross-lagged analysis. The results show that: (1) for learning engagement, freshmen at the end of the first year have a higher average score than at the beginning of the first year. (2) View of students of future time orientation can affect their learning engagement of the future through self-determination of students. At last, we provide some suggestions as references for institutional research and future research.

School absenteeism and self-efficacy in very-low-income students in Italy: Cross-lagged relationships and differential effects of immigrant background

School absenteeism is a serious problem among very-low-income students, with long-term consequences for well-being. Unfortunately, most acknowledged risk factors are difficult to modify through school-based interventions. However it is possible to hypothesize a link of school absenteeism with self-efficacy beliefs. The present two-wave study investigated the cross-lagged and bidirectional associations between school absenteeism and different domains of self-efficacy, among 242 very-low-income preadolescents and adolescents living in Italy (Mage = 12.76; SDage = 2.37; 42.6% female; 19% immigrants; T1-T2 attrition rate of 18.8%; response rate of 79.1%). All participants were certified as living below the poverty line. Self-report questionnaires were administered in after-school educational centers for disadvantaged students. The results showed a bidirectional negative relationship between school absenteeism and resistive self-efficacy, and a negative relationship from school absenteeism to emotional self-efficacy. Moreover, academic self-efficacy turned out to be a negative predictor of school absenteeism only for immigrants. Implications for prevention, intervention, and future research are discussed.

Workaholism and the Enactment of Bullying Behavior at Work: A Prospective Analysis.

Despite the fact that workaholism and workplace aggressive behavior share many correlates, such as neuroticism, hostility, and negative affectivity, little is known about their relationship, with most evidence on both phenomena coming from cross-sectional studies. In the present study, we contributed to a better understanding of the antecedents of enacted workplace bullying behavior (i.e., perpetration of bullying), and the potential interpersonal implications of workaholism, by investigating their cross-lagged relationship. Data from a two-wave one-year panel study conducted with 235 employees in a national healthcare service organization showed substantial cross-sectional and cross-lagged positive relationships between workaholism and enacted workplace bullying. Whereas Time 1 workaholism was a significant predictor of Time 2 enacted workplace bullying, reversed causation was not supported. To shed light on the role of a potential mechanism explaining the link between workaholism and enactment of bullying, we examined whether job-related negative affect (e.g., anger) mediated their longitudinal relationship. However, whereas increased negative affect from T1 to T2 was positively associated with T2 enacted workplace bullying, the relationship between T1 workaholism and increased job-related negative affect was not significant, contrary to the hypothesized mediation. Taken together, our findings suggest that workaholism may be an important antecedent of enacted workplace bullying. Study limitations and future perspectives are discussed.

Young Adults’ Self-Regulatory Responses to Positive Career Goal Discrepancies: Testing Cross-Lagged Relationships

Researchers have assessed young people’s outcomes when they do not meet their career goals, but little is known about the consequences when they do better than expected (positive discrepancies). We (a) tested the cross-lagged relationships between positive career goal discrepancies and the career-related outcomes of upward goal revision, career exploration, and career coasting, and (b) assessed the indirect relationships between positive career goal discrepancy and outcomes through self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Using a sample of 314 young adults (76% female, Mage 19.13 years), we found that the standard causation model was the most parsimonious. Positive discrepancies predicted more upward goal revision and exploration and less coasting after a 6-month time lag, both directly and indirectly through outcome expectations. The findings highlight the importance of positive career goal appraisals in career goal-setting, exploration, management and clarify the roles of agency (self-efficacy and outcome expectations) as explanatory mechanisms in these relationships.

Teachers' enthusiasm and humor and its' lagged relationships with students' enjoyment and boredom - A latent trait-state-approach

Following Pekrun's (2006) control-value theory of achievement emotions, we investigated carry-over effects and cross-lagged relationships between student-perceived teacher enthusiasm and humor and students' enjoyment and boredom both within and between university lectures. We used a latent state-trait approach to acknowledge the role of situational factors in this relationship. Data were collected from 559 university students (76% female, mean age 21.6 years) from seven different lecture courses. We assessed students' self-reported emotions and student-perceived teacher enthusiasm and content-related humor over a period of four lectures at three random points during each lecture course. The analyses revealed that all variables were influenced by previous measures within lectures; however, between lectures, only previous enjoyment and humor influenced the subsequent measure. When students experienced boredom, they perceived less teacher enthusiasm and humor. On the other hand, perceived teacher humor positively affected enjoyment within lectures.

Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study

AimWe investigated longitudinal relations between individual willingness to undergo vaccination against COVID-19 and three social factors: conspiracy mentality, prosociality, and authoritarianism. MethodThis longitudinal study comprised four measurement points. The first wave sample included 1130 responses and was representative of the Polish population in terms of gender, age, and place of residence. Analyses were performed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models. ResultsWe observed bidirectional positive cross-lagged relationships between prosociality and willingness to undergo vaccination in the first three waves of measurement. Authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality translated into a lower willingness to vaccinate between the third and fourth points of measurement when the vaccination became a near-term possibility. ConclusionsEliciting prosocial motivation to vaccinate can be paramount in overcoming vaccine hesitancy. Because conspiracy thinking may be a crucial barrier to willingness to be vaccinated, it is critical to focus on planning interventions and campaigns undermining conspiracy theories about COVID-19.

Cross-lagged relations between vocabulary and word reading in multi-scripts

Cross-lagged relations between vocabulary and word reading in multi-scripts

An Analysis of the Multidimensional Structure of Job Crafting for Older Workers With a Managerial Role

AbstractJob crafting has often been conceptualized as a higher-order construct composed of 3 dimensions: seeking resources, seeking challenges, and reducing demands. However, recent advances in job crafting studies have questioned the composition of its multidimensional structure. Furthermore, job crafting has been widely studied in age-diverse samples of workers, but not properly studied among older workers. In this article, we investigate the multidimensional structure of job crafting in 2 samples of older workers with a managerial role. In Study 1, in a cross-sectional sample (1,020 school superintendents, Mage = 57.27, SDage = 5.15) using a series of competing factorial analytic models (CFA, ESEM, bifactor-CFA, bifactor-ESEM), we demonstrated that reducing demands did not show significant relationships with the other 2 dimensions (at both the item and latent levels). In Study 2, a longitudinal study (350 school superintendents, Mage = 56.54, SDage = 5.11, Wave = 2, lag = 10 months), we further supported the structural results obtained in Study 1; furthermore, using a factorial cross-lagged panel model with 2 widely-accepted correlated constructs of job crafting (i.e., work engagement and emotional exhaustion), we again supported the independent nature of the reducing demands dimension, and we also showed the importance of seeking challenges. Indeed, the latter was a significant longitudinal predictor of work engagement, while all the other cross-lagged relationships were nonsignificant. Overall, our studies pose new questions about the structure of job crafting in older-worker populations.

Longitudinal assessment of the common sense model before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large coeliac disease cohort study

ObjectivePsychosocial factors likely play a substantial role in the well-being of those living with coeliac disease, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, little research has examined well-being in this cohort using an integrated socio-cognitive model. This study had two aims: (1) Examine changes in gastrointestinal symptoms, psychosocial factors, and well-being outcomes (i.e., psychological distress, quality of life [QoL]) associated with the pandemic, (2) Examine the interrelationship of these variables across timepoints using the Common Sense Model (CSM). Methods1697 adults with coeliac disease (Time 1, pre-pandemic; 83.1% female, mean age = 55.8, SD = 15.0 years) and 674 follow-up participants (Time 2, pandemic; 82.8% female, mean age = 57.0, SD = 14.4 years) completed an online questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using repeated measures MANOVA and cross-lagged panel model analyses. ResultsParticipants reported improved QoL, and reduced gastrointestinal symptoms, negative illness perceptions and maladaptive coping from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic. There was no significant change in pain catastrophising or psychological distress. Cross-lagged effects showed gastrointestinal symptoms to predict negative illness perceptions, which in turn were predictive of poorer outcomes across all variables except pain catastrophising. Consistent with the CSM, there was a reciprocal relationship between illness perceptions and QoL over time. Maladaptive coping and pain catastrophising demonstrated limited predictive utility. ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic appears to have had a small beneficial effect across several indices of well-being among adults with coeliac disease. Cross-lagged relationships highlight illness perceptions as a predictor of well-being outcomes and a potential target for psychosocial interventions.

Cross-lagged Relationships Between Depressive Symptoms and Altered Default Mode Network Connectivity Over the Course of Adolescence

BackgroundAlthough the peak onset of depressive symptoms occurs during adolescence, very few studies have directly examined depression-related changes in resting-state (RS) default mode network activity during adolescence, controlling for potential neural markers of risk. MethodsThis study used data from a longitudinal adolescent cohort to investigate age-specific, persistent (i.e., lagged), and dynamic associations between RS functional connectivity within the default mode network and depressive symptoms during adolescence using a random intercept cross-lagged panel framework. The Neuroventure sample consisted of 151 adolescents ages 12–14 at study entry without any neurological illness who were assessed three times during a 5-year follow-up with 97% follow-up across the three assessments. Depressive symptoms were measured using the depression subscale of the Brief Symptoms Inventory. RS functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected using a 3T Siemens Magnetom Trio scanner in a single 6-minute sequence. ResultsAfter controlling for relationships between random intercepts, future depression risk was predicted by RS couplings in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (β = −0.69, p = .014) and in the left inferior parietal lobule and anterior superior frontal gyrus (β = −0.43, p = .035). Increases in depressive symptoms at previous time points significantly predicted changes in functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus and posterior middle temporal gyrus (β = 0.37, p = .039) and between the dorsal precuneus and posterior middle temporal gyrus (β = 0.47, p = .036). ConclusionsThis study was able to disassociate the RS brain markers of depression from those that appear to follow early-onset depression.