Cross-lagged Analyses Research Articles

Longitudinal Links Between Parental Failure Mindsets, Helicopter Parenting, and Fixed Mindset of Intelligence in Adolescents.

Evidence for the prospective associations among parental failure mindset, helicopter parenting, and children's intelligence mindset is lacking. This three-wave longitudinal study (12 months apart between waves) addressed this research gap by testing whether perceived maternal helicopter parenting mediated the link between perceived maternal failure mindset and intelligence mindset. Participants included 525 Chinese adolescents (47.2% girls, Mage = 15.41 years, SD = 0.22). Random-intercept cross-lagged analysis suggests that mothers with stronger failure-is-debilitating mindsets are more likely to engage in helicopter parenting, which may in turn contribute to stronger endorsements of a fixed mindset of intelligence in their adolescent children. The relation between maternal helicopter parenting and children's intelligence mindset appeared to be reciprocal, i.e., children's fixed mindset may elicit more helicopter parenting over time.

Perceptions of Peer and Teacher Goals Predict Academic Achievement Goals among Adolescents

Achievement goals are associated with varied students’ outcomes, such as academic achievement and well-being. Exploring factors shaping adolescents’ achievement goals, such as perceptions of significant others’ goals, may benefit efforts to advance positive student outcomes. Prior research focuses on perceived teacher goals and considerably less on perceived peer goals. Even rarer are studies of variation in teachers’ and peers’ achievement goals over time. High-school students (N = 588; 53% female) completed questionnaires regarding their achievement goals and perceived teacher and peer goals, twice, six months apart. Cross-lagged analyses indicated that perceived teachers’ mastery goals predicted increased student mastery goals and perceived teachers’ performance goals predicted decreased student mastery goals. Perceived peer mastery goals predicted decreased performance goals and perceived peers’ performance goals predicted increased students’ performance goals. Half-longitudinal mediation analyses revealed that perceived peer mastery goals mediated the relationship between perceived peer performance goals and achievement goals. Results demonstrate that teacher and peer perceived goals predict changes in students’ achievement goals differently. Awareness of class motivational dynamics and adaptation of classroom practice to encourage a group climate of peer mastery goals among students, alongside emphasizing mastery goals for individual students, will likely help promote beneficial achievement goals in students.

Effects of relative deprivation on change in displaced aggression and the underlying motivation mechanism: A three-wave cross-lagged analysis.

Displaced aggression refers to pernicious acts against innocent people. To date, little is known about mechanisms underlying dynamic changes in displaced aggression. The present study constructed a cross-lagged model to examine the dynamic effects of relative deprivation on displaced aggression and the mediation mechanisms underlying these effects. A total of 1130 undergraduate students participated in this three-wave longitudinal study. The results showed that relative deprivation predicted changes in displaced aggression through concurrent changes in levels of hostile attribution bias and moral disengagement. Hostile attribution bias and moral disengagement could predict each other longitudinally. The relationships between relative deprivation and displaced aggression, and relative deprivation and hostile attribution bias were mutual. This multiple mediation model with two mutually predicting mediators was explained from the aggressive motivation perspective. The findings help inform aggression theories and have implications for the prevention of and interventions against displaced aggression.

The Impact of Long-Term Online Learning on Internet Addiction Symptoms among Depressed Secondary School Students: Insights from a Cross-Panel Network Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the shift to online learning have increased the risk of Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents, especially those who are depressed. This study aims to identify the core symptoms of IA among depressed adolescents using a cross-lagged panel network framework, offering a fresh perspective on understanding the interconnectedness of IA symptoms. Participants completed the Internet addiction test and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A total of 2415 students were initially included, and after matching, only 342 students (a cutoff score of 8) were retained for the final data analysis. A cross-lagged panel network analysis was conducted to examine the autoregressive and cross-lagged trajectories of IA symptoms over time. The incidence rate of depression rose remarkably from 14.16% (N = 342) to 17.64% (N = 426) after the four-month online learning. The symptom of "Anticipation" exhibited the highest out-expected influence within the IA network, followed by "Stay online longer" and "Job performance or productivity suffer". Regarding the symptom network of depression, "Job performance or productivity suffer" had the highest in-expected influence, followed by "Life boring and empty", "Snap or act annoyed if bothered", "Check email/SNS before doing things", and "School grades suffer". No significant differences were found in global network strength and network structure between waves 1 and 2. These findings prove the negative effects of online learning on secondary students' mental health and have important implications for developing more effective interventions and policies to mitigate IA levels among depressed adolescents undergoing online learning.

Parental Career Expectation Predicts Adolescent Career Development Through Career-Related Parenting Practice: Transactional Dynamics Across High School Years

The potential mediating role of career-related parenting practice in the association between parental career expectation and adolescents’ career development remains understudied, especially the likely transactional dynamics inherent within such links. This study utilized three-annual-wave data from 3196 Chinese adolescents across the high school years ( Mage = 15.55 years old, SD = .44; 52.8% girls at Wave 1) to address such gaps. Results of cross-lagged structural equational modeling analyses demonstrated reciprocal associations between parental career expectation and career adaptability consistently across three high school years; and career-related parental support served as a mediator in such associations, net of a series of covariates. However, no associations of career ambivalence with parental career expectation across the high school years emerged. Such findings highlighted the dynamic nature of the associations among parental career expectation, career-related parenting practice, and adolescents’ career developmental outcomes. Implications for future research and practice were discussed.

The longitudinal effects of maternal parenting practices on children’s body mass index z-scores are lagged and differential

BackgroundThe longitudinal relation between parenting practices and styles with children’s body mass index z-scores (zBMI) is poorly understood. Previous studies suggest the relationship may be complex, but small samples and short follow-ups diminish the strength of the evidence. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether the relationship is bidirectional, time-varying, and lagged using data from a large, representative birth cohort of Quebec children.MethodsData were from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD), a prospective birth cohort (n = 1,602). The mothers’ interactions with their children (at ages 6, 8, 10, and 12 years) were utilized in factor analysis to identify three latent parenting practices (disciplinarian, lenient, and responsive). The parenting practices were analyzed with K-means clustering to identify the parenting styles. The temporal and bidirectional relationships were assessed in a cross-lagged path analysis using a structural equation modelling framework. Mixed models controlling for age, sex, income, mother’s education, and whether the participant was first-born were estimated. Missing data were handled with full information maximum likelihood.ResultsFrom the linear mixed models, greater lenient and responsive parenting practices were associated with higher zBMI (B = 0.03, p < 0.05) two years later. However, there was no evidence that the relationship was bidirectional nor that parenting style was predictive of children’s zBMI.ConclusionWhile mothers’ parenting practices were unaffected by their children’s zBMI, parental practices were predictive of future zBMI among their prepubertal children. More in-depth exploration of parenting practices and their potential impact on pediatric weight is needed.

The impact of insomnia on anxiety and depression: a longitudinal study of non-clinical young Chinese adult males

Insomnia, anxiety, and depression commonly co-occured and were closely related. Most of the prior studies were cross-sectional, with a poor ability to infer causality. Longitudinal study was needed to classify the relationships. The present study conducted a longitudinal study of non-clinical young Chinese males to investigate whether insomnia predicted the likelihood of future anxiety and depression, and vice versa. Convenient sampling method was applied, and 288 participants was recruited from Shanghai in October 2017 with Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). 120 of them were re-tested in June 2018. The drop-out rate was 58.33%. Correlation analyses and cross-lagged analysis showed that AIS global score was significantly positively related with scores of depression and anxiety at baseline and follow-up. Insomnia was a predictive factor of anxiety, but it can’t predict depression. In sum, insomnia may be an important cause of anxiety, while no predictive relationship was found between insomnia and depression.

A cross-lagged panel model analysis between academics’ conceptions of teaching and their teaching approaches

ABSTRACT Academics’ conceptions of teaching (ACTs) and academics’ teaching approaches (ATAs) are essential factors in informing academics’ teaching behaviors. However, empirical evidence from longitudinal research exploring the causal link between ACTs and ATAs is lacking. In the current study, we employed a cross-lagged panel model approach in three waves to assess four hypotheses (i.e. stability, causal, reversed, and reciprocal models) concerning the causal association between ACTs and ATAs. For the data collection from 115 academics (60.9% female), we used the Conceptions of Teaching and Learning and the Revised Approaches to Teaching Inventory. Our findings indicated that ATAs were a causal predictor of ACTs, not vice-versa, regardless of participants’ gender and teaching responsibilities. Specific ATAs (i.e. student-centered or teacher-centered) predicted complementary ACTs in time. Our results reveal that conceptual changes in academics can be possible after observing the positive effects of a specific teaching method on student learning. Therefore, academic developers should help academics (especially novice teachers) accurately distinguish student-centered from teacher-centered teaching behaviors and learn how to apply specific student-centered teaching methods in conjunction with self-reflective techniques. More empirical longitudinal studies with sound designs are needed to understand better the multi-directional nature and influence between ACTs and ATAs over time.

The direction of the relation between oral communicative competence and social preference in early childhood classrooms, and the role of dialogic classroom talk

ObjectiveThe present study investigated the direction of the relation between oral communicative competence and social preference in early childhood classrooms. Additionally, we explored the role of dialogic classroom talk in this relation. MethodsN = 311 children (aged four to seven) participated. Oral communicative competence was measured with the Nijmegen Test for Pragmatics and social preference was assessed with a peer nomination method (both constructs measured at two timepoints). ResultsOutcomes of cross-lagged analyses demonstrated a directional link from social preference to oral communicative competence, but not the other way around. There were no differences in the relation between the two constructs between classrooms in which dialogic classroom talk was implemented and classrooms in which it was not. ConclusionThis study seems to indicate the importance of children's social preference for developing adequate communicative abilities.

The bidirectional relationship between chronic joint pain and frailty: data from the Investigating Musculoskeletal Health and Wellbeing cohort

BackgroundPain and frailty are associated, but this relationship is insufficiently understood. We aimed to test whether there is a unidirectional or bidirectional relationship between joint pain and frailty.MethodsData were from Investigating Musculoskeletal Health and Wellbeing, a UK-based cohort. Average joint pain severity over the previous month was assessed using an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS). Frailty was classified as present/absent using the FRAIL questionnaire. Multivariable regression assessed the association between joint pain and frailty, adjusted for age, sex, and BMI class. Two-wave cross-lagged path modelling permitted simultaneous exploration of plausible causal pathways between pain intensity and frailty at baseline and 1-year. Transitions were assessed using t-tests.ResultsOne thousand one hundred seventy-nine participants were studied, 53% female, with a median age of 73 (range 60 to 95) years. FRAIL classified 176 (15%) participants as frail at baseline. Mean (SD) baseline pain score was 5.2 (2.5). Pain NRS ≥ 4 was observed in 172 (99%) of frail participants.Pain severity was associated with frailty at baseline (aOR 1.72 (95%CI 1.56 to 1.92)). In cross-lagged path analysis, higher baseline pain predicted 1-year frailty [β = 0.25, (95%CI 0.14 to 0.36), p < 0.001] and baseline frailty predicted higher 1-year pain [β = 0.06, (95%CI 0.003 to 0.11), p = 0.040]. Participants transitioning to frailty over one year had higher mean pain scores (6.4 (95%CI 5.8 to 7.1)) at baseline than those who remained non-frail (4.7 (95%CI 4.5 to 4.8)), p < 0.001.ConclusionsThe bidirectional relationship between pain and frailty could lead to a vicious cycle in which each accelerates the other’s progression. This justifies attempts to prevent frailty by addressing pain and to include pain measures as an outcome in frailty studies.

Harsh Fathering Longitudinally Predicts Adolescents’ Internet Gaming Addiction via Unfulfilled Psychological Need

Using a three-wave longitudinal design with 1-year intervals, the present study examined whether adolescents suffering from harsh fathering were more likely to develop Internet gaming addiction because of their unfulfilled psychological needs. A sample of 907 adolescent students from two junior high schools participated (aged from 12 to 16 years, M = 13.14 years, SD = 0.87). Cross-lagged mediational analyses indicated that harsh fathering negatively predicted adolescents’ psychological need satisfaction, which further negatively predicted their Internet gaming addiction. Moreover, the predictive relations from harsh fathering to adolescents’ Internet gaming addiction via their psychological need satisfaction were only existent for male but not female adolescents. However, Internet gaming addiction could not longitudinally predict adolescents’ psychological need fulfillment. These findings add to current insights on the bi-directional relations among harsh parent, adolescents’ psychological need and their Internet gaming behaviors.

Stressful life events and relapse of psychosis: analysis of causal association in a 2-year prospective observational cohort of individuals with first-episode psychosis in the UK

Despite accumulating evidence of an association between stressful life events and psychosis relapse, the extent to which this is a causal relationship remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association between exposure to, and number of, stressful life events after initial psychosis onset and psychosis relapse. In this 2-year prospective observational study, we recruited individuals with first-episode psychosis, aged 18-65 years, who presented to psychiatric services in south London, UK. Participants were assessed via interview, with additional data obtained from electronic clinical records. Stressful life events were recorded at psychosis onset and during the 2-year follow-up using a brief questionnaire that assesses 12 major life events. Psychosis relapse was defined as inpatient admission because of symptom exacerbation within 2 years from psychosis onset. We examined the time to first psychosis relapse and the number and length of relapses using survival and binomial regression analyses. We used fixed-effects regression and cross-lagged path analysis to examine the directionality of effects and control for unmeasured confounders. Between April 12, 2002, and July 26, 2013, 256 individuals with first-episode psychosis (100 [39%] female and 156 [61%] male; 16 [6%] Asian, 140 [55%] Black African or Caribbean, 86 [34%] White, and 14 [6%] mixed ethnicity) were recruited, with a mean age of onset of psychosis of 28·06 years (SD 8·03; range 17·21-56·03). 93 (36%) participants experienced at least one relapse during the 2-year follow-up. 253 individuals had all relevant data and were included in analyses. For people exposed to stressful life events after the onset of psychosis, the adjusted hazard (hazard ratio [HR] 2·60, 95% CI 1·63-4·16, p<0·0001), incidence (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1·87, 1·24-2·80, p=0·0026), and length (IRR 2·53, 1·40-4·67, p=0·0011) of relapse were greater than for those who were unexposed. These relationships were dose dependent (HR 1·36; 1·09-1·69, p=0·0054; incidence IRR 1·26, 1·02-1·53, p=0·023; length IRR 1·52, 1·12-2·12, p=0·0028). Adjusted fixed-effects models showed a higher (odds ratio [OR] 3·82, 1·82-8·00, p=0·0004) and dose-dependent (OR 1·62, 1·18-2·21, p=0·0028) risk of relapse when stressful life events preceded relapse compared with the period when they did not. Cross-lagged path analysis confirmed an effect of stressful life events on the number of subsequent relapses (β=0·66, p=0·0055) that was dose dependent (β=0·29, p=0·029), but it did not show an effect of relapses on subsequent risk or number of stressful life events. These results provide converging evidence of a causal effect of stressful life events on the risk of relapse in psychosis. They suggest that there is a need to develop interventions at the individual and health-service level that could mitigate the harmful effects of stressful life events. National Institute for Health Research, UK.

Longitudinal associations between COVID-19 burnout and mindfulness among counsellor candidates: a two-wave cross-lagged study

ABSTRACT Despite the growing body of cross-sectional research linking burnout and mindfulness, hardly any research has investigated the longitudinal relationship between these two constructs during the pandemic. The purpose of this research was to examine the bidirectional association between COVID-19 burnout and mindfulness in counsellor candidates. We employed a two-wave longitudinal design among Turkish counsellor candidates (M = 21.10, SD = 2.10). They completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and the COVID-19 Burnout Scale. The cross-lagged analyses showed that COVID-19 burnout predicted longitudinal decreases in mindfulness. On the contrary, mindfulness did not predict changes in counsellor candidates’ COVID-19 burnout. These findings highlight the importance of targeting COVID-19 burnout in increasing mindfulness over the long-term.

ICT, Gender Inequality, and Income Inequality: A Panel Data Analysis Across Countries.

ICT has been long recognized as a driver of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study examines the relationship between ICT, gender (in)equality (SDG 5), and income inequality (SDG 10). We conceptualize ICT as an institutional actor and use the Capabilities Approach to theorize the relationships between ICT, gender inequality and income inequality. This study uses publicly available archival data to conduct a cross-lagged panel analysis of 86 countries from 2013 to 2016. The key contributions of the study include the establishment of the relationship between (a) ICT and gender inequality and (b) gender inequality and income inequality. We also make methodological contributions to the field by employing cross-lagged panel data analysis to further our understanding of the links between ICT, gender equality, and income inequality over time. Our findings have implications for both research and practice, which are discussed.

Disentangling the Effects of Mindfulness, Savoring, and Depressive Symptoms among Emerging Adults.

The links between mindfulness, savoring positive experiences, and depressive symptoms have been well established in the literature. Nevertheless, little has been done to disentangle the prospective relations among these constructs. Clarifying the longitudinal relations is crucial, as it enables researchers and practitioners to discern potential trajectories of mental health interventions. In this study, 180 emerging adults between 18 and 27 years old were recruited twice at 3 months apart to complete self-reported measures including mindfulness, savoring positive experiences, and depressive symptoms. Cross-lagged path analysis indicated that savoring the moment was predictive of mindfulness three months later, whereas depressive symptoms were predictive of both mindfulness and savoring the moment three months later, above and beyond the effects of age, gender, and family income. Additionally, mindfulness, savoring positive experiences, and depressive symptoms were significantly correlated at baseline. The present study evidenced short-term inverse effects of depressive symptoms on mindfulness and savoring the moment, as well as a positive effect of savoring the moment on mindfulness. Hence, interventions geared towards reducing symptoms of depression are likely to carry concurrent and prospective benefits for psychological functioning, namely the ability to be present in the moment and to savor.

Depression mediates the relationship of experiential avoidance and internet addiction: a cross-lagged mediation analysis.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04511-6.

The reciprocal relations among self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: a three-wave cross-lagged study

Background Previous cross-sectional studies have examined the relationship between self-compassion, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and post-traumatic growth (PTG). But no study has tested whether self-compassion is a cause or a consequence of PTSD, PTG, or both. Aims The cross-lag analysis was used to examine the reciprocal effects among self-compassion, PTSD, and PTG. Method We used data from 244 adolescents who had experienced earthquakes. We assessed self-compassion, PTSD, and PTG via self-report measures after the earthquake in Jiuzhaigou, as well as 6 and 12 months later. Results Cross-lagged analyses indicated that positive self-compassion could significantly predict subsequent PTSD and PTG. Meanwhile, PTSD and PTG also predicted later positive self-compassion. Negative self-compassion at T1 increased PTSD at T2, and neither PTSD nor PTG significantly predicted subsequent negative self-compassion. In addition, negative self-compassion at T1 significantly predicted positive self-compassion at T2, while positive self-compassion at T2 significantly predicted negative self-compassion at T3. Conclusions Positive self-compassion is a protective factor of post-traumatic psychological response, and it is maintained for a long time, while negative self-compassion may aggravate the negative psychological outcomes of adolescents in the early stage of experiencing traumatic events. In addition, positive and negative self-compassion can influence each other over time.

The effect of problematic smartphone use on school engagement and disengagement among middle school students: The mediating role of academic procrastination and sleep quality.

Although a few research have tried to explore the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and school engagement, most of them are limited to relatively simple correlation, and the mechanism needs to be further explored. This research focused on the relationship between PSU and school engagement/disengagement, and intended to verify two mediation paths. We conducted two studies in 2019 at a middle school in China. 289 students (44.6% girls), aged 11-18 (Mage = 13.25, standard deviation [SD] = 1.73), participated in Study 1, a longitudinal cross-lag analysis intend to verify the relationship between PSU and school engagement/disengagement. Using a separate sample, Study 2 explored the mediating roles of academic procrastination and sleep quality. Four hundred thirty-two students aged 11-19 (42.1% girls, Mage = 16.11, SD = 1.56) participated in this cross-sectional study. In both studies, all participants completed self-report measures in classrooms during regular school hours. In Study 1, the results showed that PSU (T1) could significantly predict school engagement/disengagement (T2), but school engagement/disengagement (T1) could not predict PSU (T2). In Study 2, we found that academic procrastination could mediate the effect of PSU on school engagement, and sleep quality could mediate the effect of PSU on both school engagement and disengagement. Results highlighted that the school engagement/disengagement of adolescents can be influenced by PSU through several different ways, through which we can protect adolescents from the negative effects of PSU.

Time-variant destination lifecycle model and the coactive development process

ABSTRACT The central tenet of the tourism-area lifecycle (TALC) rests on the idea of change. This paper utilized latent-growth curve modelling (LGCM) to synthesize a time-variant lifecycle model that quantifies changes in TALC-based hotel development. We accommodated the model with cross-lagged analysis to draw causal inferences. Based on data collected from 197 economies from UNWTO, findings reveal that the onset and growth rate of hotel development are associated with growth trajectories of tourist arrivals and overnight stays, which are subsequently associated with the growth trajectory of travel expenditure. A reciprocal influence between hotel development and tourist arrivals is also evident, suggesting a coevolutionary process underpinning TALC. This study adds to the nascent concept of multiplicity tourism-area lifecycles to denote an intricate web of linkages among different lifecycle traits of a destination. It improvises the concept of coactive development and paves the way for destination coevolution to articulate evolutionary interactions between tourists and tourism operators through reciprocal changes.

The Reciprocal Relationship of Physical Capacity and Mental Health: A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model Analysis

ABSTRACT This study investigates the mutual influence of mental health and physical capacity in older adults, considering potential gender differences. Data from 7,504 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+ from the NHATS 2011-2015 surveys were analyzed using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model in Mplus. Results revealed moderate within-person effects of physical capacity on mental health (βt12 = -.19, βt23 = -.32, βt34 = -.42, βt45 = -.40), while the reverse relationship showed smaller effects (βt12 = -.02, βt23 = -.03, βt34 = -.03, βt45 = -.02). Gender differences emerged, with the influence of mental health on physical capacity being significant in men but not women. Additionally, correlations between changes in physical capacity and mental health were stronger for men. Lastly, lagged effects of physical capacity on mental health were notably stronger than the reverse. The findings suggest that enhancing physical capacity may alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms in older adults, particularly men.