Cross-interaction Effect Research Articles

Cross-Interaction Study of Cu/Sn/Pd and Ni/Sn/Pd Sandwich Solder Joint Structures

Cross-interactions between Cu/Sn/Pd and Ni/Sn/Pd sandwich structures were investigated in this work. For the Cu/Sn/Pd case, the growth behavior and morphology of the interfacial (Pd,Cu)Sn4 compound layer was very similar to that of the single Pd/Sn interfacial reaction. This indicates that the growth of the (Pd,Cu)Sn4 layer at the Sn/Pd interface would not be affected by the opposite Cu/Sn interfacial reaction. We can conclude that there is no cross-interaction effect between the two interfacial reactions in the Cu/Sn/Pd sandwich structure. For the Ni/Sn/Pd case, we observed that: (1) after 300 s of reflow time, the (Pd,Ni)Sn4 compound heterogeneously nucleated on the Ni3Sn4 compound layer at the Sn/Ni interface; (2) the growth of the interfacial PdSn4 compound layer was greatly suppressed by the formation of the (Pd,Ni)Sn4 compound at the Sn/Ni interface. We believe that this suppression of PdSn4 growth is caused by heterogeneous nucleation of the (Pd,Ni)Sn4 compound in the Ni3Sn4 compound layer, which decreases the free energy of the entire sandwich reaction system. The difference in the chemical potential of Pd in the PdSn4 phase at the Pd/Sn interface and in the (Pd,Ni)Sn4 phase at the Sn/Ni interface is the driving force for the Pd atomic flux across the molten Sn. The diffusion of Ni into the ternary (Pd,Ni)Sn4 compound layer controls the Pd atomic flux across the molten Sn and the growth of the ternary (Pd,Ni)Sn4 compound at the Sn/Ni interface.

The substituent effect on the UV energy of 4,4′‐disubstituted benzylideneanilines

In this paper, 72 samples of disubstituted benzylideneanilines were all synthesized, and their UV data were measured in anhydrous ethanol. In the study on the UV energy of the titled compounds with single substituent changed, for the effect of the aniline substituent Y on the UV wavenumbers, its UV data can be correlated with a dual‐parameter equation; for the effect of benzylidene substituent X on the UV data, its UV energy can be correlated with a single‐parameter equation (Y is an electron‐withdrawing group and H) or a dual‐parameter equation (Y is an electron‐donating group). In the study on the UV energy of model compounds with double substituents changed, a correlation equation between the UV absorption wavenumbers and substituent constants and σp, was obtained. For 72 samples of 4,4′‐disubstituted benzylideneanilines, the correlation coefficient was 0.9876, and the standard deviation s was only 358.46 cm–1. The equation can be used to predict well the UV energy of BA derivatives. It was found that Δσ2 is a better parameter than σXY to scale the substituent cross‐interaction effect on the UV wavenumbers of benzylideneanilines molecules. The results implied that the law of substituent effect on the UV energy of titled compounds is different from that of substituted stilbenes, and it is helpful to understand the effect of substituent effects on the chemical and physical properties of conjugated compounds with an imine bridging group (C = N) or a nonplanar parent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Micronization of Fluticasone Propionate using Supercritical Antisolvent (SAS) Process

AbstractThe micronization of an asthma active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluticasone propionate, using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was investigated in this study. The most commonly used supercritical carbon dioxide was employed as the antisolvent. The effects of five process parameters, including operating temperature, operating pressure, solution flow rate, solution concentration, and nozzle diameter, were compared and discussed. The physical properties of micronized fluticasone propionate were examined by the particle size analyzer, the scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffractometer. The cross interaction effect of operating temperature and pressure was observed in the SAS treatment of fluticasone propionate and verified by the method of calculated mixture critical point (MCP), using the predictive Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong equation of state. Operation slightly above the MCP was suggested for successful micronization of fluticasone propionate.

Generation of polarization-squeezed light in doped resonant media

The cross-interaction effects for a two-mode light pulse in an optical matrix doped with atoms that are resonant with the light in the presence of two control optical pump pulses (M scheme) have been analyzed. The fundamental possibility of effective generation of polarization-squeezed light in this system at a simultaneous nonlinear amplification of the probe field is shown. The optimal conditions for generating polarization-squeezed light in a doped optical fiber are found for different problem parameters.

Recrystallization of erlotinib hydrochloride and fulvestrant using supercritical antisolvent process

Recrystallization of two anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), erlotinib hydrochloride (erlotinib HCl) and fulvestrant, using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was investigated in this study. The most commonly used supercritical carbon dioxide was employed as the antisolvent. Effect of three process parameters including the operating temperature, pressure and solution flow rate have been studied. Analyses of the recrystallized erlotinib HCl and fulvestrant were examined by SEM, XRD and DSC. Erlotinib HCl was recrystallized from its mean particle size of 20 μm to 2 μm with different crystal habits. Different polymorphs of erlotinib HCl were obtained and confirmed from the XRD and DSC results. The prior art polymorph form A of erlotinib HCl showed enhanced dissolution rate by 3.6 times to its original polymorph form B. Significant particle size reduction was also obtained for fulvestrant. The mean particle size was reduced from its original value of 22 μm to 2 μm with much narrower particle size distribution. The cross-interaction effect between the operating temperature and pressure observed in the SAS treatment of fulvestrant was verified by the method of calculated mixture critical point (MCP). The micronized fulvestrant particles showed consistent polymorph as the original API, but with different crystal habits. It is confirmed that the SAS method is applicable for controlling the crystal properties of two APIs, erlotinib HCl and fulvestrant, which require rigorous control of physical characteristics.

운동형태, 시기, 수준에 따른 중년여성의 신체조성과 체력에 미치는 영향

This experiment has been carried out in "S" city among 30 women in their 40~50s` in groups of 10 of Trained and Beginner in the categories of Aerobic Dance, Aquarobics Dance and Muscular Exercise to analyze the effects of the Body Composition and physical fitness according to Exercise Type (Aerobic Dance/Aquarobics Dance/Muscular Exercise) x Exercise Level (Less than 3 months/More than 3 years) x Exercise Interval (Before/6 weeks/12 weeks) through the 3way repeated ANOVA method. As the result, the data of Weight, a factor of Body Composition in terms of Interval x Level, and Body Fat, in terms of Interval x Type x Level and Interval x Type, have shown attentive cross-interactive results. The Body Fat has not only shown attentive results in 3-Dimension cross-interactions of Interval x Type x Level but also in 2-Dimension cross-interaction of Interval x Type and Interval x Level as well. Secondly, attentive statistical results were observed in Physical Self-Concept elements of equilibrant and cardiovascular stamina in terms of Interval x Level showed a 2-Dimension cross-interaction effect, along with the results of Muscularity in terms of 3-Dimension cross-in of Interval X Type X Level. In conclusion, experienced group who have been persistently practicing physical exercise had generally high level of body composition, physical fitness. And, inexperienced group with relatively less experience in practicing physical exercise-although they initially showed low level in all aspects of body composition and physical self-concept compared to experienced group-showed gradual improvement as they cectinued to exercise. In other words, although the effect of exercise may not appear for certain period of time after beginning of exercise for middle-aged women, it is considered that persistent exercise for more than 6 weeks has positive effect in the aspects of physical composition and physical fitness.

Micronization of nabumetone using the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process

The micronization of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), nabumetone, using the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process was investigated in this study. Effects of the operation parameters for the RESS process were discussed by design of experiment (DOE) for the extraction temperature ( T ext), extraction pressure ( P ext), pre-expansion temperature ( T pre) and post-expansion temperature ( T post). Results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that post-expansion temperature was the most significant factor, and a lower post-expansion temperature favored the production of smaller particles. In addition, the cross-interaction effect between the extraction pressure and post-expansion temperature was confirmed from the results of ANOVA. Further investigation on the micronization of nabumetone was demonstrated by changing the nozzle diameter ( D n) and spraying distance ( L s). The nabumetone particles were micronized from the original average size of 32.6 μm to the smallest average size of 3.3 μm through the RESS process in this study. This study reports the optimal operation conditions for the micronization of nabumetone. The micronized particles also show a much narrower particle size distribution. Measurements on the dissolution profiles for nabumetone before and after the RESS process were investigated. It is shown that the micronized nabumetone showed dissimilar dissolution behavior compared to the original compound. Its dissolution rate was enhanced by 3.5 times after the RESS process.

Effect of Cross-Interaction between Ni and Cu on Growth Kinetics of Intermetallic Compounds in Ni/Sn/Cu Diffusion Couples during Aging

The solid-state, cross-interaction between the Ni layer on the component side and the Cu pad on the printed circuit board (PCB) side in ball grid array (BGA) solder joints was investigated by employing Ni(15 μm)/Sn(65 μm)/Cu ternary diffusion couples. The ternary diffusion couples were prepared by sequentially electroplating Sn and Ni on a Cu foil and were aged isothermally at 150, 180, and 200°C. The growth of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer on the Ni side was coupled with that on the Cu side by the mass flux across the Sn layer that was caused by the difference in the Ni content between the (Cu1−x Ni x )6Sn5 layer on the Ni side and the (Cu1−y Ni y )6Sn5 layer on the Cu side. As the consequence of the coupling, the growth rate of the (Cu1−x Ni x )6 Sn5 layer on the Ni side was rapidly accelerated by decreasing Sn layer thickness and increasing aging temperature. Owing to the cross-interaction with the top Ni layer, the growth rate of the (Cu1−y Ni y )6Sn5 layer on the Cu side was accelerated at 150°C and 180°C but was retarded at 200°C, while the growth rate of the Cu3Sn layer was always retarded. The growth kinetic model proposed in an attempt to interpret the experimental results was able to reproduce qualitatively all of the important experimental observations pertaining to the growth of the IMC layers in the Ni/Sn/Cu diffusion couple.

DFT study of the substituent cross-interaction effects on the conformation of substituted N-benzylideneanilines – Models of liquid crystal forming compounds: Use of 13C NMR chemical shift of the C [dbnd]N Carbon as a tool to predict the conformation of the molecule

The conformations of N-benzylideneanilines p-X–C 6H 4–CH N–C 6H 4– p-Y (X, Y = NO 2, CN, CF 3, F, Cl, Br, H, Me, OMe, NMe 2) have been studied by B3LYP density functional (DFT) hybrid method in combination with the 6-31G ∗ or 6-311G ∗ split valence basis set. The twist of the plane of the aniline ring with respect to the other part of the molecule ( τ 2) is systematically controlled by substituents X and Y, the effect of Y being larger. The value of the dihedral angle τ 2 correlates nicely with equation τ 2 = ρ F ( Y ) X σ F ( Y ) + ρ R + ( Y ) X σ R + ( Y ) + k X or τ 2 = ρ F ( X ) Y σ F ( X ) + ρ R - ( X ) Y σ R - ( X ) + k Y , respectively, when aniline or benzylidene substituent is varied. ED substituents X diminish the sensitivity of τ 2 to the aniline substituent Y [ ρ F ( Y ) X and ρ R + ( Y ) X ] while ED substituents Y increase the sensitivity of τ 2 to the benzylidene substituent X [ ρ F ( X ) Y and ρ R - ( X ) Y ] . There seems to be two competitive conjugative interactions for the aniline ring π electrons: one with the nitrogen lone pair and one with the C N unit. Substituents X and Y adjust the extent of these interactions and therefore the conformation of the molecule. A good correlation is observed between the dihedral angle τ 2 and the experimental 13C NMR chemical shift of the C N carbon of N-benzylideneanilines in CDCl 3.

Large-scale stochastic hereditary systems under Markovian structural perturbations. Part III. Qualitative analysis

In this final part of the work, the convergence and stability analysis of large-scale stochastic hereditary systems under random structural perturbations is investigated. This is achieved through the development and the utilization of comparison theorems in the context of vector Lyapunov-like functions and decomposition-aggregation method. The byproduct of the investigation suggests that the qualitative properties of decoupled stochastic hereditary subsystems under random structural perturbations are preserved, as long as the self-inhibitory effects of subsystems are larger than cross-interaction effects of the subsystems. Again, it is shown that these properties are affected by hereditary and random structural perturbations effects. It is further shown that the mathematical conditions are algebraically simple, and are robust to the parametric changes. Moreover, the work generates a concept of block quasimonotone nondecreasing property that is useful for the investigation of hierarchic systems. These results are further extended to the integrodifferential equations of Fredholm type.

Substituent Cross-Interaction Effects on the Electronic Character of the CN Bridging Group in Substituted Benzylidene Anilines − Models for Molecular Cores of Mesogenic Compounds. A13C NMR Study and Comparison with Theoretical Results

13C NMR chemical shifts delta(C)(C=N) were measured in CDCl3 for a wide set of mesogenic molecule model compounds, viz. the substituted benzylidene anilines p-X-C6H4CH=NC6H4-p-Y (X = NO2, CN, CF3, F, Cl, H, Me, MeO, or NMe2; Y = NO2, CN, F, Cl, H, Me, MeO, or NMe2). The substituent dependence of delta(C)(C=N) was used as a tool to study electronic substituent effects on the azomethine unit. The benzylidene substituents X have a reverse effect on delta(C)(C=N): electron-withdrawing substituents cause shielding, while electron-donating ones behave oppositely, the inductive effects clearly predominating over the resonance effects. In contrast, the aniline substituents Y exert normal effects: electron-withdrawing substituents cause deshielding, while electron-donating ones cause shielding of the C=N carbon, the strengths of the inductive and resonance effects being closely similar. Additionally, the presence of a specific cross-interaction between X and Y could be verified. The electronic effects of the neighboring aromatic ring substituents systematically modify the sensitivity of the C=N group to the electronic effects of the benzylidene or aniline ring substituents. Electron-withdrawing substituents on the aniline ring decrease the sensitivity of delta(C)(C=N) to the substitution on the benzylidine ring, while electron-donating substituents have the opposite effect. In contrast, electron-withdrawing substituents on the benzylidene ring increase the sensitivity of delta(C)(C=N) to the substituent on the aniline ring, while electron-donating substituents act in the opposite way. These results can be rationalized in terms of the substituent-sensitive balance of the electron delocalization (mesomeric effects). The present NMR characteristics are discussed as regards the computational literature data. Valuable information has been obtained on the effects of the substituents on the molecular core of the mesogenic model compounds.

Cross-interaction of under-bump metallurgy and surface finish in flip-chip solder joints

The cross-interaction of the under-bump metallurgy (UBM)/solder interface and the solder/surface-finish interface in flip-chip solder joints was investigated. In this study, the UBM on the chip side was a single layer of Cu (8.5 µm), and the surface finish on the substrate side was a 0.2-µm Au layer over 5-µm Ni. It was shown that, after two reflows, the Ni layer of the surface finish had been covered with (Cu1−xNix)6Sn5. This shows that the effect of cross-interaction of the two interfaces is important even during the reflow stage. During subsequent solid-state aging at 115°C, 135°C, and 155°C, the formation of (Cu1−xNix)6Sn5 over the Ni layer was found to have the effect of reducing the Ni consumption rate. At the same time, the Cu consumption rate of the UBM was accelerated. The results of this study show that the selection of the UBM and the surface finish has to be considered together because the cross-interaction of the two interfaces plays an important role.

Quantum Hall effects at Landau level crossings

Interesting ferromagnetic characteristics are found in quantum Hall effects when Landau levels (LLs) cross and carrier interaction effects become important at the crossing points. Such LL crossings are studied in bilayer AlGaAs/GaAs systems and silicon quantum wells having a novel valley splitting. Detailed measurements of bilayer ferromagnetism at the LL crossings reveal easy-plane or axis characteristics depending on spin and pseudospin of the crossing states. In the fractional QH regime, interactions between electron and nuclear spins are observed at the crossings of composite-fermion LLs.

The inheritance of vegetative growth traits in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) grown at low temperatures and their relationship to field productivity

The genetic relationship between vegetative growth at low temperatures and productivity was investigated for strawberries grown in controlled and field environments. Genotypes from 20 biparental crosses were grown in controlled environments with 11°, 14°, and 17 °C days, 11 °C nights, and 11-h daylength to simulate a range of winter growing conditions expected in mediterranean environments. Individual plants were scored for two initial runner traits and eight vegetative growth traits. Significant main effects of temperature and cross were detected for all growth chamber traits, and conservative estimates of the broad sense heritability (h(2)) for these traits were 0.10-0.28. None of the temperature x cross interaction effects were significant, suggesting that genetic potential for vegetative growth and vigor is expressed similarly at low and optimal growing temperatures. Highly significant genetic correlations were detected between many growth chamber trait pairs, indicating pleiotropic effects for the genes that condition these traits. Complementary field trials were established, and individual plants were scored for traits that describe yield, production pattern, and plant size. Significant negative genetic correlations were detected between traits that describe growth in the chambers and early production in the field trials, but genetic correlations between chamber growth traits and mid-season or total production were significantly positive and occasionally large. Several of the yield and field growth variables were genetically correlated to initial runner plant traits, suggesting that indirect selection using traits scored in the nursery can be used to improve yield and modify production pattern in the field.