Cross-cultural Validation Research Articles

Patient-reported outcome measures in functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and COSMIN analysis

BackgroundFunctional dyspepsia (FD) as a type of disorders of brain-gut interaction (DBGI), patient self-reporting of its symptoms becomes an important component of clinical outcome assessment. We performed a systematic review using Consensus Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines to identify the best available patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) of FD.MethodsThe study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched four databases with no date limit, looking for previously confirmed PROMs for evaluating FD symptoms. An overall rating was then assigned based upon COSMIN guidelines, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the level of evidence for psychometric properties of included PROMs.ResultsThirty articles covering outcome indicators of 24 patient reports were included. The Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale (LPDS) showed adequate content validity and moderate quality evidence of adequate internal consistency to generate an A recommendation.ConclusionLPDS is currently the most recommended PROM for patient self-reported FD symptoms. However, it fails to assess two important areas of cross-cultural validity/ measurement invariance and measurement error. Future research can be continuously improved on this basis.

Egzersiz için Hedef İçeriği Anketi’nin Türkçe versiyonunun kültürler arası adaptasyonu, güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği

Aim: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ).
 Materials and Methods: A prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out with 100 healthy young individuals. Participants were assessed with GCEQ. One week later, 39 individuals refilled the GCEQ. Reliability was evaluated with the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's α coefficient. Construct validity was determined by correlational and explanatory factor analysis. The cut-off value of GCEQ was discriminated with the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. On the other hand, the minimum detectable change (MDC95) and Standard error of measurement (SEM95) values of the GCEQ were calculated.
 Results: A total of 100 individuals (21.1±2.9 years, 72% female) were included in the study. The alpha coefficient was >0.80 for the total and sub scores (except for the image sub score). On the other hand, all scores were scored above 0.80 in ICC analysis. The SEM95 and MDC95 values of the GCEQ were 4.83 and 13.3, respectively. The GCEQ total score had a correlation coefficient of >0.50 with all other sub scores (r=0.55 to 0.80, p

Moroccan version of the short Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (MTCQ-12)

IntroductionCraving is a key clinical dimension in the assessment and management of substance use disorders. It is also a recognized predictor of relapse in addictology. To date, no scale for measuring tobacco craving is available to Moroccan clinicians. This work proposes a cross-cultural validation of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (TCQ) in its short version. MethodsThis work consists of the creation of a translated version according to a rigorous methodology and the evaluation of its psychometric properties in a statistical study. ResultsThe validation study was done on a sample of 130 smokers with a majority of men (95%). It showed a high acceptability and homogeneity with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82. The four scale factors showed a high discriminant validity. Finally, the scale showed high reproducibility with an inter-observer stability of 0.95 and 0.94 between tests and retests. ConclusionThe Moroccan version of the TCQ-12 scale shows good validity indices for measuring craving in Moroccan smokers and also shows that it measures independently the four clinical dimensions of the scale.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Greek Version of the Fremantle Shoulder Awareness Questionnaire (FreSHAQ-GR) in Patients with Chronic Shoulder Pain.

Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal pathologies. The association of shoulder pain with impaired proprioception and bodily self-awareness called for the cross-cultural adaptation of the Fremantle Shoulder Awareness Questionnaire (FreSHAQ) in Greek. The FreSHAQ is a relatively new self-assessment 9-item scale for impaired somatic awareness in patients with shoulder pain. The study included 100 participants (54 women) between 20 and 80 years old, with chronic shoulder pain (>3 months duration), able to comprehend and speak Greek, and recruited from three private physical therapy practices. The cross-cultural adaptation process was followed to develop the Greek version of the questionnaire (FreSHAQ-GR). Further testing for construct validity via exploratory factor analysis and correlational analysis with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH), the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), a pain intensity visual analog scale (PI-VAS) in the last week, and the demographic characteristics followed. Test-retest reliability of the FreSHAQ-GR in a sub-sample of patients (n = 25) was tested upon repeated completion of the scale after a week and examined with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), the standard error of the measurement (SEM), and the minimum detectable change (MDC) indices. The internal consistency of the scale was also assessed. The factor analysis revealed that the scale comprised one factor relevant to shoulder awareness but with fewer items (first 6 items) than the original FreSHAQ. Additionally, the FreSHAQ-GR (both versions) demonstrated statistically significant correlations (Spearman's r) with participants' age (r = -0.31/-0.29, p < 0.002), the PI-VAS (r = 0.54/0.52, p < 0.001), the SPADI total score and both of its subscales (r = 0.39-0.45/0.34-0.39, p < 0.001), the QuickDASH (r = 0.37/0.34, p < 0.001), and the PCS (r = 0.50/0.40, p < 0.001). The questionnaire's internal consistency (Cronbach's α/McDonald's ω) was 0.833/0.827 for the 9-item and 0.871/0.867 for the 6-item FreSHAQ-GR. Test-retest reliability was excellent for both versions of the FreSHAQ-GR (ICC2,1(95% CI) = 0.97/0.98 (0.91-0.99/0.94-0.99), and with a low error margin (SEM = 1.31/0.94 and MDC95% = 3.63/2.61). Therefore, the FreSHAQ-GR (6-item version) possesses very good measurement properties and can be administered to Greek-speaking patients with chronic shoulder pain.

Evidence for environment hypothesis: Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the composite scale of morningness across Bangladesh and Spain

ABSTRACT Morningness-eveningness reflects individual differences in circadian functioning and is related to health and well-being. Cross-cultural comparison could facilitate understanding of the environmental factors affecting morningness-eveningness, which requires establishing cross-cultural validity of the relevant assessment tools. In this study, we applied the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) to Bangladeshi (n = 1015; 37.9% women) and Spanish (n = 1054; 73.2% women) university students (aged 18–27 years) to evaluate alternative factorial models of the CSM and to test its measurement invariance across cultures. Moreover, this study tested environment hypothesis, suggesting that higher average temperatures and lower latitudes would be related to greater morningness. From nine competing factorial models, a bifactor model with two specific factors (morning preference and morning affect) showed the best fit for both cultures. The two-factor bifactor model had full metric invariance with partial scalar and strict invariance across cultures. The Bangladesh–Spain comparison of the CSM scores revealed higher morningness in Bangladeshi students which supports the environment hypothesis. Overall, this research confirms that morningness-eveningness construct is perceived and interpreted similarly by the Bangladeshi and Spanish students. Importantly, this study highlights the effects of environmental factors including latitude and temperature on morningness-eveningness, and thus facilitates further cross-cultural morningness-eveningness research.

The Super-Short Form of Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Cross-Cultural Validation in China and the United Kingdom

To facilitate future research on career adaptability, this study aims to validate the super-short form of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS-SSF) through two studies across three samples. In Study 1, the full scale is shortened to a 4-item scale based on a Chinese sample (Sample 1, N = 616), considering both reliability and validity. Study 2 aims to validate the 4-item CAAS-SSF across two additional samples: Sample 2 in China ( N = 332) and Sample 3 in the United Kingdom ( N = 317). Results show that the CAAS-SSF demonstrates satisfactory reliability and good fit with the unidimensional model of career adaptability. Furthermore, the super-short scale exhibits acceptable measurement invariance across gender and culture groups. Moreover, criterion-related validity of the CAAS-SSF is supported by its positive correlations with criterions (i.e., job performance, career satisfaction, and occupational self-efficacy) that parallel results of the CAAS and CAAS-Short Form. Overall, the findings support the CAAS-SSF as a reliable and valid representation of the 24-item CAAS. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

The Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Polish Version of the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale Tool

Background. Nursing is considered one of the most stressful occupational groups. Work-related stress is a major health risk for workers worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to continually monitor nurses’ stress levels based on important aspects of nurses’ work identified as stressors. Methods. A total of 331 nurses participated. The cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument was carried out based on six of the seven steps proposed: forward translation of ENSS, comparison of the two translated versions, blind back translation, comparison of the two back-translated versions of ENSS, pilot testing of the prefinal version of ENSS, and full-psychometric testing of the prefinal version of the translated instrument. The reliability of the scales was estimated using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega internal consistency coefficients. Results. The results indicate that each of the distinguished subscales is unique, but at the same time, they are all related to each other as different dimensions of stress. Conclusions. The Polish version of the ENSS tool is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of stress experienced by nurses.

Validity and reliability of the adapted Dutch version of the Brace Questionnaire (BrQ).

The Brace Questionnaire (BrQ) is a disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instrument for measuring perceived health status of scoliosis patients undergoing brace treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of a translated and culturally adapted Dutch version of the BrQ. The original Greek BrQ was translated into Dutch and a cross-cultural adaptation and validation processes were conducted. Subsequently, 80 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients undergoing active brace treatment were included from 4 scoliosis centers to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Dutch version of the BrQ. The questionnaire's floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were assessed. Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing the BrQ with the revised Scoliosis Research Society 22-item questionnaire (SRS-22r) scores. The mean total BrQ score was 75.9 (standard deviation [SD] 11.3) and the mean domain scores varied between 3.4 (SD 0.9) and 4.2 (SD 0.7) for the domains "vitality" and "bodily pain," respectively. There were no floor and ceiling effects for the total BrQ score. The BrQ showed satisfactory internal consistency in most subdomains with a Cronbach's α ranging between 0.35 for the domain "general health perception" and 0.89 for the domain "self-esteem and aesthetics." Excellent test-retest reproducibility was observed for the total BrQ score (ICC 0.91), and the BrQ was successfully validated against the SRS-22r. The translated and culturally adapted Dutch version of the BrQ is a valid and reliable HRQOL instrument for AIS patients undergoing brace treatment.

Factorial validity of the problematic social media use scale among Chinese adults

The Problematic Social Media Use Scale (PSMUS) is a promising self-report measure assessing problematic use of social media among adolescents and adults. However, data concerning its psychometrics are still scant, and adaptation in Eastern cultures is missing.This study aimed to test the factorial structure, internal consistency, and external validity of the Chinese version of the PSMUS in a sample of 672 adults (31% males) aged between 18 and 58.A series of confirmatory factor analyses supported the bifactor structure of the PSMUS, including a general factor and five specific independent components, namely preference for online social interactions, mood regulation, cognitive preoccupation, compulsive use, and negative outcomes. Hierarchical Omega supported the presence of a general factor, and also ancillary indexes suggested that the questionnaire is not strictly unidimensional.Subsequent structural equation modeling testing the incremental contribution of each PSMUS facet in predicting negative emotional states showed that, above and beyond the general factor, only one of the five dimensions (i.e., negative outcomes) significantly links to our criterion measure further support the use of an overall PSMU score. Moreover, results support the external validity of the questionnaire, given its positive association with depression, anxiety, and stress scores.The Chinese version of the PSMUS is a psychometric sound instrument to assess the level of PSMU in adults. Future research may evaluate the cross-cultural validity of the bifactor model and its associations with other assessment methods.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Italian Version of the Spine Functional Index

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Italian Version of the Spine Functional Index

Brazilian version of the CHOP INTEND scale: cross-cultural adaptation and validation.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and impacts motor function. The type I is the most severe presentation and affects infants before 6 months old. In addition, the instruments available for assessing motor function have limitations when applied to infants with neuromuscular diseases and significant muscle weakness. To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND) to Brazilian Portuguese. The present study comprised the translation, synthesis of translations, backtranslation, consolidation by a committee of experts, and test of the final version of the CHOP INTEND in 13 patients with SMA type I. We also assessed the content validity and reliability of the translated version. The scale was translated considering semantic, structural, idiomatic, and cultural aspects. All agreement rates were > 0.8, the overall content validity index of the instrument was 0.98, and inter-rater reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.998. The Brazilian version of the CHOP INTEND met semantic and technical equivalence criteria with the original version and was valid and reliable for patients with SMA type I.

Cross-cultural adaptation and test-retest reliability of the Italian version of the Pediatric Balance Scale in children with typical and atypical development.

Balance disorders in children are complex and disabling. The pediatric balance scale assesses functional balance in the contest of everyday tasks. It is recommended for balance assessment in children. The cross-cultural validation of an assessment instrument allows to assess individuals in the appropriate cultural context. We designed our study with the aim of translating and cross-cultural adapting the Pediatric Balance Scale into Italian, and investigating the reliability of the translated version. Two forward translation of the Pediatric Balance Scale were conducted. Two blind backward translations were subsequently performed. A multidisciplinary group compared the content of the translations with those of the original Pediatric Balance Scale. Ambiguities and discrepancies were amended. To assess conceptual equivalence of the translation, we conducted cognitive debriefing involving physiotherapists, parents, and children. Suggestions for rewording were sought and considered for eventual modification. The Italian Pediatric Balance Scale was administered to 18 children with typical development (age 4.7-7.9 years, female 61.1%, scores 51-56), and to 18 children with atypical development (age 4.9-15.0 years, female 44.4%, scores 38-56). Test-retest reliability (i.e., intrarater and interrater reliability, and agreement between raters) of the scale was assessed by mean of single-rating, absolute-agreement, two-way mixed effects model intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC<inf>3,1</inf>) and the Bland-Altman method. The standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change were subsequently computed. The forward and backward translations showed no substantial differences in content; wording discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The multidisciplinary group proposed some minor changes. Twenty-three physiotherapists, 36 parents, and 36 children participated in cognitive interviewing and further changes were made. Perfect agreement was observed in test-retest reliability assessment of the Italian pediatric balance scale in children with typical development. High reliability (intrarater: ICC<inf>3,1</inf> 0.998, 95% CI 0.994 to 0.999; interrater: ICC<inf>3,1</inf> 0.994, 95% CI 0.984 to 0.998) and agreement among raters (Bland-Altman plots: 89%, 95% CI 67% to 97%, of the data within the 95% CI limits of the bias estimate) were found assessing children with atypical development. Very small standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change values were observed (intrarater: 0.212 and 0.588; interrater: 0.368 and 1.019). The present study provides a translated and cross-culturally adapted Italian version of the Pediatric Balance Scale. The full cross-cultural validity of the tool requires further steps to complete the psychometric testing.

Factor structure and measurement invariance of Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised (Updated) in India.

Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief Revised-Updated (SPQ-BRU) is an easy-to-conduct, theoretically consistent, and psychometrically better measure of schizotypal personality. However, its study is limited to developed countries. Thus, in the present study, we tested the factor structure and measurement invariance of SPQ-BRU in India. A sample of 734 college students was selected from two sites (n = 614 from Muzaffarnagar in western Uttar Pradesh and n = 120 from Guhana in Haryana). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the good fitness of the different models of SPQ-BRU and the measurement invariance across sex and region. The first-order nine-factor model was a better-fit model (among a set of first-order and second-order models), whereas the second-order three-factor model was a more parsimonious good-fit model of SPQ-BRU. The nine-factor model was strongly invariant across sex and region. Women had higher social anxiety, ideas of reference, and lower constricted affect than men. Moreover, the Gohana sample was higher on several schizotypal personality facades than the Muzaffarnagar sample. The present study supported the cross-cultural validity of schizotypal personality and partially established a reliable and valid SPQ-BRU-Hindi language version.

Urdu Translation and Cross-Cultural Validation of Mood Disorder Questionnaire on Patient Engaging in Self-Harm

Objective: to translate Mood Disorder Questionnaire and examine cross-cultural validation and estimate the reliability of the Urdu translated scale.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Foundation University, Rawalpindi , from Jun to Sep 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Forty patients with self-harm, aged 18 to 35 years, were recruited from different Mental Health Departments of Rawalpindi, Multan and Jhelum hospitals. The study was conducted in two phases. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire was translated into Urdu using Brislin 1970 guidelines in Phase-I. In Phase-II, cross-language validation was conducted through test-retest Cronbach alpha reliability estimation and item-total correlations.&#x0D; Results: Current research revealed that the Urdu-Group had higher correlation coefficients (α=0.80) than English-EnglishGroup (α=0.78) with acceptable Cronbach alpha reliabilities ranging between -1 to +1. Moreover, a significant positive item correlation (p&lt;0.01) was found with the Mood Disorder Questionnaire composite score.&#x0D; Conclusion: Current research findings established that the Urdu-translated version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire was reliable and valid in Pakistani culture.

Translation and Validation of Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire in Urdu Language for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Aim: To translate and validate Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) in Urdu language and assess its psychometric properties for cross cultural adaptation. Methods: The Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) was translated into the target language of Urdu by two independent translators, one of whom was familiar with the questionnaire's concept while the other was not, and the two translations were then compared as part of a cross-cultural linguistic validation study. These two initial translations of the questionnaire were blindly reversed, and the results were compared1. The pre-final version of the translated version underwent thorough psychometric testing in a sample of 38 members of the target population (parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis at Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital, Lahore) who satisfied the inclusion requirements. The final version was reviewed by an expert panel. Parents' prior approval was obtained before testing. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha for the Urdu version of CHAQ was calculated as 0.993 after testing on the population showing excellent internal consistency. For test-retest reliability, Pearson correlation ranged from (0.378–0.956).The inter-item correlation of the Urdu version of CHAQ after applying to the targeted population has a mean value of 1.177, a minimum value of 0.056, a maximum value of 4.00, a variance value of 0.723, and a range of 3.944. The scale statistics have a mean value of 103.55, a variance of 1462.37, a standard deviation of 38.241, and a total number of items of 88.The intraclass correlation coefficient ranges from 0.606-0.993. Conclusion: The Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire in Urdu is a screening tool for parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis since it has adequate inter-item correlation values and great internal consistency. Keywords: Childhood Healthcare Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ), Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Reliability, Validity, Cross-cultural adaptation

Translation and Validation of FLACC scale in Urdu Language

Aim: To translate and validate FLACC scale in Urdu language Methods: At the Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital (GTTH), cross-cultural linguistic validation research using non-probability convenient sampling was carried out for 7 months, from July 2021 to January 2022. Two native Urdu speakers with sound English language understanding, one from medical background and second from educational background translated the English FLACC scale. Two English-certified linguists who did not have access to the English version subsequently reverse-translated these two versions into English. These Urdu translations and back translations were critically analyzed and reviewed by a committee of paediatric physical therapists and paediatric clinical practitioners, and a final Urdu version was prepared. After approval of the final translation, this Urdu FLACC scale was applied in the post-operative paediatric population to assess its validity and reliability. After 2 hours, bilingual subjects were administered the English version, while others were again assessed with the Urdu FLACC scale to check linguistic interchangeability and test-retest reliability. Informed consent was taken and documented as well; this study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. SPSS version 26 was used for data entry and as well as analysis. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by using Intraclass correlation coefficients, which determines the strength of association and measure of chance-corrected agreement. The construct validity of the FLACC tool was evaluated by using ABC of content validation and content Validity Index Calculation. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of patients was 5.333+1.5599. The ABC of Content Validation Index, which yielded an average proportion of 0.97. The Cronbach’s alpha of translated FLACC scale is 0.701 when applied on population. Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.319-0.701 with acceptable reliability. Conclusion: The FLACC scale's translated Urdu version shows good validity and reliability. Key terms: Consolability, Pain, Preverbal population, Validity, Reliability, neonatal ICU

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study of Turkish Version of the International Hip Outcome Tool-33 (iHOT-33): A Pilot Study

Anketler hastalığın hikayesinde, fizik muayenede ve görüntüleme araçlarına bağlı olarak kalça patolojilerinin teşhisinde önemli rol oynamaktadırlar. Kalça patolojileri için farklı anketler vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33)’un Türkçe versiyonuna uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirliğini araştırmaktır. iHOT-33’ün Türkçe’ye çevirisi ve kültürel uygunluğu mevcut yönergeler izlenerek yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya düşük yaş ortalamasına ve yüksek fiziksel kapasiteye sahip 50 hasta katıldı. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini değerlendirmek için test-tekrar test ve iç tutarlık analizleri uygulandı. Test tekrar test analizi, sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı (ICC) yöntemi ile analiz edildi. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Short Form 36 (SF-36) anketlerinin toplam puanları, iHOT-33’ün geçerliğini belirlemek için Pearson korelasyonu ile değerlendirildi. iHOT-33’ün yüksek düzeyde iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğu bulundu (Cronbach alfa 0.908). Test-tekrar test sonuçları yüksek korelasyon gösterdi (0.702-0.938 aralığında). Faktör analizi, ölçeğin dört faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu gösterdi. iHOT-33, WOMAC ve SF-36 ile iyi düzeyde korelasyona sahiptir (Pearson korelasyon katsayısı WOMAC ile -0.710, SF-36 ile -0.594). iHOT-33’ün Türkçe versiyonu geçerli ve güvenilirdir.

Patient Safety Culture Analysis in Dental Hospital Using Dental Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture Questionnaire: A Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation Study.

The culture of safety and patient safety management in dental practice lags compared with medical practice. Hospitals strive to pursue quality and safety of healthcare services, with evidence of patient safety incidents in medical practice demonstrating the importance of promoting a safety culture. Measuring patient safety culture is a necessary first step to improving safety culture in clinical settings. As a hospital, dental hospital should improve the quality and culture of patient safety. Thus, our objective was to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of a US measure of dental office patient safety culture for use in Indonesian dental hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 respondents at a dental hospital in Java, Indonesia. The first stage includes cultural adaptation and translation, followed by developing a questionnaire that was tested through expert agreement and analysis of validity and reliability using Spearman, Cronbach correlation coefficients, and correlation coefficients between classes. The Dental Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture consists of 58 items and 10 dimensions (overall perceptions of patient safety and quality, organizational learning, teamwork, staff training, work pressure and pace, management support for patient safety, office processes and standardization, communication about errors, communication openness, and patient care tracking/follow-up). A total of 200 respondents with a response rate of 61.5% and 77 invalid responses due to incomplete filling, so 123 respondents were analyzed. The validity test results on 38 question items from 10 dimensions, with a sign of 0.05%, 35 items are declared valid. The Indonesian version of the Dental Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture shows good validity and good reliability and has the potential to be used to evaluate patient safety culture in dental hospitals in Indonesia.

Forms of Capital among Arab and Jewish K-12 Teachers: Development of 'Capital Scale'

The present study aimed to demonstrate how the mixed methods approach was used to develop and validate a quantitative instrument for measuring forms of capital (a “Capital Scale”) among K-12 teachers, using the two-phase approach of an exploratory sequential model. The study includes: (1) a qualitative phase based on 16 semi-structured interviews with teachers; (2) quantitative exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis among Israeli Jewish teachers and measurement equivalence analyses of data among Israeli Jewish and Israeli Arab teachers, as two ethnic groups, confirmed the scale's cross-cultural validity. The study contributes to the development of a new instrument for measuring teachers' capital, illustrating the benefit of triangulated methods in a study of participants from different ethnic backgrounds.

The Validity and Reliability of Malay Version Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale.

Domestic violence has a significant impact on growing children. However, existing evidence is limited and often under reported. Consequently, the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) scale has been developed for global use. This study aims to provide a cross-cultural translation, adaptation and validation of the CEDV based on Malay language. CEDV scale was translated from the original English version to Malay. Content and face validity were examined before field-testing. The study comprised a cross sectional study using the Malay version of the CEDV (CEDV-M) scale conducted at a secondary school in Perlis, Malaysia and investigated 235 children aged 13 years old-16 years old using an online platform. The construct validity, internal consistency and stability of the tool were assessed. The CEDV-M scale's content and face validity both yielded a value exceeding 0.80. Furthermore, the tool demonstrated has good stability reliability, using the intra-class correlation value for all items ranging from 0.659 to 1.00. The exploratory factor analysis of the 36 items of the CEDV scale revealed possibilities of five or six factor domains. However, the five factor domains were most conceptually equivalent. Consequently, this study found that the CEDV-M scale is reliable with a total Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. CEDV-M scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring a child's experience of domestic violence. Future studies recommend confirmatory factor analysis and standard settings for scoring systems.