Cross-cultural Validation Research Articles

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Arabic version of the shoulder disability questionnaire

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Arabic version of the shoulder disability questionnaire

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence 2.0 in Young University Students.

Dating violence has become a problem of social relevance with short- and long-term health consequences. Nurses are in a privileged position to detect and address this problem in health facilities and as school nurses in schools, providing health education and detecting this violence correctly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-cultural validation of the Portuguese version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence-Short (MSDV 2.0). A validation investigation was carried out in two phases: (1) cross-cultural adaptation of the items and content validation of the Portuguese version of MSDV 2.0 and (2) psychometric validation. Phase (1): The items of the original version include a cross-cultural translation from Spanish to Portuguese and analysed by a group of experts in gender violence and by the authors of the original scale, then a back translation was made and again reviewed by the experts. Young university students also participated for face validity, and a pilot test was carried out. Phase (2): Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the robust maximum-likelihood estimation method, which confirmed the five-dimensional structure, obtaining good fit rates (chi-square significance (χ2) = 187.860 (p < 0.0001); root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.049; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.937; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.923). Reliability analysis indicated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha (α) = 0.88 to 0.70). Finally, scores of the Portuguese versions MSDV 2.0 were correlated, as expected, positively with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (r = 0.36 to 0.16) and negatively with the Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire Short Form 36, Health Survey (SF-36) (r = -0.30 to -0.14). To date, it is the only instrument that measures dating violence in a multidimensional way validated in the Portuguese university context.

Trauma, Emotional Regulation, and Coping Styles in Individuals with and without Probable Dissociative Disorders in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Previous studies showed that dissociation and dissociative disorders (DDs) are prevalent and are associated with considerable individual and social consequences. There are ongoing debates regarding whether dissociation is a response to betrayal trauma across cultures and whether dissociation can be explained by maladaptive coping. Additionally, little is known about the clinical features of individuals with DDs in the Chinese context. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between trauma, emotional regulation, coping, and dissociation. We analyzed baseline data from a randomized controlled trial (N = 101). Participants with dissociative symptoms in Hong Kong completed self-report assessments. Structured interviews were also conducted subsequently. Participants with probable DDs reported more traumatic events (p = .009 to .017) and exhibited significantly higher levels of dysfunctional coping (p < .001) compared to those who reported dissociative symptoms but did not have a DD. Dissociative symptoms were more strongly associated with betrayal trauma than with non-betrayal trauma. Among different emotion regulation and coping strategies, dysfunctional coping was the only significant factor associated with dissociative symptoms (β = .309, p = .003). Dysfunctional coping was a statistically significant mediator that may explain the relationship between betrayal trauma and dissociative symptoms. Although other mediation paths are also possible and further longitudinal studies are required, our findings highlight the strong link between dysfunctional coping and dissociative symptoms and suggest that coping skills training should be incorporated into interventions for betrayal trauma survivors with dissociative symptoms. Additionally, this study provides evidence for the cross-cultural validity of the betrayal trauma theory. Further studies, however, are required.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Leicester Cough Questionnaire in sarcoidosis: the persian version.

Cough is a common symptom among patients with sarcoidosis, and the Leicester Cough Questionnaire, a cough-specific quality-of-life measure, evaluates the impact of cough across physical, psychological, and social domains in patients with chronic cough. The aim of this study was cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Persian version of Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) in pulmonary sarcoidosis in Iran. Psychometric analyses included translation and back translation of the questionnaire, face validity, content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, internal consistency, and test -retest reliability were performed. Twenty-five participants demonstrated no major language barriers or difficulties in completing the questionnaire and adequate face validity of ≥1.5. Twelve experts confirmed the content validity was good (CVR˃0.56, I-CVI≤0.79, S-CVI/Ave˃0.80). Totally, 190 patients were included in the study. The Pearson's coefficients and their significance's (P<0.05) showed an acceptable agreement between the LCQ and the SF-36 questionnaire. The goodness-of-fit of the conceptual model including psychological, physical, and social domains, obtained from EFA, was confirmed throughout the RMSEA of 0.09 (<0.1), NFI of 0.9, NNFI of 0.91, and CFI of 0.92 which all were ≥0.9. The Persian LCQ showed an excellent internal consistency regarding Cronbach's alpha of 0.974 and ICC (95%CI) value of 0.983 (0.977, 0.987). The psychometric properties showed that the Persian version of LCQ is a valid and reliable measure to evaluate cough-specific quality of life and is a fit-for-purpose measure for use in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and the results can guide clinicians in treatment decisions.

Translation, cultural adaptation, and psychometric validation of the Provider Attitudes toward Cardiac Rehabilitation and Referral (PACRR-C) Scale in Simplified Chinese.

The Provider Attitudes toward CR and Referral (PACRR) scale was translated into Simplified Chinese and psychometric validation ensued. Brislin's Translation Model was applied, with two independent forward translations followed by back-translation. Experts assessed the face, content and cross-cultural validity of items, and item analysis followed. For validation, 227 physicians from hospitals in 14 Chinese provinces completed the PACRR-C. Structural validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal and split-half reliability were assessed. Some items were rephrased and one item was deleted. The content validity index for the total scale was 0.965. The correlation coefficients between the 18 items and the total scale ranged between 0.28 and 0.76. Consistent with the English version, four factors were extracted (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.671-0.959) through the factor analysis, accounting for 71.21% of the total variance. Split-half reliability was 0.945. The greatest factors impacting physician's CR attitudes were inconvenience of the referral process (3.93 ± 0.65/5); lack of standard referral forms (3.92 ± 0.66), perceiving referral as the responsibility of another clinician (3.89 ± 0.67), and need for support in completing the referral form (3.89 ± 0.64). The reliability, as well as content, face, cross-cultural, and structural validity of the 18-item, 4-subscale PACRR-C, were supported.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Tamil version of the Falls-Efficacy Scale – International in Indian elderly population

Background. Fall Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I) is a validity and reliability measure used to assess fear of fall. However, it is worth noting that FES-I is currently not available in the Tamil language. Therefore, the objective of this particular study was to cross-culturally adapt the measure into Tamil and subsequently test the validity and reliability of the translated version. Methods. The original English version of FES-I was translated according to the protocol set by ProFaNE. The Tamil version, FES-I (T), was given to 81 elderly Tamil-speaking participants. Statistical analyses were done to compare groups based on age, gender, fear of falling, and fall history. The validity of FES-I (T) was assessed by comparing its scores with the TUG test and SPPB. The reliability of FES-I (T) was evaluated using the Intraclass correlation coefficient. Results. The total scores obtained from FES-I (T) exhibited a positive correlation with the scores obtained from the TUG test (rs = 0.584), while displaying a negative correlation with the scores obtained from the SPPB (rs = −0.619, p-value &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, the test-retest reliability of FES-I (T) was found to be excellent, with the Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score recording a value of 0.99. Conclusion. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the FES-I (T) is a valuable tool that can be effectively utilized in both clinical practice and research settings to assess fear of falling in elderly individuals who speak Tamil.

Development of a visual-perceptual method to assess body image: A cross-cultural validation in Canadian and Spanish women.

The objectives of this study were (a) to explore the preliminary cross-cultural validity of a visual-perceptual method to assess body image; (b) to examine potential differences and similarities in body image phenomena between women from two Western countries (i.e., Canada and Spain). 201 self-identified women participated in this cross-sectional study. Ideal, normal, and self-perceived body sizes were assessed using a visual-perceptual method, whereas body dissatisfaction was measured using both a visual-perceptual method and a questionnaire. Visual-perceptual body dissatisfaction was significantly correlated with questionnaire body dissatisfaction, suggesting a preliminary convergent validity between the two assessment methods. Women in both countries were dissatisfied with their bodies. Compared to their self-perceived body, all women chose a significantly thinner visual representation of their "normal" and ideal body. These results may suggest a shift towards the "thin" body as not only ideal, but also normative. This study provides the first evidence for the cross-cultural validity of a visual-perceptual body image assessment tool. The results of the current study confirm the presence of "normative discontent", and suggest more cross-country similarities than differences among women from these two Western societies.

Measuring Women's Satisfaction with Childbirth: A Literature Review of Measurement Properties.

Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of care provided. Evaluating women's satisfaction with childbirth is essential to improving obstetric care and ensuring a positive experience for mothers and newborns. The tools used to measure women's satisfaction with childbirth are very heterogeneous and multidimensional. Assessment tools used in practice should be tested and meet characteristics that are consistently validated.The aim is to identify currently available instruments measuring women's satisfaction with childbirth and to evaluate their structure, content and psychometric properties. A systematic search for sources was carried out according to the criteria set. For the included studies, psychometric properties were assessed in accordance with the principles of the guideline for completing systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures, COSMIN. The review included 31 studies that reported the psychometric properties of six measurement instruments (questionnaires, scales). Content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, reliability and cross-cultural validity were assessed for the included studies. The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ/CEQ2) and Birth Satisfaction Scale - Revised (BSS-R) were the most commonly used questionnaires in the studies. Thorough testing of tools measuring women's satisfaction with childbirth, and adapting them to cultural and social contexts, is still essential. It is crucial that valid and reliable questionnaires are available for midwives in practice, for use in research, to inform clinical practice and for the results to help develop the services offered.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Greek Cypriot Montreal Children’s Hospital Feeding Scale

Introduction: Assessing pediatric feeding disorders (PFD) is essential for a child’s development to prevent severe consequences. The assessment procedures for PFD may include parents’ questionnaires such as the Montreal Children’s Hospital Feeding Scale (MCH-FS). The aim of this study was the cross-cultural adaptation of the MCH-FS to the Greek language. Methods: One hundred parents of Greek Cypriot children with PFD (clinical group) and 100 parents of healthy Greek Cypriot children (control group) aged 6 months to 16 years old participated in the study and completed the MCH-FS. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines were implemented for translation and cultural adaptation. Results: The internal consistency was excellent, α = 0.85 (ICC: 0.817–0.891). Content validity was significant (S-CVI = 1) with an agreement equal to 14. A strong and significant correlation of MCH-FS was computed according to principal component analysis (14 items ranging between −0.6 and 0.7). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin factor analysis was equal to 0.91 with substantial correlations (Bartlett’s test = 0.001, 654,804). The MCH-FS cut-off point between the two groups was 38.00 (AUC: 0.901 [95% CI: 0.859–0.942], p U = 992.00, p p Conclusion: The MCH-FS had good psychometric properties in its current form in Greek. It is suggested that the MCH-FS can be used as a valid tool for children with PFD in the Greek Cypriot population.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the long-term quality of life questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Long-Term Quality of Life (LTQL) questionnaire. The LTQL was initially translated into Spanish and cross-culturally adapted based on established guidelines. The Spanish LTQL was administered to patients with breast cancer who had completed their initial treatment 5 years earlier, along with other self-report measures: Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors (QLACS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and EORT-QLQ-BR23. Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and test-retest. Convergent and known-groups validity were examined. Structural validity as determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analyses was used to assess the unidimensionality and item-functioning of the LTQL domains. Cronbach's alpha were above 0.7 in all domains. Test-retest coefficients were between 0.72 to 0.96 for LTQL domains. LTQL total score was correlated with others total scores of other measures: QLACS (r=-0.39), HADS depression (r=-0.57), HADS anxiety (-0.45) and EORTC-QLQ-BR23 (r=-0.50). CFA provided satisfactory fit indices, with RMSEA value of 0.077 and TLI and CFI values of 0.901 and 0.909, respectively. All factor loadings were higher than 0.40 and statistically significant (P<0.001). Rasch analysis showed that Somatic Concerns domain had 4 misfitting items, and Philosophical/Spiritual View of Life and social Support domains only 1 misfit item. However, unidimensionality was supported for the four domains. The findings support the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of LTQL questionnaire to be used in long-term cancer female survivors.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a Questionnaire Measuring Organizational Citizenship Behavior towards the Environment

Translation, adaptation, and validation of instruments for cross-cultural investigation requires a rigorous methodological procedure that should be carefully planned to deliver instruments with adequate reliability and validity. This process was applied to a questionnaire measuring Organizational Citizenship Behavior toward the Environment (OCBE), Organizational Identification (OI), Environmental Responsibility (ER), and Green Human Resources Management (GHRM) in Portuguese and Slovak organizations. Several methodological procedures for cross-cultural adaptation and validation of questionnaires were analyzed, most of which used independent translators, experts’ analysis, and backward translation to the original language. In the present study, a procedure adapted from Beaton et al. (2000) was applied successfully, and the blind backward translations; expert committee; and the two pretests to assess content validity, functional equivalence, and clarity proved to be worthy. The psychometric properties were measured using a sample from Portugal (N = 122) and Slovakia (N = 269). Although employees were perceiving neither a strong environmental responsibility of their organizations nor strong green human resources management, they identified themselves with the organizations and engaged in OCBEs. Comparing both countries, the factorial structure was remarkably similar, highlighting the eco-helping actions and eco-civic engagement of OCBEs. Comparing both countries, the factorial structure was remarkably similar, highlighting the eco-helping actions and eco-civic engagement of OCBEs. The results indicated that the translated instrument was functionally equivalent to the original one, valid (scale CVI/Ave &gt; 0.83), and reliable (Scale Alpha &gt; 0.733) for evaluating the effect of employee practices and organization management in promoting and supporting environmental sustainability.

An assessment tool for the international healthy eating report card for preschool-aged children: a cross-cultural validation across Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States.

This study aimed to develop and validate a globally applicable assessment tool of the 43-item International Healthy Eating Report Card Scale (IHERCS) which was designed to assess preschool-aged children's eating behaviours and family home food environments (FHFEs) across different cultural settings. In particular, we examined the factor structure, internal consistency and measurement invariance of the IHERCS across four cultural samples, including Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the US. Convergent and discriminant validity were then conducted. In this cross-cultural study, a total of 2059 parent-child dyads from these four regions were recruited, and the parents were asked to complete the IHERCS. An exploratory structural equational modelling approach was employed to examine two higher-order factor models of children's eating behaviours and FHFEs in the IHERCS and its cross-cultural measurement invariance. The findings demonstrated robust factor structures of the scales of children's eating behaviours and FHFEs in the IHERCS (i.e., CFI and TLI > 0.90; RMSEA and SRMR < 0.08) and an acceptable level of internal consistency (i.e., Cronbach's α = 0.55-0.84). Full configural invariance and metric invariance were established across the four cultural contexts, but full scalar invariance was not achieved. Partial scalar invariance was found only in the scale of FHFEs. The convergent validity and discriminant validity were supported. Overall, the current findings provided preliminary support for the construct validity and measurement invariance of the IHERCS. It provides a reliable, valid and comprehensive assessment of eating behaviours and FHFEs among children in different cultural settings.

Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation in nursing aides

The aim of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for a sample of nursing assistant aides. The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted. Next, it was included in a battery of tests that was completed by 526 nursing assistants working in residential care homes in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). To assess its validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used. The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's Omega coefficient (?), complemented by the test-retest reliability analysis through the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of the criteria was established by the correlation between total score on the test and quality of life measures, job insecurity and psychological demand, and social support at work. The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis adjustment indices confirmed it is a unidimensional test. The internal consistency values indicated very high reliability (? = 0.81). Similarly, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed statistically significant values and an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.95). The validity of the criteria showed a statistically significant correlation with all the constructs studied, particularly with quality of life. This Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire has good psychometric qualities for a population of nursing aides and therefore may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorders.

Evaluation of Tools to Assess Symptoms and Symptom Severity in Patients With Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.

A substantial portion of patients presenting to healthcare settings exhibit physical symptoms lacking clear, demonstrable organic causes. Accurate assessment of symptom severity is crucial for documenting outcomes and establishing treatment efficacy. This systematic review and narrative synthesis aims to provide researchers with insights into available and validated tools for assessing medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS). It involved comprehensive searches across electronic databases, including PubMed, Wiley, and Cochrane, adhering to PRISMA and COSMIN guidelines. The study comprised two phases: Phase 1 systematically reviewed tools for assessing MUPS symptoms and severity, while Phase 2 conducted a narrative synthesis of their measurement properties, focusing on validity and reliability. Out of 14,459 records, 191 articles were identified, leading to the recognition of 16 validated tools for assessing MUPS symptoms and severity. Most tools demonstrated excellent internal consistency and structural validity. However, the majority lacked cross-cultural validity. The choice of tools for the assessment of MUPS will assist clinicians and researchers in determining the severity of MUPS and developing a tailored treatment plan to improve the physical and psychological functioning of these patients.

Cross-cultural measurement validation: an analysis of dissent, workplace freedom of speech, and perceived immediacy

ABSTRACT Croucher and Kelly (2019) laid out guidelines to develop measures that can be used across cultures. The present study provides support for their guidelines, indicating that pancultural measurements cannot be behavioral and should not include unnecessary contexts; however, they should be worded as simplistically as possible. This study utilizes measures of dissent, perceived immediacy, and workplace freedom of speech in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Only the perceived immediacy measure, which follows Croucher and Kelly’s (2019) guidelines, maintained internal consistency.

Exploring the Design Thinking Orientation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) for Learners: An Instrument Development Study

Design thinking has transformed many areas but is still under-researched in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. The research aims to develop an instrument for assessing design thinking in the EFL context. The study engaged 107 undergraduate students aged between 18 and 25 years from English-centric programs, ensuring a diverse sample with a balanced gender representation. Participants were briefed about the study’s objectives and voluntarily contributed during class hours. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to assess the instrument’s factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity and Cronbach’s alpha-gauged internal consistency. Data analysis was executed using AMOS software, focusing on model fit, reliability, and validity. Findings reveal a structured guide to enhance students’ understanding of design thinking, emphasizing empathy’s central role in innovation. The study exhibits solid reliability and construct validity, with subtle deviations in model alignment. Limitations include sample size, geographical scope, and potential overlook of design thinking dimensions. Future research should explore cross-cultural validations and additional design thinking aspects to enrich understanding.&#x0D; Keywords: design thinking, instrument development, evaluation

Cross-cultural differences through subjective cognition: illustration in translatology with the SSTIC-E in the UAE.

The development of appropriate and valid multicultural and multilingual instruments research is necessary due to a growing multicultural and multilingual society in the 21st century. We explored the use of a cognitive scale related to subjective complaints, focusing on the first step: a cross-cultural and semantic validation. This study presents the translation and cross-validation process of the "Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia" (SSTICS) for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) region via different languages used in Dubaï/Abu Dhabi. This scale measures cognitive complaints and has been validated with psychosis and used in 20 clinical trials worldwide. It evaluates areas of the illness related to self-awareness focusing on memory dysfunction and deficits of attention, language, and praxis. We described the method of cross-cultural validation, with back-translation, semantic steps, and societal contexts. The use of the Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Emirates (SSTIC-E) was explored with different samples of UAE Arabic-speaking subjects. First, a pilot sample mean SSTICS total score was 16.5 (SD:16.9); (p < 0.001). The SSTIC-E was then administered to 126 patients and 84 healthy control participants. The healthy group has a lower mean score of 22.55 (SD = 12.04) vs. 34.06 (SD = 15.19). The method was extended to nine other languages, namely, Pakistani/Urdu, Hindi, Marathi, Lithuanian, Serbian, German, Romanian, Sinhala, and Russian. The scales are provided in the article. The overall aim of the translation process should be to stay close to the original version of the instrument so that it is meaningful and easily understood by the target language population. However, for construct validity, some items must be adapted at the time of translation to ensure that the questioned cognitive domain is respected. For example, cooking, an executive function, does not have the same occurrence for an Emirati male, or remembering a prime minister's name, semantic memory, requires an electoral system to appoint the leader of a country. Translation methods and processes present many challenges but applying relevant and creative strategies to reduce errors is essential to achieve semantic validation. This study aims to measure personally experienced knowledge or attitudes; such language effects can be a thorny problem.

Cross-Cultural Validation of the Healthcare Provider's Practices, Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Knowledge Regarding Bullying Questionnaire.

How can we know the reality of the context of bullying in the field of primary health care? The aim of this study is to obtain a validated and reliable tool that allows measurement of the involvement of primary care professionals in addressing bullying through a systematic content validation process. A cross-cultural validation of the Healthcare Provider's Practices, Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Knowledge Regarding Bullying Questionnaire was conducted for the Spanish perspective. This involved linguistic adaptation through translation-back-translation, content validity index (CVI) analysis, construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency (Cronbach's α). The total CVI was 0.95, with individual item scores ≥ 0.78. CFA revealed a good fit for the three subscales, with discrimination indices (item-total correlation within the dimension) > 0.30. Cronbach's α for each dimension indicated a high level of reliability, with values of 0.735 for attitudes, 0.940 for self-confidence, and 0.895 for knowledge. The questionnaire is valid and reliable for evaluating the knowledge, attitudes, and self-confidence of primary care professionals in Spain regarding bullying. Its validity and reliability guarantee its potential use in other health settings and may lead to better training of professionals and school biopsychosocial health.

Psychometric Properties of the Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) in an Italian Community Sample

ABSTRACT The Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) is a valid and reliable self-report instrument that assesses these two distinct forms of dissociative symptoms. However, there is limited research on the cross-cultural validation of the DCI. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an Italian translation of the DCI and examine its internal structure and psychometric properties (including internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability) within an Italian-speaking community sample. The sample consisted of 1276 adults (887 females; mean age: 29.57 ± 10.96 years), who completed the DCI and other self-report measures evaluating dissociative experiences and childhood trauma. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the original two-factor model (χ2 169 = 1312.80, RMSEA = 0.073, 95%CI 0.069–0.077; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.94; SRMR = 0.04). Additionally, the DCI exhibited good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity with another measure of dissociation. The study also confirmed the association between DCI scores and the severity of childhood trauma. Finally, a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that the DCI effectively distinguishes individuals who screened positively for dissociative disorders. Overall, these findings indicate that the Italian translation of the DCI possesses satisfactory psychometric properties, suggesting its utility as a screening tool for assessing detachment and compartmentalization experiences.

Translation, validity and reliability of the pain attitudes and beliefs scale for physiotherapists in French.

The Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) questionnaire evaluates manual therapists' biomedical and biopsychosocial beliefs regarding the management of chronic low back pain. Its usage in clinical settings is an important step in the implementation of national guidelines and policies to improve patient management. The objective of this study was to translate the PABS-PT questionnaire into French, to adapt it culturally, and to conduct a psychometric analysis. Qualitative and cross-sectional study. The translation process followed published guidelines with cross-cultural validation by an expert committee. We followed a forward and backward translation procedure and an expert committee, including the original author of the questionnaire and a linguistics expert ensuring good cultural adaptation, issued a finalised version. Psychometric analysis of the French version of the questionnaire was conducted among 390 French manual therapists in two phases. The first phase evaluated structural validity as well as external validity compared with the TSK and BBQ questionnaires. Then, reliability and scalability were analysed. The second phase evaluated test-retest reproducibility by sending the same questionnaire 3months later. The validity study revealed three subscales: the classic biomedical subscale and two subscales for biopsychosocial beliefs (aetiology of pain and physical activity). With 21 items in total for the PABS-PT-FR, the structural validity scores were good (BM: alpha=0.82, H=0.38; Physical Activity: alpha=0.62, H=0.32; Aetiology of Pain: alpha=0.55, H=0.29). This study provides a validated tool to assess French physiotherapists' and, more generally, healthcare providers' beliefs about chronic low back pain, with a new insight into the BPS subscale internal construct.