Cross-cultural Adaptation Study Research Articles

Chinese Students In U.S. Universities: A Qualitative Study Of Cross-cultural Learning Experiences, Transition And Adaptation

Chinese students represent the largest single group among international students enrolled in the U.S, and globalization has played an important role in impacting Chinese students’ perceptions of what it means to study abroad. According to The Wall Street Journal, there are 85 percent more international students enrolled today in U.S. schools than ten years ago, adding more than 35 billion dollars to the nation’s economy in 2015 (Belkin & Purnell, 2017). This qualitative study adds to the limited research available regarding Chinese students’ cross-cultural transition and academic adaptation to American universities (Kusek, 2015; Yan & Berliner, 2009). Findings add a new perspective regarding the students’ perceptions and expectations in China compared to their true experiences in the U.S. universities. Results show that, despite significant barriers, Chinese students are eventually able to transition and adapt to the new surroundings.\r Implications of findings can help in the development of effective strategies and programs to facilitate these students’ transition and adaptation in U.S. higher education institutions.

Cross-cultural adaptation and content and semantic validation of the Difficult Intravenous Access Score for pediatric use in Brazil

ABSTRACTObjective:present the cross-cultural adaptation and content and semantic validation of the Difficult Intravenous Access Score for current use in Brazil. Method:cross-cultural adaptation and validation study, structured in six phases: initial translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, assessment of documents by expert committee of specialized judges, pretest and presentation of the documents to the expert judges and to the author of the original instrument. Twenty health professionals were randomly recruited from a public hospital in the South of Brazil, working in pediatrics, in order to assess the agreement level with the variables in the instrument. In addition, a convenience sample of 30 pediatric patients was selected for the face validation of the same instrument. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, simple and percentage frequencies, the Shapiro-Wilk and Fisher’s exact tests were used for the data analysis and reliability measures. Results:the cross-cultural adaptation phases were executed with totally clear translated variables, demonstrating satisfactory results in the content and semantic validation process. Conclusions:the Difficult Intravenous Access Score was adapted and its content and semantics were validated. External clinical validity, measuring equivalence and reproducibility analyses are needed.

American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle–hindfoot scale: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation study from Iran

BackgroundThe use of valid and reliable outcome rating scales is essential for evaluating the result of different treatments and interventions. The purposes of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle–hindfoot scale (AOFAS-AHFS) into Persian languages and evaluate its psychometric properties. MethodsForward–backward translation and cultural adaptation method were used to develop Persian version of AOFAS-AHFS. From March to July 2016, one hundred consecutive patients with ankle and hindfoot injuries were included. Internal consistency and reproducibility were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) respectively. Construct validity reported which compare the outcome rating scale measurements with Short Form-36 (SF-36), also convergent and discriminant validity evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. ResultsMean age (SD) of the patients was 41.95±13.45years. Cronbach’s α coefficient, Spearman’s rho and ICC values were 0.71, 0.89 and 0.90 respectively. Total score of AOFAS-AHFS and SF-36 domains has a correlation ranged between 0.17–0.55. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.4 was exceeded by all items with the exception of stability. The Spearman’s rank correlation between each item in functional subscales with its own subscales was higher than the correlation between these items and other subscales. ConclusionsPersian version of AOFAS-AHFS provides additional reliable and valid instrument which can be used to assess broad range of patients with foot and ankle disorders that speaking in Persian. However, it seems that the original version of AOFAS-AHFS needs some revisions.

The modified patient enablement instrument: a Portuguese cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability study

Enabling patients with asthma to obtain the knowledge, confidence and skills they need in order to assume a major role in the management of their disease is cost effective. It should be an integral part of any plan for long-term control of asthma. The modified Patient Enablement Instrument (mPEI) is an easily administered questionnaire that was adapted in the United Kingdom to measure patient enablement in asthma, but its applicability in Portugal is not known. Validity and reliability of questionnaires should be tested before use in settings different from those of the original version. The purpose of this study was to test the applicability of the mPEI to Portuguese asthma patients after translation and cross-cultural adaptation, and to verify the structural validity, internal consistency and reproducibility of the instrument. The mPEI was translated to Portuguese and back translated to English. Its content validity was assessed by a debriefing interview with 10 asthma patients. The translated instrument was then administered to a random sample of 142 patients with persistent asthma. Structural validity and internal consistency were assessed. For reproducibility analysis, 86 patients completed the instrument again 7 days later. Item-scale correlations and exploratory factor analysis were used to assess structural validity. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test internal consistency, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was used for the analysis of reproducibility. All items of the Portuguese version of the mPEI were found to be equivalent to the original English version. There were strong item-scale correlations that confirmed construct validity, with a one component structure and good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha >0.8) as well as high test–retest reliability (ICC=0.85). The mPEI showed sound psychometric properties for the evaluation of enablement in patients with asthma making it a reliable instrument for use in research and clinical practice in Portugal. Further studies are needed to confirm its responsiveness.

Turkish version of the Motor Function Measure Scale (MFM-32) forneuromuscular diseases: a cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity study

Background/aim: The Motor Function Measure (MFM-32) is a classification system for ambulant and nonambulant patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs). We aimed to translate it into Turkish, culturally adapt it, and test its reliability and validity for Turkish patients with NMDs.Materials and methods: The translation of the 32 items assessing three functional areas: standing position and transfers (D1: 13), axial/proximal (D2: 12), and distal (D3: 7) motor functions was performed according to the established guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. Totally 51 patients (12.56 ± 8.84 years; F/M 12/39) were tested. Vignos and Brooke scores for the lower and upper extremities, respectively, were used for the validity of the MFM-32-TR items, which were rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Results: The agreement coefficients for interrater reliability were excellent (0.72-0.93) for 10 items, good (0.58-0.77) for 16 items, and moderate (0.42-0.56) for 6 items of the MFM-32-TR. The intertester reliability varied from good to excellent and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.76-0.93. The MFM-32-TR positively correlated with Vignos and Brooke scores with coefficients 0.47 to 0.75, indicating concurrent validity.Conclusion: The MFM-32-TR is a reliable and valid outcome measure for the assessment of motor function of people with NMDs in our sociocultural context.

Assessment of primary rehabilitation needs in neurological rehabilitation: translation, adaptation and face validity of the Danish version of Rehabilitation Complexity Scale-Extended.

BackgroundAssessing primary rehabilitation needs in patients with acquired brain injury is a challenge due to case complexity and the heterogeneity of symptoms after brain injury. The Rehabilitation Complexity Scale-Extended (RCS-E) is an instrument used in assessment of rehabilitation complexity in patients with severe brain injury. The aim of the present study was to translate and test the face validity of the RCS-E as a referral tool for primary rehabilitation. Face validity was tested in a sample of patients with acquired brain injury.MethodsTen clinicians and records from 299 patients with acquired brain injury were used in the translation, cross-cultural adaptation and face validation study of the RCS-E. RCS-E was translated into Danish by a standardized forward-backward translation by experts in the field. Face validity was assessed by a multi-professional team assessing 299 patients. The team was asked their opinion on whether the RCS-E presents a sufficient description of the patients.ResultsThe RCS-E was translated according to international guidelines and tested by health professionals; some adaptations were required due to linguistic problems and differences in the national health system structures.The patients in the study had a mean age of 63.9 years (SD 14.7); 61 % were male.We found an excellent face validity with a mean score of 8.2 (SD 0.34) assessed on a 0–10 scale.ConclusionsThe RCS-E demonstrated to be a valid assessment of primary rehabilitation needs in patients with acquired brain injury. Excellent face validity indicates that the RCS-E is feasible for assessing primary rehabilitation needs and the present study suggests its applicability to the Danish health care system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0728-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Adaptation of the Oswestry Disability Index to Kannada Language and Evaluation of Its Validity and Reliability.

A translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation study. The aim of this study was to translate, adapt cross-culturally, and validate the Kannada version of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Low back pain is recognized as an important public health problem. Self-administered condition-specific questionnaires are important tools for assessing a patient. For low backache, the ODI is used widely. Preferred language of a region can have an effect on interpretation of questions and thus scoring. A search of literature showed no previously validated Kannada version of the ODI. Cross-cultural adaptation and translation was carried out according to previously set guidelines. Patients were recruited from the orthopedic outpatient department. They filled out a booklet containing the Kannada version of the ODI, Kannada version of the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and a 10-point visual analog scale for pain (VASpain). The Kannada ODI was answered by 91 patients and retested in 35 patients. After removing questionnaires with stray or ambiguous markings causing difficulty in computation of scores, 76 test questionnaires and 32 retest questionnaires were available for statistical analysis. The Kannada version showed an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92). The Kannada version of the ODI showed good correlation with the RMDQ (r = 0.72) and moderate correlation with VASpain (r = 0.58). It also showed an excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96). Standard error of measurement (SEM) was also low (4.08) and a difference of 11 points is the "Minimum Detectable Change (MDC)." The Kannada version of the ODI that was developed showed consistency and reliability. It can be used for assessment of low back pain and treatment outcomes in Kannada-speaking populations. However, in view of a smaller sample size, it will benefit from verification at multiple centers and with more patients. 3.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Social and Emotional Questionnaire on Dementia for the Brazilian population.

Impairments in social and emotional functioning may affect the communication skills and interpersonal relationships of people with dementia and their caregivers. This study had the aim of presenting the steps involved in the cross-cultural adaptation of the Social and Emotional Questionnaire (SEQ) for the Brazilian population. Cross-cultural adaptation study, conducted at the Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders in a public university. The process adopted in this study required six consecutive steps: initial translation, translation synthesis, back translation, committee of judges, pretesting of final version and submission to the original author. In general, the items had semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and experiential equivalence. During the first pretest, people with dementia and their caregivers had difficulties in understanding some items relating to social skills, which were interpreted ambiguously. New changes were made to allow better adjustment to the target population and, following this, a new pretest was performed. This pre-test showed that the changes were relevant and gave rise to the final version of the instrument. There was no correlation between education level and performance in the questionnaire, among people with dementia (P = 0.951). The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Social and Emotional Questionnaire was well understood and, despite the cultural and linguistic differences, the constructs of the original version were maintained.

Adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de medida do cuidado centrado na família

Objetivo Realizar a adaptação transcultural para a língua portuguesa brasileira de dois instrumentos de medida do cuidado centrado na família, um para pais e outro para profissionais da equipe de saúde. Métodos Estudo metodológico de adaptação transcultural seguindo as etapas de tradução, retrotradução, análise de especialistas, pré-teste, teste-reteste e análise psicométrica após aplicação do instrumento com 100 pais de crianças hospitalizadas e 100 profissionais de unidades pediátricas de um hospital universitário. Resultados A avaliação por especialistas de ambos os instrumentos apresentaram Kappa de 0,85 e 0,93 respectivamente. No pré-teste, os participantes não sugeriram alterações. No teste-reteste houve bons índices de estabilidade em ambos. A análise fatorial explicou 43,9% da variância total no instrumento pais e 43,4% no instrumento equipe. O coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach foi 0,723 no instrumento pais e 0,781 no instrumento equipe. Conclusão Os instrumentos adaptados para a cultura brasileira apresentaram confiabilidade, estabilidade e boa consistência interna com potencial para ser utilizado na pratica clinica pediátrica.

International Affective Digitized Sounds in Korea: A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation Study

International Affective Digitized Sounds in Korea: A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation Study

Cross-cultural adaptation and clinical validation of the Neonatal Skin Condition Score to Brazilian Portuguese.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation and clinical validation of the Neonatal Skin Condition Score. METHODS: this methodological cross-cultural adaptation study included five steps: initial translation, synthesis of the initial translation, back translation, review by an Committee of Specialists and testing of the pre-final version, and an observational cross-sectional study with analysis of the psychometric properties using the Adjusted Kappa, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, and Bland-Altman Method statistical tests. A total of 38 professionals were randomly recruited to review the clarity of the adapted instrument, and 47 newborns hospitalized in the Neonatology Unit of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre were selected by convenience for the clinical validation of the instrument. RESULTS: the adapted scale showed approximately 85% clarity. The statistical tests showed moderate to strong intra and interobserver item to item reliability and from strong to very strong in the total score, with a variation of less than 2 points among the scores assigned by the nurses to the patients. CONCLUSIONS: the scale was adapted and validated to Brazilian Portuguese. The psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Neonatal Skin Condition Score instrument were similar to the validation results of the original scale.

Local News Media Cultivation of Host Receptivity in Plainstown

This message-system and cultivation analysis investigated the influence of local news on the host receptivity of native-born “Plainstown” residents toward immigrants. The message-system analysis revealed that regional television and newspaper immigration coverage was more pessimistic, while local newspaper immigration coverage was more optimistic. A cultivation analysis confirmed that attention to pessimistic coverage interacted with conversations about immigration to reduce host receptivity. This research contributes to the study of cross-cultural adaptation by constructing and validating a measure of Y. Y. Kim's (2001) concept of host receptivity. By demonstrating that second-order cultivation is the product of on-line cognitive processes, this research provided additional validation of Shrum's (2004) online model of second-order cultivation. Findings suggest that optimistic immigration news frames may facilitate host receptivity.

Turkish lupusPRO: cross-cultural validation study for lupus

LupusPRO is a disease-targeted patient-reported outcome measure that was developed and validated from and among US patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We herein report the results of the cross-cultural adaptation and validation study of the Turkish translated version of the LupusPRO. Turkish LupusPRO and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) (Turkish) were administered to the Turkish lupus patients. Disease activity was ascertained using the physician global assessment (PGA), Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI), and flare (defined by LFA-Lupus Foundation of America). Disease damage was assessed with Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index (SDI). Also, second Turkish LupusPRO tests were given to the patients to be completed within 2-3days and sent back to us. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent and criterion validity (against disease activity or health status) were tested. All reported p values are two-tailed. The conceptual framework of the LupusPRO was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis appropriate for categorical data. One hundred two SLE subjects (94% women) were enrolled. The median (IQR) age and mean disease duration (±SD) were 38.5 (18) years and 60.3 (±56.3) months, respectively. The mean ± SD, SLEDAI, and SDI scores were 3.1 ± 3.7 and 0.52 ± 0.75, respectively. There were 25 patients who had flares at the time of study. Forty-two patients with no change in their health status completed and sent back the second LupusPRO test and were included in the test-retest analysis. Test-retest reliability of LupusPRO domains ranged from 0.87 to 0.97, while internal consistency reliability of the domains ranged from 0.63 to 0.94. Convergent validity with corresponding domains of SF-36 was present. Health-related quality-of-life domains performed well against disease activity measures (PGA, total SLEDAI, LFA flare, and SF-6D-overall health status), establishing its criterion validity. Item-to-factor loadings representing the hypothesized item-to-scale relationships were satisfactory. The model fit for the hypothesized item-to-scale relationships was also satisfactory. The Turkish version of the LupusPRO is valid and appears to perform comparably to the English and Spanish language versions. It can be used as a patient-reported outcome parameter in clinical trials, as well as longitudinal studies for testing responsiveness to change.

Spanish LupusPRO: cross-cultural validation study for lupus

LupusPRO is a disease-targeted, patient-reported, outcome measure that was developed and validated among US patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To expand the availability and use of the tool, we undertook a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study of the Spanish-translated version of the LupusPRO. Forward and back translations of the 43-item English LupusPRO were undertaken and pretested in five individuals. The finalized Spanish version was administered to 211 SLE patients of Hispanic ancestry from the US and Latin America. Short Form-36 (Spanish) and Spanish LupusPRO were also administered. Disease activity was ascertained using the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index. A Spanish LupusPRO questionnaire that could be completed within 2-3 days was mailed to SLE patients of Hispanic ancestry and they mailed it back. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, criterion validity (against disease activity or health status) and convergent validity were tested. All reported p values are two-tailed. A total of 211 Spanish-speaking SLE patients (90% women) participated. Test-retest reliability of LupusPRO domains ranged from 0.80-0.95, while internal consistency reliability of the domains ranged from 0.71-0.96. Convergent validity with corresponding domains of the SF-36 was present. All health-related quality of life domains of the LupusPRO (except procreation) performed well against disease activity measures, establishing its criterion validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit. The Spanish LupusPRO has fair psychometric properties and is now available to be included in clinical trials and in longitudinal studies for testing of responsiveness to change.

Tradução e adaptação transcultural da Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale - 12 (MSWS-12) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil

Poor walking performance is predictive of heart disease and osteoporosis and increases the risk of death in the elderly. Gait and vision have been identified as the most valuable physical functions according to multiple sclerosis patients' perceptions. The objective of this study was to perform a translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) into Brazilian Portuguese. A study of cross-cultural adaptation was conducted in ten steps. Participation in the study included four translators, two back-translators, twelve medical experts, twelve patients, twelve healthy subjects, and a Portuguese language expert. Only the question "Did standing make it more difficult to do things?" posed difficulty in the translation process. Maximum time for completion was less than three minutes (171 seconds). Internal consistency analyses showed high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94). The content validation and internal consistency stages were completed satisfactorily.

International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in Chile: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

El Sistema Internacional de Imagenes Afectivas (International Affective Picture System-IAPS) (Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988) es un conjunto estandarizado de fotografias para la induccion de emociones en el contexto de investigaciones experimentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el comportamiento psicometrico del IAPS para la confeccion de normas en la poblacion chilena y la validacion consiguiente del instrumento para su uso en Chile. Participaron 208 estudiantes universitarios (40% hombres) a quienes se les indujo una experiencia afectiva mediante la presentacion de estimulos visuales extraidos del set 1 y 14 del IAPS. Para evaluar valencia, arousal y dominancia, se utilizo el maniqui de auto-evaluacion o SAM (Self - Assessment Manikin), compuesto por escalas pictograficas para cada dimension y una escala de variacion continua de reacciones emocionales. El IAPS muestran un comportamiento psicometrico comparable al original, encontrandose la dispersion de puntajes de boomerang en la relacion Valencia/Arousal. El IAPS es una herramienta confiable para la induccion de emociones en estudios ligados a la afectividad.

Acculturation and Communication Traits: A study of Cross-Cultural Adaptation among Chinese in America

This study investigated the relationships between acculturation and communication traits. One hundred and seventy-five Chinese across from the United States participated in this study. Participants received a battery of questionnaires in the mail, including the measures of communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, communication competence, argumentativeness, general disclosiveness and cultural identity. Results indicated that as proportion of life in America increased, Chinese identified more with American culture; in turn, they became less fearful, more willing and competent in communication. Their self-disclosure also became less frequent and intimate, but more positive, with longer time living in America. These findings suggest that culture shapes communication traits through exposure to and identification with the host culture to some extent.

Italian version of ASES questionnaire for shoulder assessment: cross-cultural adaptation and validation

The patient-oriented measures, represented by self-administered questionnaire, have become an important aspect of clinical outcome assessment. To be used with different language groups and in different countries, questionnaires must be translated and adapted to new cultural characteristics and then validated by a widely accepted process to evaluate reliability and validity, fundamental characteristic for each measure. The aim of the study is to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and to assess the Italian version instrument reliability and validity. The study design is a cross-cultural adaptation and cross-sectional study of a sample of patients affected by shoulder disorder with a subsample followed prospectively for retest reliability. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form was culturally adapted for Italian-speaking people, following the simplified Guillemin criteria. Reliability and validity were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 50 consecutive patients affected by shoulder disorder. A sub-sample of 20 patients was followed prospectively for retest reliability. The results were compared with other validated patient-oriented measures. The ASES scales showed a high correlation with other patient-oriented measures, as hypothesized, and it also showed good values with regard to reproducibility, consistency and validity, to the original versions published in English. These findings suggest that the evaluation capacities of the Italian version of ASES are equivalent to those of English language version.

Use of the Palliative Outcome Scale in Argentina: A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation Study

Although measuring outcomes is essential to ensuring palliative care effectiveness, there is an absence of properly validated measures in many countries. We undertook a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Palliative Outcome Scale (POS) into a Spanish (Argentina) language and cultural context. The methodology used a sequence of phases: 1) verification of conceptual equivalence (literature review, professional interviews, and patient focus groups); 2) multiple translations; 3) committee review; and 4) field testing. Psychometric analysis entailed evaluation of quantitative content validity, construct validity, staff and patients' ratings comparison, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness to change. Conceptual equivalence was achieved. Multiple changes were introduced after the translations and field testing in 65 patients and 20 professionals. Content validity was high for all but one item. Construct validity against a validated quality-of-life measure (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life C-30) was confirmed (rho = 0.74, P < 0.0005). There was acceptable agreement between staff and patients (Cohen's weighted kappa >0.3) for 5/10, 8/10, and 6/9 items at each of three time-point evaluations and good correlation for all but one item (Spearman coefficient >0.7). Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.68–0.69 and 0.66–0.73) for patient and staff ratings, respectively, and test-retest reliability showed very high agreement for every item (>0.80). The Argentine POS showed adequate responsiveness to change, although significant difference was reached for only 3 out of 10 items for patients and staff, respectively. Completion of the POS did not take more than 12 and 6 minutes for patients and staff, respectively. This study indicates that the Argentine POS is a valid and reliable measure of palliative care outcomes with advanced cancer patients.

An exploratory study of cross-cultural adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners in Canada

Increasing accessibility and the demand for international education globally has engendered a new wave of international students of diverse demographic backgrounds and developmental characteristics. The appeal of studying in western, English-speaking countries is strong even among very young adolescents from East Asia. However, existing literature on international students has largely overlooked this younger sojourner population. Thus, little is currently known about the effects of developmental and cultural factors on the cross-cultural adaptation of these teenage international students. In this exploratory study, the psychological well-being and adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners ( N = 201 ) attending secondary schools in a large Canadian city were examined. The study first investigated the participants’ perceived preparedness for studying in Canada. A significant number of these students reported feeling ill-prepared and poorly oriented upon their arrival in Canada, as well as suffering from a lack of information about their host country and their purpose for sojourning. The study then tested a path model of adaptation based on six variables emerged from a quantitative survey and conceptualized within the acculturation and ethnic identity frameworks. The four predictors were perceived prejudice, education-related acculturation, interpersonal competence, and age of arrival; the two criterion variables were acculturative stress and ethnic identity. In the best-fitting model, education-related acculturation reduced acculturative stress while perceived prejudice contributed to such stress. However, the predictor variables’ relationships with the criterion variables were mediated by interpersonal competence. Implications for future research, counseling, and cross-cultural training with teenage sojourners are discussed.