Cross-cultural Adaptation Of Self-report Measures Research Articles

Translation and validation in Italian of the methotrexate intolerance severity score for children and adults with arthritis.

Methotrexate (MTX) is the most used drug to treat children and adults with arthritis and its use is burdened by adverse effects. The MTX intolerance severity score (MISS) was developed in English to identify patients who are intolerant to MTX. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the MISS in Italian. The Italian version of the MISS was developed following the "guidelines for process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-reported measures". The Italian version of the MISS was validated in 125 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) followed at the Rheumatology Unit of Bambino Gesù Children Hospital. We assessed the construct validity and calculated the internal consistency of the Italian MISS. We performed ROC analysis to assess the overall performance of the Italian MISS. We translated and adapted the MISS to the Italian language. The Italian MISS showed a very good internal consistency as shown by a Cronbach α of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84-0.90) and a composite reliability of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83-0.91).The Cohen's κ was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.71-0.91), suggesting a very good construct validity. The ROC analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.93-0.99). A threshold of 6 to define intolerant patients, showed a sensitivity of 98.3% and specificity of 81.2%. We developed the Italian version of the MISS and showed its validity and reliability to identify patients intolerant to MTX in clinical practice and in a research setting.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic multimorbidity treatment burden questionnaire (MTBQ-A): A study of adults with multimorbidity

BackgroundStudies internationally have found that a high treatment burden is associated with several long-term conditions and poor quality of life. ObjectivesTo translate, culturally adapt, and provide evidence of reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Multimorbidity Treatment Burden Questionnaire for use among Arabic-speaking adults with multimorbidity. MethodsStandard guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures were followed. The original 10-item MTBQ was translated into Arabic by professional translators using forward-backward translation. An expert group, including the creator of the MTBQ, participated in the cultural adaptation and content validity, followed by cognitive interviewing and pilot testing. The questionnaire was then tested on 177 Arabic-speaking patients with multimorbidity recruited from community pharmacies in the United Arab Emirates. The distribution of responses, dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, and construct validity were examined. ResultsThe content validity of the MTBQ-A was good (Content Validity Index = 0.94), and cognitive interviews found that the items were well understood. The scale showed positive skewness and high floor effects. Factor analysis supported a two-dimensional structure (factor loadings >0.4): factor one was named “Self-management and social support,” and factor two was named “Burden of visiting health care services and health care professionals”. The questionnaire had good internal consistency (α = 0.83). As predicted, a higher MTBQ score in both factors was associated with poor health-related quality of life in all dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression (p values < 0.05); and negatively correlated with self-efficacy in taking medication (p < 0.01) and in learning about medication (p < 0.01). ConclusionsThe Arabic MTBQ is a valid and reliable measure of treatment burden with good construct validity and internal consistency. This easy-to-understand questionnaire can be used to assess the perceived treatment burden among Arabic-speaking patients with multimorbidity.

Measurement Properties of an Arabic Version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) in Moroccan Medical Students.

Empathy is an essential communication skill in the doctor-patient relationship. In fact, measuring its level in medical students is becoming increasingly important. There is a Lack of tools to measure it in Morocco. The aim of this study was to validate the Arabic version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) among Moroccan medical students. The questionnaire was translated from its original English version to Arabic in accordance with international guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. After translation and transcultural adaptation, the final Arabic version was administered to a sample of Moroccan medical students. Descriptive statistics at the item level and at the scale level were calculated. The internal consistency, reproducibility, criterion, and construct validity were assessed. A multitrait scale analysis was used to examine construct validity. To measure criterion validity, the Arabic JSE scale was correlated to a visual analog scale (VAS), measuring the level of empathy. The mean of score was compared by gender, year of medical training, and specialty preference using the Student (t) and ANOVA tests. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS, Version 26. A total of 201 students participated in the study. The average empathy score was 105.1±13.4. It was higher in female than male students (P=0.003). The Cronbach alpha was 0.76. The instrument has moderate test-retest reliability (ICC=0.6). The results showed a positive and significant correlation between Arabic JSE and VAS ((r=0.28, p<0.0001). The multitrait scaling analysis by testing convergent and discriminant validity confirmed the original scale structure. The adapted Moroccan version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy proved to be a valid instrument. It demonstrated an acceptable reliability and validity. Indeed, it can be used in national studies to measure empathy in medical students.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of health and self-management in diabetes questionnaire (HASMID-10) into Brazilian Portuguese

Considering the ability of the health and self-management in diabetes questionnaire (HASMID-10) to verify the impact of self-management on diabetes, we highlight its relevance to scientific research and clinical applicability. However, to date, no study has been conducted to scientifically support its use in other languages.To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the HASMID-10 into the Brazilian Portuguese.A translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation study conducted at Ceuma University.Study was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures and Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments. We included participants of both sexes diagnosed with diabetes, aged between 18 and 64 years, and without cognitive deficits or any other limitations that would prevent them from answering the questionnaire. We assessed participants using the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale and HASMID-10. We assessed reliability using a test-retest model with a 7-day interval between assessments. We used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% confidence interval (CI), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable difference (MDD), Spearman correlation coefficient, and floor and ceiling effects.Sample comprised 116 participants, most of whom were women, overweight, non-practitioners of physical activity, and nonsmokers. We observed significant correlations (P = 0.006; rho = -0.256) between the HASMID-10 and PAID, adequate reliability (ICC = 0.780) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.796). No ceiling or floor effects were observed.HASMID-10 has adequate measurement properties and may be used for Brazilians.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Mental Health Quality of Life (MHQoL) questionnaire in a Chinese-speaking population with chronic musculoskeletal pain

BackgroundThe Mental Health Quality of Life (MHQoL) questionnaire is concise and suitable for rapid assessment of CMP (chronic musculoskeletal pain) patients in primary care. However, there is a lack of Chinese versions of the MHQoL.ObjectiveTo cross-culturally translate the MHQoL into Chinese and to assess its psychometric properties in Chinese-speaking patients with CMP.MethodsThe MHQoL was translated into Chinese according to the International Guidelines for the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. 171 CMP patients were recruited to receive the Chinese versions of the MHQoL, SF-36, and HADS tests, and the MHQoL was retested seven days later.ResultThe Chinese version of MHQoL had good retest reliability (MHQoL-7D: ICC = 0.971; MHQoL-VAS: ICC = 0.988) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.829). It showed a moderate correlation with the SF-36 total score (r=-0.509); the MHQoL-VAS moderately correlated with the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (r=-0.548). The MHQoL-7D showed no correlations with the SF-36’s PF (r=-0.083) and BP (r=-0.170), weak correlations with RP (r=-0.284), RE (r=-0.298), and SF (r=-0.380), and moderate-to-strong correlations with GH (r=-0.638), VT (r=-0.480), and MH (r=-0.632).ConclusionThe Chinese version of the MHQoL can be used in clinical practice and research in Chinese-speaking CMP patients.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the KOOS, JR questionnaire for assessing knee osteoarthritis in Spanish-speaking patients.

The present study aims to translate, adapt and validate a Spanish version of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement (KOOS, JR), including a reliability and validity analysis in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study conducted a prospective validation study following the six stages of the "Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures". Psychometric testing was conducted in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Subjects answered the Spanish KOOS, JR (S-KOOS, JR) and a validated Spanish Oxford Knee Score (S-OKS). Retest was conducted at 10days. Acceptability, floor and ceiling effect, internal consistency (Cronbach's α), reproducibility (mixed-effect model coefficient [MEMC]) and construct validity (Spearman's correlation; p = 0.05) were assessed. Forty-one patients (mean age: 65.6 ± 5.39; 48.8% female) participated in the study. All patients (100%) answered both scores during the first assessment and 38 (92.7%) during the second assessment. All patient-reported outcomes measures were answered completely (100%). The S-KOOS, JR resulted in 100% acceptability when answered. There were no ceiling or floor effects detected. The Cronbach's α for the S-KOOS, JR was 0.927 and its MEMC was 0.852 (CI 95% 0.636-1.078). The Spearman's correlation between the S-KOOS, JR and the S-OKS was 0.711 (CI 0.345-0.608; p < 0.001) and 0.870 (CI 0.444-0.651; p < 0.001) for the first and second assessments, respectively. The S-KOOS, JR has very high internal consistency and reproducibility, with a high correlation with the S-OKS; it is a reliable and valid instrument for characterising Spanish-speaking patients suffering from knee OA. IV.

Validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the human papillomavirus knowledge scale: a methodological study.

The aim of the study was to test validity and reliability of the Human Papilloma Virus Knowledge Scale (HPV-KS) in Turkish. The methodological study was conducted with 920 participants at a training and research hospital in Ankara, Turkey, between February and May 2019. The data collection form consisted of descriptive characteristics of the participants and HPV-KS. Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Reported Measures were followed for the language and cultural adaptation of the scale. Content validity, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the validity of the scale. The scale's reliability was assessed using the item-total correlation, Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest analysis. In line with the experts' suggestions, two item were excluded from the scale. The scale content validity index was found to be 0.96. The exploratory factor analysis determined the four subscales of the scale with 33-items. The explained variance was found to be 64.56%. In the confirmatory factor analysis, all the goodness of fit indexes had acceptable values. The item-total correlations determined that each item was positively correlated with the total scale ranging from 0.53 to 0.80. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated for the overall scale was 0.96. It was found that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between test and retest (r=0.166; p=0.05). The scale was shown to be a valid and reliable standard measurement that can be used to accurately evaluate the efficacy of health education provided by healthcare professionals.

Are Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Distal Radius Fractures Validated for Spanish and Culture? A Systematic Review

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used commonly to assess function to direct treatment and evaluate outcomes for patients with distal radius fractures. Most PROMs have been developed and validated in English with minimal report of the demographics of patients studied. The validity of applying these PROMs among Spanish-speaking patients is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality and psychometric properties of Spanish-language adaptations of PROMs for distal radius fractures. We conducted a systematic review to identify published studies of adaptations of Spanish-language PROMs evaluating patients with distal radius fractures. We evaluated the methodologic quality of the adaptation and validation using Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures, Quality Criteria for Psychometric Properties of Health Status Questionnaire, and the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments Checklist for Cross-Cultural Validity. The level of evidence was evaluated based upon prior methodology. Five instruments reported in eight studies were included: the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), Disability of Arm Shoulder and Hand, Upper Limb Functional Index, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment. The PRWE was the most frequently included PROM. No study followed all six processes for adaptation or assessed all measurement properties. No study demonstrated the completion of more than eight of the 14 aspects of cross-cultural validity. The PRWE had moderate evidence to support half of the domains of measurement properties evaluating the level of evidence. None of the five instruments identified received a good rating on all three checklists. Only the PWRE demonstrated moderate evidence on half of the measurement domains. Given the lack of strong evidence to support the quality of these instruments, we recommend adaptation and testing of PROMs for this population before use. Currently, PROMs in Spanish-speaking patients should be used with caution so as not to perpetuate health care disparities.

Translation and validation of the PPSC-PNP instrument to measure parental satisfaction with care from pediatric nurses in China

PurposeTo modify and translate the Parents' Perceptions of Satisfaction with Care from Pediatric Nurse Practitioners instrument into Chinese, culturally adapt and initially test it to assess parental satisfaction with care from all levels of pediatric nurses in a pediatric inpatient care context. Design and methodsThe instrument was translated and culturally adapted following a standardized guideline for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Content validity, discriminative validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were examined. ResultsFour main issues were identified in the translation and cultural adaptation stage. Modifications were therefore made to the Chinese Parents' Perceptions of Satisfaction with Care from Pediatric Nurses instrument. The item-level content validity indexes for the Chinese instrument ranged between 0.83 and 1.0. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.95, and the intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.44. ConclusionThe Chinese Parents' Perceptions of Satisfaction with Care from Pediatric Nurses instrument has good content validity and internal consistency and can be considered a suitable clinical evaluation tool to measure parental satisfaction with care from pediatric nurses in pediatric inpatient settings in China. Practice implicationsThe instrument is anticipated to be useful in strategic planning for Chinese nurse managers responsible for patient safety and quality of care. Additionally, it has the potential to serve as a tool to enable international comparisons in parental satisfaction with care from pediatric nurses after further testing.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the ankle joint functional assessment tool (AJFAT) questionnaire

BackgroundAnkle joint functional assessment tool (AJFAT) is gradually becoming a popular tool for diagnosing functional ankle instability (FAI). However, due to the lack of standard Chinese versions of AJFAT and reliability and validity tests, the use of AJFAT in the Chinese population is limited. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the AJFAT from English into Chinese, and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of AJFAT and to investigate its psychometric properties.MethodsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation of AJFAT was performed according to guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. 126 participants with a history of ankle sprain completed the AJFAT-C twice within 14 days and completed the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT-C) once. Test–retest reliability, internal consistency, ceiling and floor effects, convergent and structure validity and discriminative ability were investigated.ResultsThe test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.87–0.94) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87) of the AJFAT-C were excellent. No ceiling or floor effects were detected. A moderate correlation between the AJFAT-C and the CAIT-C suggested a moderate convergent validity. The AJFAT-C had a two-factor structure: 1. function of the unstable side of the ankle joint (9 items) and 2. symptoms of the unstable side of the ankle (2 items). The ideal cut-off point of the AJFAT-C was calculated as 26 points.ConclusionThe Chinese version of AJFAT can be considered as a valid and reliable ankle joint function evaluation tool that can be applied in clinical and research work.

Construct Validity Test of Academic Resilience Inventory (ARI): A Potential Scale for Assessing Students’ Academic Resilience During Pandemic COVID-19

This study aims to test the reliability and validity of the Academic Resilience Inventory (ARI), which was developed by Samuel (2004) for the Indonesian context. The inventory adaptation procedure that the researchers did in this research refers to the journal Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures (Beaton, 2000). The total amount of sample used in this study was 200 students of Public Vocational School 1 Pandeglang, taken by using accidental sampling. To test the validity of the measurement inventory, the researcher used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with Lisrel software. The result revealed that, in general, the Academic Resilience Inventory (ARI) by Samuel (2004) is significantly unidimensional, meaning it only measures the construct of the academic resilience inventory. However, in the result of CFA, the validity test known that item no.8 on the intelligence factor, item no. Forty on temperamental factors, items no. 2, 14, 25, 26, and 28 on social relations factors, item no. Three on the factor of family relations, item no. 6 on academic factors are invalid. Further psychometric properties analysis and education are described.

Validity and Reliability of the Vietnamese Version of the Dental Fear Survey

The use of questionnaires to assess patients' dental fear is critical to dental research and practice. As one of the most well-established tools in this field, the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) was translated into Vietnamese (V-DFS) and employed in previous studies. However, its validity and reliability have not been reported. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of V-DFS in adults. The DFS was translated to Vietnamese in accordance with the "Guideline for the Process of Cross-cultural Adaptation of Self-reported Measures" to create the V-DFS. Next, 414 students at Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine completed the V-DFS to examine its validity and reliability. The factorial validity of V-DFS was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the V-DFS were assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient (rs). The rotated component matrix of the EFA revealed 3 factors: specific stimuli, anticipatory fear and avoidance, and physiologic arousal. The statistical indices of the best-fitting V-DFS model in SEM analysis satisfied the cutoff values. Cronbach's α ranged from .82 to .94 for the 3 factors. The ICC and rs of the whole questionnaire were .86 and .86, respectively. DFS was successfully translated into Vietnamese with good validity and reliability. Further research should be conducted to examine its validity in various populations and to improve its characteristics.

Cross-cultural adaptation of The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire: A methodological systematic review

BackgroundThe Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) is a reliable and sensitive measure of disability to determine functional status and evaluate curative effects in low back pain, it has now been cross-cultural translated into many other languages and adapted for use in different countries. We aim to evaluate the translation procedures and measurement properties of cross-cultural adaptations of the JOABPEQ. MethodsStudies related to cross-cultural adaptation of the JOABPEQ in a specific language/culture were searched in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SciELO, PsycINFO, SinoMed, and Web of Science from their inception to March 2022. The Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures and the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instruments guideline were used for evaluation. ResultsNine different versions of cross-cultural JOABPEQ adaptations in 8 different languages/cultures were included. The adaptation process was not strictly performed, such as standard forward translation and expert committee review were rarely reported. Content validity (8/9), floor and ceiling effects (3/9), reliability (4/9), and interpretability (6/9) were assessed in most of the adaptations, while agreement (2/9), responsiveness (2/9), and the internal consistency (2/9) were not. JOABPEQ can replace functional and quality of life score to reduce the burden of scientific research. ConclusionWe recommend Persian-Iranian, simplified Chinese–Chinese Mandarin, Thai and Gunaydin G's Turkish adaptations for application. The numerical pain rating scale/visual analogue scale in low back pain and lower extremities, as well as numbness in lower extremities could not be neglected in JOABPEQ adaptations.

Pereklad, kros-kulturalna adaptatsiia i validyzatsiia ankety tsentralnoi sensytyzatsii (Central Sensitization Inventory) dlia khvorykh na revmatoidnyi artryt

Introduction. Pain syndrome is one of the leading disabilitating factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently the heterogeneity of pathogenetic mechanisms of pain formation in the patients with joints inflammatory diseases has been demonstrated. The phenomenon of central sensitization is among the leading mechanisms of pain perception. In 2012 T. G. Mayer et al. created the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), which makes it possible rapid identification of patients whose symptoms may be related to the phenomenon of central sensitization. Currently the Ukrainian version of this questionnaire is not available. The aim of the study. Our investigation was directed towards translation, cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and testing of Central Sensitization Inventory Ukrainian version in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Materials and methods. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of CSI were carried out according to the standard Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. 75 patients diagnosed with RA according to ACR/EULAR (2010) criteria and 15 control group patients were involved in the study. RA activity was determined due to Disease Activity Score – 28 (DAS-28), the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and the functional ability of patients – by Health Assessment Questionnaire – Disability Index (HAQ-DI). Visual analog scoring (VAS) from 0 to 10 points were used to evaluate the intensity of pain. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the methods of variation statistics in the application package SPSS22 (© SPSS Inc.). The results are presented as the mean value with standard deviation (M ± SD). Results. According to DAS-28, patients had a predominance of moderate and high disease activity (4.99 ± 0.87). Also, high RA activity in most patients was confirmed by CDAI (32.96 ± 9.46) and SDAI (35.90 ± 9.56). Impairment of functional ability in the examined patients according to the HAQ-DI index was 1.36 ± 0.70 points. Severe functional impairment (HAQ-DI value more than 2 points) was observed in 19.0 % of patients. The intensity of pain assessed in patients was 6,92 ± 1,55 points. The reliability of the Ukrainian-language version of the CSI questionnaire was evaluated by a “test-retest” with an interval of 7 days in 65 patients with RA. The obtained data demonstrated the high reliability of the CSI questionnaire – intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.914, and the L. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.914. The CSI questionnaire in RA patients demonstrated the phenomenon of central sensitization in this category of patients. The CSI value in our patients was 36.32 ± 14.67 versus 15.60 ± 12.10 in controls. At the same time, an indicator of more than 40 (central sensitization present) was detected in 40.0 % of patients. Conclusions. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory questionnaire were accomplished. The Ukrainian version of the questionnaire showed sufficient reliability and internal consistency. This questionnaire can be useful in both – scientific purposes and clinical practice – regarding the Ukrainian-speaking population with rheumatoid arthritis.

Filipino Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale

Aim: To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Lower Extremity Functional Scale to Filipino. Methods: In this cross-sectional validation study, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale was translated and cross-culturally adapted to Filipino using the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures by Beaton et al. and Sousa and Rojjanasrirat. The pre-final version of the Filipino Lower Extremity Functional Scale (FIL-LEFS) underwent online pilot testing (n = 11) among Filipinos across the Philippines who have musculoskeletal conditions. This was to ensure that the scale and item questions were clear and comprehensible. Subsequently, the experts' committee determined the psychometric properties of face validity using FVI and content validity using CVI and COSMIN criteria and rating system. Results: The FIL-LEFS used Filipino terms that are understandable to Filipinos of all ages with lower extremity conditions. The Face Validity Index scores showed that all items were acceptable (&gt; 0.80). In addition, the content validity was rated excellent (S-CVI Ave &gt; 0.90), with all items indicating relevance and acceptability. The COSMIN content validation further showed that the study was of moderate quality in terms of sufficient content validity as rated by five experts and inconsistent content validity as rated by four experts. Conclusion and Implications: The translation and cultural adaptation of LEFS was successful. The pilot testing results showed that the FIL-LEFS is a valid tool in measuring difficulty in functional activities involving the lower extremity. However, there is still a need to establish its full psychometric properties.

Translation and Adaptation of the French Version of the Risk Stratification Index, a Tool for Stratified Care in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study.

Background and Objectives: Low back pain is a worldwide health problem. An early diagnosis is required to develop personalized treatment strategies. The Risk Stratification Index (RSI) was developed to serve the purpose. The aim of this pilot study is to cross-culturally translate the RSI to a French version (RSI-F) and evaluate the test-retest reliability of RSI-F using a French active population. Materials and Methods: The RSI was translated from German to French (RSI-F) based on the guidelines of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. A total of 42 French recreational athletes (age 18–63 years) with non-specific low back pain were recruited and filled in the RSI-F twice. The test-retest reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,2) and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Finally, 33 questionnaires were analyzed (14 males and 19 females, age 31 ± 10 years, 9.5 ± 3.2 h/week of training). The test-retest of RSI-F CPI and DISS were excellent (CPI: ICC1,2 = 0.989, p < 0.001; r = 0.989, p < 0.001; DISS: ICC1,2 = 0.991, p < 0.001; r = 0.991, p < 0.001), as well as Korff pain intensity (ICC1,2 = 0.995, p < 0.001; r = 0.995, p < 0.001) and disability (ICC1,2 = 0.998, p < 0.001; r = 0.998, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The RSI-F is linguistically accurate and reliable for use by a French-speaking active population with non-specific low back pain. The RSI-F is considered a tool to examine the evolution of psychosocial factors and therefore the risk of chronicity and the prognostic of pain. Further evaluations, such as internal, external validity, and responsiveness should be evaluated in a larger population.

French-Canadian Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale: The COWS-FC.

The assessment of opioid withdrawal symptoms is common in both clinical and research settings. The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is among the most frequently used instruments for the assessment of signs and symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal. The COWS is a validated, clinician-administered instrument initially developed and validated for English-speaking populations. To date, however, the COWS has yet to be linguistically and culturally adapted for French-Canadian populations.ObjectiveThe main objective of the present study was to develop a French-Canadian translation and adaptation of the COWS (i.e., the COWS-FC) for the assessment of opioid withdrawal symptoms in clinical and research settings.MethodsThe French-Canadian translation and cultural adaptation of the COWS was performed following guidelines for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. The steps consisted of (1) initial translation from English to French, (2) synthesis of the translation, (3) back-translation from French to English, (4) expert committee meeting, (5) test of the prefinal version among healthcare professionals and (6) review of final version by the expert committee. The expert committee considered four major areas where the French-Canadian version should achieve equivalence with the original English-version of the COWS. These areas were (1) semantic equivalence; (2) idiomatic equivalence; (3) experiential equivalence and (4) conceptual equivalence.ResultsRigorous steps based on the guidelines for the translation and cultural adaptation of assessment tools were followed, which led to a semantically equivalent version of the COWS. After a pretest among healthcare professionals, members from the expert committee agreed upon slight modifications to the French-Canadian version of the COWS to yield a final COWS-FC version.ConclusionsA French-Canadian translation and adaptation of the COWS (i.e., the COWS-FC) was developed. The COWS-FC could be used for the assessment of opioid withdrawal symptoms in clinical and research settings.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Italian version of the anterior cruciate ligament\u2013return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) scale and its integration into the K-STARTS test

BackgroundThe timing of a return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) represents a major subject of debate in sports medicine practice. Recently, the Knee Santy Athletic Return to Sport (K-STARTS) composite test was validated. This consists of a battery of physical tests and a psychological evaluation using the anterior cruciate ligament–return to sport after injury scale (ACL-RSI). This study aimed to translate the ACL-RSI and K-STARTS from English to Italian and determine the scale’s reliability and validity in an Italian context.MethodsThe translation and cultural adaptation process was performed according to the guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. The patients were asked to fill an anonymized online form created for this purpose that included the KOOS, the Lysholm, the IKDC-SKF, and the Italian translation of the ACL-RSI (ACL-RSI-It). After 1 week, the attendees were asked to repeat the ACL-RSI-It to investigate the test–retest reliability.ResultsThe final study population comprised 115 patients who underwent ACLR, with a mean follow-up of 37.37 ± 26.56 months. The ACL-RSI-It showed axcellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.963), reliability (test–retest ICC = 0.966), and good construct validity (positive correlations with the other scales were above 75%).ConclusionsThe ACL-RSI-It is valid, reliable, and comparable to the original English version of the questionnaire for Italian-speaking patients. It can be used to assess the psychological readiness of patients for a RTS after primary and unilateral ACLR, and can be integrated into the Italian K-STARTS test.Level of evidenceLevel II.

The Validity and Reliability of the Serbian Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version.

Background and Objectives: Smartphone use has been rapidly increasing worldwide, which has brought possible smartphone addiction into the focus of research. In order to identify potential smartphone addicts, several scales were developed to assess smartphone addiction. Among them, the Smartphone Addiction Scale was frequently used. The study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the Serbian version of the SAS-SV and estimate smartphone addiction prevalence among medical students. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in December 2018 on a convenience sample of 323 third-year medical students. The cross-cultural adaptation was performed following the well-established guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-reported measures. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the structure of the questionnaire. Factor extraction was performed by principal component analysis with Varimax rotation. For test–retest reliability, students completed the questionnaire twice within seven days. Results: The Serbian version of the SAS-SV showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89) and excellent reliability for test–retest scores (ICC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92–0.96). Factor analysis supported the extraction of one factor, which explained 51.538% of the variance. To explore convergent validity furthermore, the SAS-SV was correlated with time indicators of smartphone use. According to cut-off values for the SAS-SV score, 19.5% of students could be regarded as “addicted”, and often spent more time on smartphones and social networks on working days and weekends than “not addicted” students. Conclusions: The Serbian version of the SAS-SV is a reliable and valid instrument for detecting smartphone addiction among university students. Further research on this issue is encouraged to enable a better understanding of this ever-increasing public health issue.

Validity and Reliability of Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire (Lymph-ICF) Thai Version

Objective: The study objective is to adapt the Lymphoedema functioning, disability and health questionnaire (Lymph-ICF) for use in the Thai language and to investigate the validity and reliability of the Thai version. Materials and Methods: This study was done in 5 stages in line with established guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures; 1) Initial translation 2) Synthesis of the translations 3) Back translation 4) Expert committee review and 5) Test of the prefinal version. The face validity was assessed by interview content experts. In the assessment of the validity of the construct, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlations between the scores of the Thai Lymph-ICF and the scores of the Thai EQ-5D-5L. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to establish test-retest reliability while Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the whole questionnaire and of each domain. Results: Fifty participants were evaluated for validity and reliability. Face validity was supported. Construct validity showed strong correlations between the scores of the Thai Lymph-ICF and the scores of the Thai EQ-5D-5L. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were both excellent. Conclusion: The Lymph-ICF Thai version was shown to be both valid and reliable for evaluating the quality of life of patients with breast cancer-related lymphoedema.