Cross-border Space Research Articles

Penalizing ‘runaway’ migrant wives: commercial cross-border marriages and home space as confinement

ABSTRACT This study examines the use of the term ‘gachul (absconding from home)’ in courts and immigration policies to punish the behavior of marriage migrant women who enter South Korea after marriage and then leave their husbands. The study focuses on penalized mobility outside migrants’ marital homes, which is interpreted as deviance from the expected family role. By conceptualizing home as a confinable space, the paper discusses migrant women’s exclusion from citizenship based on their contribution to the family. The paper draws from cases heard in criminal courts and laws and policies, paying attention to the conflation of criminal, immigration, and family laws and the effect on marriage and family. Notably, it highlights cases of uxoricide, marital rape, and international child abduction. The cases reveal that judicial and executive bodies penalize marriage migrants’ departure from home, regardless of the justification for their actions.

A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis of the Co-Construction of an International Transport Corridor

The construction and development of international transport corridors have become a means of cross-border space governance and promote the flexibility of international industrial chains and supply chains. Due to the uncertainty of cooperation, the development of international transport corridors entails a long-term and complex system of engineering. This paper evaluates a tripartite evolutionary game model on the cooperative construction of international transport corridors (including origin, transit, and destination countries) and analyzes the cooperation mechanism and influencing factors. The cooperative construction of international transport corridors is complex. Factors such as willingness to cooperate, transfer payments, sunk costs, and reputation have a positive impact on the cooperative construction of international transport corridors, but excessive transfer payments hinder cooperation. To promote the construction of international transport corridors, all parties need to have a strong willingness to cooperate; otherwise, the cooperation agreement has a greater probability of becoming invalid. International transport corridors with good development prospects and benefits would accelerate construction progress with the active efforts of participating countries.

Strengthening the Role of Academic Institutions and Innovation Brokers in Agri-Food Innovation: Towards Hybridisation in Cross-Border Cooperation

Existing research suggests that regions can develop their long-term competitive advantage through well-functioning interregional innovation cooperation. In this article, we use the example of innovation in small and medium-sized agri-food enterprises (SMEs) to scrutinise and compare regional innovation approaches on each side of the Dutch-German border and explore how they can converge into a cross-border innovation space. Particular attention is paid to the role of academic institutions and innovation brokers in creating a common innovation space. We explore how differences between two cross-border regions can be harnessed to enhance the impact of innovation, and how this may lead to what we describe as hybridisation effects. In the empirical analysis, we apply the concept of hybridisation to a cross-border innovation space, something that, as far as we are aware, has not been done before. We empirically ground the concepts of a cross-border innovation space and hybridisation and illustrate how relative regional strengths can lead to hybridisation effects. We conclude that differences in economic structures, institutional set-ups, visions and identities inherent in cross-border spaces are not only hindrances, but also opportunities, and we highlight the importance of these complementary strengths and the potential for their strategic use by regional innovation actors. Our findings are highly relevant for the further development of the Interreg Europe programme and the implementation of the EU’s Territorial Agenda 2030.

La narrativa como enfoque metodológico para el estudio multidisciplinario de la frontera sur (Chiapas–Guatemala). Experiencias y reflexiones

El objetivo del presente texto es proporcionar elementos para fundamentar el enfoque narrativo como metodología para realizar investigación multidisciplinaria y colectiva dentro de las ciencias sociales en espacios transfronterizos. Para ello, reflexionamos sobre la experiencia de investigación colectiva del proyecto “La frontera Chiapas–Guatemala: territorio, problemáticas y dinámicas sociales”, cuyo foco de estudio se centró en la dimensión de la vida cotidiana en los diversos territorios que conforman la frontera Chiapas–Guatemala. Explicamos el desarrollo de la investigación y las dificultades que enfrentamos en el proceso y, primordialmente, nos centramos en discutir dos ejes fundamentales: la frontera como objeto de investigación y las narrativas como propuesta metodológica. Nuestro interés es compartir una experiencia de aprendizaje colectivo, con la finalidad de inspirar y fomentar el debate sobre investigación multidisciplinaria en contextos fronterizos.

Cross-border approach to regions’ smart specialization: experience of the EU member states

In the recent decade, the EU Member States have been actively implementing the regional development policy based on innovative strategies of smart specialization. However, lately, European researchers have been paying increasing attention to the issues of regions’ capacity to overcome the boundaries of administrative units inside the country and abroad and to the need to consider regions in the context of their functioning among others, especially from the viewpoint of the growing role of their innovative networks in global value chains. That is why currently the EU is addressing the development of cross-border smart specialization strategies.
 The paper aims to study the European experience on the functioning of cross-border innovation systems and joint strategic planning of cross-border regions’ development based on smart specialization and to outline the opportunities to implement the EU experience of cross-border approach to smart specialization in cross-border regions of Ukraine with EU Member States.
 The paper analyzes the views of foreign researchers on the links between innovation systems in cross-border space that constitute the theoretical basis of the study of cross-border smart specialization strategies, namely regarding the dimensions and level of their development. The research of European scientists on cross-border innovation systems in specific cross-border regions is examined, in particular on Spanish-French and German-French borders.
 Directions of implementation of smart specialization projects in cross-border context under the EU programs and other EU instruments that support regions in cooperation for the elaboration of joint view of development with neighbouring economically, socially, culturally, and historically close regions are outlined.
 The experience and methodology of the first cross-border smart specialization strategy for Spanish and Portuguese regions are studied in detail.
 The opportunities to use the EU experience by several Western Ukrainian regions based on the joint smart specialization priorities with the neighboring EU states are outlined. For this purpose, 1) the RIS3 strategies of the regions of Poland and Romania adjoining Ukraine and Regional Development Strategies of respective Ukrainian regions were analyzed to detect similar smart specialization priorities; 2) the clusters in the mentioned regions were analyzed as main drivers of achievement of smart specialization goals to detect similar or complementary functioning areas.

La conformación de sistemas regionales de innovación transfronteriza en Europa: lecciones para la Región Sonora-Arizona en la frontera México-Estados Unidos

Objetivo: analizar las principales lecciones derivadas del impulso a espacios transfronterizos de innovación en la Unión Europea (UE), como base para reflexionar sobre las perspectivas de conformación de Sistemas Regionales de Innovación Transfronterizos (SRIT) en regiones con amplias asimetrías socio-económicas e institucionales, como sucede en la frontera entre México y los Estados Unidos. Para tal efecto se toma como referencia el caso de la Región Sonora-Arizona. Metodología: la investigación es exploratoria, descriptiva, analítica y utiliza documentos publicados tomando como base la evolución y situación actual de conformación del SRIT en la Región Sonora-Arizona. para así llevar a cabo un ejercicio de contrastación con la experiencia y lecciones obtenidas en la UE, región de vanguardia en este tema. Para el análisis se consideran las dimensiones de innovación, proximidades/distancia y gobernanza. Resultados: la experiencia europea representa un gran referente para comprender las perspectivas y los desafíos para construir un SRIT integrado. Entre los aspectos centrales de contraste están las motivaciones y el enfoque adoptado sobre la integración y la conformación de espacios de innovación transfronterizos, con una visión más integral, de cohesión social y territorial, y una mayor institucionalización a nivel supra-nacional. Limitaciones: son relativamente pocos los estudios comprensivos sobre evolución, resultados e impactos de SRIT. Esta representa un área de oportunidad para avanzar teórica y metodológicamente en el tema. Conclusiones: la proximidad geográfica y la voluntad política, aunque necesarias, no son condiciones suficientes para el establecimiento de SRIT fortalecidos. Se requiere contar con los componentes básicos de un sistema de innovación. Este representa un desafío fundamental que la Región Sonora-Arizona deberá enfrentar en lo inmediato con el fin de escalar en sus etapas de integración del SRIT.

Unitarism and a new paradigm of the Ukraine state information policy

The article purpose is to highlight the issue of improving the theoretical and legal foundations of state information policy in mo -dern conditions, to formulate some conceptual foundations of its essence, content as a complex legal institution. And also to deepen thedoctrinal grounds of modern unitarism as a constitutional and legal institution.Some aspects of the influence of the state-territorial organization form on the implementation of state information policy are considered.The need to develop a fundamentally new strategy for the entry of Ukrainian society into the cross-border space, integration intointernational telecommunications networks, development of international standards of information exchange and information protectionis emphasized.The expediency of developing a new paradigm of state information policy, its legal regulation is substantiated.Attention is paid to the relations between state information policy and state information function.Deficiencies in the formation and implementation of the national state information policy are analyzed separately. These are: theactual lack of information relations in many areas, including countering information wars against Ukraine.It is said about the lack of a systematic and comprehensive approach to regulatory and legal support of information policy measuresand other shortcomings of the modern state policy strategy.Based on the analysis of the current legislation provisions , special literature, attention is paid to the problems of the conceptualand categorical apparatus of the researched subject, the need for its improvement.In particular, it is an analysis of the content of such key categories as “state information policy”, “information sphere”, “nationalinformation space”. Methodological approaches to the essential characteristics of these concepts differ both in domestic special literatureand in foreign. This issue has extremely practical significance.

Questioned Sovereignty and Challenged Diplomacies: The Case of the Aymara People and the State of Chile

ABSTRACT Based on the relations between the Aymara people and the State of Chile, this article analyzes two crucial dimensions for international studies. On the one hand, it studies the ideas, debates and practices of State sovereignty in borderland areas and contrasts them with the narrative of the Aymara people that inhabit these cross-border spaces; on the other, it examines Indigenous Consultation processes involving the government of Chile and Aymara communities, which provide evidence of mismatched diplomatic relationships. Both dimensions address the diverging conceptions of “international order” present in the borderland strip, which are marked by hegemonic practices on the part of the national State and increasingly questioned by the narratives and practices of the indigenous peoples.

Introduction to Special Issue: Creating Spaces for Cooperation: Crossing Borders and Boundaries before and after Brexit

No abstract but Introduction which starts with...Brexit is undoubtedly a geographical question and one with profound implications for the UK, Ireland, Europe and, perhaps most critically, North-South relations on the island of Ireland. The prospect of a hard border places at risk the goodwill and ease of access that have provided the basis for cross-border cooperation over the last two decades (Hayward, 2017). In the period since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement (GFA), the island of Ireland has slowly emerged as a coherent functional space with extensive effort gone into the development of shared cross-border spaces for cooperation at community, local authority, regional and inter-jurisdictional levels (Coakley and O’Dowd, 2007; Walsh, 2015; Rafferty and Blair, this issue). Prevalent zero-sum mentalities of competing territorial claims and mutually exclusive socio-spatial imaginaries have slowly given way to new spatial logics, focussed on the island of Ireland and/or cross-border region as a functional space (O’Dowd and McCall, 2008, 86; McCall, 2011).

Introduction to Special Issue: Creating Spaces for Cooperation: Crossing Borders and Boundaries before and after Brexit

No abstract but Introduction which starts with... Brexit is undoubtedly a geographical question and one with profound implications for the UK, Ireland, Europe and, perhaps most critically, North-South relations on the island of Ireland. The prospect of a hard border places at risk the goodwill and ease of access that have provided the basis for cross-border cooperation over the last two decades (Hayward, 2017). In the period since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement (GFA), the island of Ireland has slowly emerged as a coherent functional space with extensive effort gone into the development of shared cross-border spaces for cooperation at community, local authority, regional and inter-jurisdictional levels (Coakley and O’Dowd, 2007; Walsh, 2015; Rafferty and Blair, this issue). Prevalent zero-sum mentalities of competing territorial claims and mutually exclusive socio-spatial imaginaries have slowly given way to new spatial logics, focussed on the island of Ireland and/or cross-border region as a functional space (O’Dowd and McCall, 2008, 86; McCall, 2011).

СТРАТЕГИИ ОСМЫСЛЕНИЯ И РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ ТРАНСГРАНИЧНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ СИБИРИ В ОЧЕРКАХ Н.А. КОСТРОВА

The article discusses the problem of understanding and representation of the crossborder territories of Siberia in Nikolay Kostrov’s essays as laying a foundation for the theory and methodology of cross-border studies. The author analyzes descriptions of cross-border territories that are numerous in Kostrov’s publications, Kostrov’s ideas about the border, cross-border territories and their functions, the models and types of cross-border interactions Kostrov created, and the life styles of the population of these territories. The author proves that Kostrov’s essays on the problems of the cross-border territories of Siberia fit into the context of the then contemporary studies and clearly show that it is mechanisms of influence of the spatial conditions of cross-border territories (resulting from the features of climate, geographical location, historical development) on the behavior of people living and migrating there, rather than the territories themselves, that are significant for analysis. Concretizing the problem of strategies for understanding cross-border territories laid down in Kostrov’s essays, one should first note his attention to the formation and development of cross-border spaces, which is in demand and updated within the framework of modern sociology of space and cultural geography. The algorithm of stating and understanding the problem that Kostrov proposed (taking into account the essay nature of his articles intended for the general reader) includes: (1) representation of empirical material about cross-border space, often collected by Kostrov himself during his trips to Siberia or gleaned from authoritative sources; (2) typification and classification of cross-border spaces based on a certain system of signs (symbols, concepts): river, road, border, mountains, etc. Kostrov’s essays mainly describe practices of cross-border interactions, for he sees cross-border territories as a localization of sociocultural ties and relations of residents of such regions. rather than as a geographical and geopolitical space. This allows building a dialogue of cultures and preserving one’s identity. In general, it can be argued that Kostrov made a significant contribution to the initial stage of the formation of the methodology for the study of cross-border territories on the Siberian material. This stage was characterized by the coexistence of approaches already tested by researchers from Western Europe and Central Russia and new theories. In particular, Kostrov organically combines historical-geographical and partly political-economic approaches with anthropological ones. He thus strengthens the understanding of cross-border territories as sociocultural phenomena that are constantly changing and developing (and these are the essential features of the Siberian cross-border region according to Kostrov), and, accordingly, emphasizes the significance of an interdisciplinary approach to their understanding and representation.

Espacios de interacción transfronteriza articulados por afiliación religiosa. Un acercamiento etnográfico desde la vida socio-religiosa de mujeres zapotecas evangélicas en Ensenada, Baja California

The purpose of this article is to analyze the conformation of cross-border interaction spaces articulated by religious affiliation, between a congregation of Zapotec evangelical women in the city of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, and religious organizations and evangelical churches from the state of California, United States. The methodological approach is qualitative. Ethnographic data from 2017 and 2018 are analyzed. The originality of this work lies in showing how cross-border spaces can be built by religious affiliation, which transcends ethnic identifications and links different actors, despite the current and difficult socio-political context of the Mexico-United States border.

Protection and Control of the State Border as a Component of Ensuring National Security of Ukraine

The issues of borders and national foundations of state formation are of great importance in Ukraine. Ukraine is developing within the existing borders on the basis of use by the Ukrainian nation of its inalienable right for self-determination, provides the safeguard and protection of the national statehood of the Ukrainian people, and takes the lead on its territory. The inviolability of the territory of Ukraine within the existing borders implies the inviolability of these borders.
 The aim of this article is to characterize the safeguard and protection of the state border of Ukraine as a component of ensuring of the national security of Ukraine.
 The safeguard and protection of the state border are one of the important types of state activity.
 They are of particular relevance and importance in modern conditions after the events of 2014 and subsequent years. Earlier, the issue was the safeguard of the state border of Ukraine within the framework of law enforcement activities, but today, the issues of safeguard and reliable protection of the state border, ensuring the security of the state border and cross-border security of Ukraine are considered as important components of the country’s security and defence.
 In the scientific literature the content of governance in this area being considered differently. In particular, as a separate subsystem of public administration in the administrative and political sphere at the level with the management of state or military security and defence, components of national or internal security of Ukraine, etc. There is no single point of view on this matter in the theory of administrative law.
 Based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine, the content of the concepts of national and border security of Ukraine, scientific views, available in the theory of administrative law, the author concluded that the safeguard and protection of the state border ensure the safety of the state border of Ukraine and cross-border security of Ukraine. Cross-border security, in its turn, is an element (separate subsystem) of Ukraine's national security.
 Security of the state border – is protection of its inviolability and, accordingly, stability of its passing, designation, order of supply, crossing, maintenance, etc. Any violations of the state border regime must be decisively suppressed. Cross-border security – is a component of national security of Ukraine and provides security of the state border, protection of state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within existing borders, other vital national interests of Ukraine from external and internal threats in the field of border activity (at the state border and cross-border space).

Transgraniczna przestrzeń turystyczna obszarów morskich i nadmorskich na przykładzie Morza Bałtyckiego – próba wyjaśnienia pojęcia = Cross-border tourism space in maritime and seaside areasa s exemplified by the Baltic Sea Region – an attempt at explaining the concept

The article reports on work reviewing research into cross-border tourism space as this relates to sea areas. In essence, the review made it clear that the matter in question only appears in the literature rather rarely, even as its underpinning concepts involving tourism space, borders, cross-border cooperation and international integration have been the subject of many studies. The Baltic Sea is no longer an area of separation, having become – more than ever – a meeting point of numerous political, economic and ecological interests. Within its basin (including adjacent areas of land and waters), cross-border tourism space is developing mainly as connections are formed between already-existing tourism space within given states – primarily coastal cities or regions. Connections via the sea confer physical shape upon maritime tourism space, by way of a banded pattern. In turn, cooperation between entities located on two (or more) sides of the maritime border plays a significant role in delimiting the boundaries of cross-border tourism space associated with sea areas, while also serving in the integration process relating to that space, which is actually more extensive than just the interconnected cross-border sea and the coastal spaces, given that cooperating entities may be located even beyond. The author argues that space in which the authorities, institutions and residents of two or more neighbouring countries make contact with each other by way of tourism as conceived broadly can be designated cross-border tourism space. If it is countries separated by a maritime border that are connected, then it is possible to speak of a cross-border tourism space linked to marine areas. The physical flow of tourists by ship that characterises the space in question (as tourist flows occur) provides further strengthening of the idea that such space is capable of being designated. This research forms part of work on aspects of border management and the development of cross-border management (by which a common, cross-border space, in this case for tourism, is developed). The author also posits the existence of cognitive tourism in relation to coastal areas: in cities (urban systems in coastal districts, ports, historic parts of cities, spas), and along the natural shoreline (visits made to coast, shore, dunes and cliffs). The work is then brought to a close with suggestions for further research on the topic, as based on an integrated approach embracing attractiveness, infrastructure and tourism flows, accessibility, the analysis of strategic and planning documents related to the development of tourism, tourism management, territorial marketing, regional identity, the creation of regional tourist products, cross-border cooperation relating to the development of tourism and the relevant impact of cooperation of this kind.

Influence of european integration processes on social and economic convergence of regions in Ukraine-Eu cross-border space

Having declared the course towards European integration and having signed the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, Ukraine has made concrete commitments on improving the life of its citizens. It pledges to achieve the level of EU countries’ system of public administration, when the residents’ rights are protected, they have more chances for self-development and are more confident in future. The way to this goal goes through domestic reforms, elimination of corruption, adaptation of European standards, economic integration and political association with the EU. The impact of European integration is already visible in some spheres of country’s activity, mainly in institutional and legislative fields, foreign economic activity of both the country and its border regions and implementation of European instruments in the sphere of cross-border cooperation. However, it is going to take time to observe the influence of European integration on social and economic development of Ukraine and its regions.

Heritage of borderland and population development trends in the cross-border area of Albania-Montenegro

In this paper, we are trying to analyze some of the most important issues, which are clearly evident in the cross-border relations between Albania and Montenegro, such as population developments and related social themes in this particular sociogeographical cross-border space. The object of our research is particularly focused on such issues concerning the general overview of the cross-border population of Shkodra and Malësia e Madhe Municipalities in the part of the cross-border area of Albania and the population of Kraja, Ulcinj, Plava, Gucia and Tuzi in the cross-border area of Montenegro, the number of population, the transformations expressed in different periods, their features and characteristics, their reasons and factors that have influenced on their evolution during these periods of population development, their future tendency, themes and social problems accompanying their progress on both sides of the border, etc.

Territorial cross-border cooperation in higher education. A case study of the eastern Pyrenean border

Aquest article debat sobre les geografies canviants de les cooperacions transfrontereres d’educacio i investigacio superior i proporciona una analisi critica sobre les cooperacions transfrontereres universitaries implantades per la Unio Europea. Basant-nos en la frontera pirinenca, analitzem el paper d’aquesta cooperacio tot tenint en compte les seves multiples escales i la diversitat d’actors que hi participen. En aquest sentit, l’Espai Catala Transfronterer, en el sector oriental de la frontera pirinenca, constitueix un interessant estudi de cas. Aqui, mentre que s’ha desenvolupat un discurs emfatitzant l’existencia d’una unitat cultural, la realitat es que aquest espai continua marcat per les asimetries presents a banda i banda de la frontera. Aquest estudi de cas revela, per tant, les tensions i complexitats en l’establiment d’una col·laboracio transfronterera en l’ambit academic, construida sobre la base d’una retorica de proximitat territorial, pero sacsejada recentment pels requeriments nacionals i regionals.

Miejsca węzłowe pogranicza polsko-czeskiego jako istotne miejsca aktywizacji sieci powiązań transgranicznych

W artykule przedstawiono badania i ich wyniki prowadzone w ramach transgranicznego projektu „Edu2Work” – „Współpraca między szkołami i instytucjami publicznymi na granicy czesko-polskiej w zakresie edukacji to większe szanse na rynku pracy”, realizowanego w okresie od 2013 do 2015 r. Obszar badań obejmował po stronie Republiki Czeskiej okres Jesenik i Bruntal oraz po stronie polskiej powiat nyski i prudnicki. Projekt zrealizowano w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Współpracy Transgranicznej Republika Czeska – Rzeczypospolita Polska 2007–2013, realizowanego przez Katedrę Geografi i Wydziału Przyrodniczego na Uniwersytecie Palackého w Ołomuńcu i Główny Instytut Górnictwa w Katowicach, przy którym w charakterze ekspertów pracowali autorzy artykułu. Praca architektów, przy udziale studentów wydziałów architektury i geografi i, ukierunkowana była na badanie procesów zachodzących na pograniczu w sześciu tematach problemowych: edukacji, turystyki, transportu, sieciowania (tu: tworzenia i zagęszczania sieci łączności wszelkiej i koordynowanego współdziałania), przedsiębiorczości oraz przestrzeni i środowiska. W artykule przedstawiono przykłady działań w przestrzeni transgranicznej zwiększających integrację społeczeństw. Efektem były propozycje konkretnych rozwiązań aktywacji sieci powiązań komunikacyjnych, w których m.in. miejsca węzłowe rozumiane jako punkty przesiadkowe, w przestrzeni pogranicza powinny stanowić bazę dla rozwiązywania socjoekonomicznych i kulturowych problemów regionu.

Stress Test for the Policy-making Capability of Cross-border Spaces? Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino

ABSTRACT This paper focusses on the role of border regions in the governance of refugee flows. By analyzing the political discourse with regard to refugees and asylum seekers in the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, the paper evaluates the strength of ideational ties and of ideological frames for cross-border, policy-making capabilities in a contested policy field. The paper further develops the framing of the ideational dimension of cross-border cooperation by shifting the focus from the individual to the collective political level and from symbols to political discourse. Due to the favorable and institutionalized framework of cross-border cooperation, we assume strong ideational ties to increase the policy-making capability of border regions in the governance of migration flows independent from national frameworks. We show that regardless of the institutionalization of cross-border cooperation and frequent references to the Euroregion in the political discourse of all sub-state parliaments, the ideational frame for common actions regarding refugees and asylums seekers is eclipsed by the national context that continues to outweigh a local transnational identity. This hinders the capability of common policy making within cross-border regions. Nevertheless, we argue that border regions have the potential to fill a gap in the multilevel governance of migration by becoming mediators across borders and between states.

Frontières Et Dynamiques Socio-Spatiales En Afrique : Une Analyse À Partir Des Frontières Sud- Camerounaises

This article focuses on the openness and socio-economic dynamics associated with the meeting of different communities from many inland territories of Africa: on the borders of South Cameroon, northern Equatorial Guinea and North of Gabon, attracted by the oil windfall. The study illustrates the effectiveness of "living together" in this vast sub-region. It shows how development is based on the organization of trade that is not simply based on the differences between national systems, but on the establishment of South- South relations. While the challenges based on planning on these cross-border spaces is indispensable, local elected representatives are trying to set-up networking arrangements for cross-border communities. Border management makes it possible to ensure security, counter-threats to people and economic prosperity. The construction of a motorable high-way and the implementation of treaties on the opening of borders signed between the States since the 16th of March 1994 deemed at facilitating the free movement of economic actors, while many still consider the arrival of foreigners in these Eldorado as an invasion.