Sale Of Crops Research Articles

The role of men and women in agriculture and agricultural decisions in Vanuatu

AbstractThis study uses a unique data set of 106 cocoa‐growing households in Epi, Vanuatu, to study menʼs and womenʼs participation in decision‐making concerning 17 agricultural activities. Women participate in many aspects of the production and postharvest activities of food and cash crops. However, women are disempowered when it comes to participating in, influencing, and having autonomy over decisions about agricultural activities and income from crop sales. This article also presents an index summarising the decision‐making data. The findings do not suggest associations between the index and variables expected to correlate with womenʼs empowerment (e.g., education, household assets). The study does find that participation in community activities correlates with the decision‐making index for both men and women. The data presented in this article provides useful sex‐disaggregated data capturing intra‐household agricultural decision‐making, and a solid platform for further work on understanding intra‐household decision‐making processes concerning cash and food crops in Vanuatu.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is research and analysis of development trends and the current level of economic efficiency of vegetable production, substantiation of directions for effective development of the vegetable growing industry. Research materials and methods - the abstract-logical method, methods of induction, deduction and synthesis, statistical-economic method, methods of comparison and tabular models were used during the research. Research results: an analysis of the economic aspects of vegetable production in Ukraine was carried out, a description of the current state of the vegetable industry was presented, and its economic efficiency in agricultural enterprises was investigated. It was found that the production of vegetables exceeded their consumption in the country by almost 1.5 times, and the demand and supply have an upward trend. An analysis of the main economic indicators of the production of vegetable growing products in general and open soil was carried out according to the consolidated statistical reporting data. It was established that a significant increase in the production of these products did not occur due to a slight increase in the yield of vegetable crops. It was determined that on the market of vegetables there is a faster growth of their cost price and, accordingly, costs than sales prices - by 43% versus 18.5%. Of course, this leads to a sharp drop in profits, by almost 60% in general and more than 70% - for open ground vegetables. As a result, the level of profitability fell by 3.8 and 5.7 times. Elements of scientific novelty: substantiated main directions of development of the domestic market of vegetables, taking into account the needs of rational support of the population in modern conditions and increasing the export potential of the industry. Practical significance: it is noted that competition requires constant improvement of the activities of enterprises and increase in the profitability of the sale of vegetable crops. The results of the research can be used in the formation of programs for the development of the vegetable growing industry

Ринок зернових: тенденції і потенціал його розвитку

One of the strategic directions of Ukraine's economic policy is providing food for the country's population and exporting surplus grain. At the same time, the grain market is a crucial element of the global economy, as it constitutes a significant part of world trade. Global changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have left their mark on the functioning of the grain market and determined the future trends of its development. The article aims to determine the main trends in the grain market, to assess the potential of its development in Ukraine and the world. The dynamics of prices in the world market of grain crops were evaluated, and its features and main development trends were revealed. An analysis of the production and sale of grain crops in Ukraine in 2019-2022 was carried out. It was found that in 2022, direct and indirect losses of Ukraine in the agricultural economy amounted to $ 6.6 billion and $ 34.25 billion, respectively. Ukraine lost the opportunity to export about 5 million tons of wheat due to the blocking of ports and the complication of logistics. However, thanks to the help of partner countries, Ukraine can continue to ship its grain to the world market. In addition, according to preliminary data for 2022, Ukraine lost at least 15% of its elevators, with a total volume of 9.3 million tons due to military aggression. The article calculates the cost of investments in constructing (restoration) elevator capacities necessary for Ukraine to store grain. For developing the grain market in Ukraine and strengthening the potential of grain production, an important factor is an investment and improving the material and technical base. Despite the difficult circumstances of wartime, in general, the grain market of Ukraine continues to develop. It has the potential for further growth, especially if the quality of products is improved and the infrastructure is improved.

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ СТРОКІВ ЗБЕРІГАННЯЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР НА ПОРТОВОМУ ЕЛЕВАТОРІ

The article presents an economic and mathematical model for optimizing the storage time of grain crops at the port elevator, taking into account price dynamics during the marketing year and the duration of grain storage in the port. The production of grain, its consumption and sale throughout the year, as well as the need for stocks of food, feed and seed funds, lead to the fact that some batches of grain are quickly spent on current needs or moved to places of consumption, while others are stored for a long time.Thus, grain storage can be short-term (from several days to one month) and long-term (more than one month).For the cargo owner, the issue of preserving the crop and the possibility of storing it until the most favorable prices are established on the grain market is important. Therefore, competent management of the duration of storage of the grain harvest is essential for the successful operation of the grain trader. The decision of the owner of the cargo when to sell his grain depends on the duration of the pre-sale storage of this grain (and therefore the costs associated with it), and its selling price on the market.Given the above, the cargo owner must develop a strategy for the sale of grain crops, taking into account the world market conditions, their own capabilities and tasks.The target function of the model for optimizing the shelf life of grain is the profit from the sale of these goods minus the costs of their storage and processing. In addition, the model takes into account the costs of processing and storing grain, a parameter that determines the acceleration of the growth of costs for grain storage with an increase in the duration of storage, the total duration of shipment/loading of grain, analysis, drying, processing, and the total duration of grain stay at the port elevator from the moment of its loading on the elevator until loading onto the vessel. Having a number of advantages, this model can be used by cargo owners, heads of stevedoring companies to make managerial decisions to determine the optimal period of stay at their own storage areas for reloaded grain.Keywords: optimization model, grain crops, storage time, price dynamics, port elevator.

Using space-time scan statistic for studying the effects of COVID-19 in Punjab, Pakistan: a guideline for policy measures in regional agriculture.

Pakistan is included in top 50 countries which are estimated to face serious agriculture and food deficiency related challenges due to the worldwide pandemic coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on food supply chain and agriculture in Punjab, Pakistan, by using space–time scan statistic (STSS). A survey was conducted at 720 points in different districts of the province. The STSS detected “active” and emerging clusters that are current at the end of our study area—particularly, 17 clusters were formed while adding the updated case data. Software ArcGIS 10.3 was used to find relative risk (RR) values; the maximum RR value was found to be 42.19 and maximum observed cases 53,265 during June 15–July 1, 2020. It was not always necessary that if the number of active cases in Punjab increased, there should be higher relative risk for more number of districts and vice versa. Due to the highest number of cases of COVID-19 and RR values during July, mostly farmers faced many difficulties during the cultivation of cotton and rice. Mostly farmers (72%) observed increase in prices of inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) during lockdown. If the supply chain of agriculture related inputs is disturbed, farmers may find it quite difficult to access markets, which could result in a decline in production and sales of crops and livestock in study area. It is suggested that to protect the food security and to decrease the effect of the lockdown, Punjab government needs to review food policy and analyse how market forces will respond to the imbalanced storage facilities and capacity, supply and demand and price control of products. The findings of this study can also help policy-makers to formulate an effective food security and agriculture adaptation strategy.

The impact of policy design on payment concentration in Ad-hoc disaster Relief: Lessons from the Market Facilitation and Coronavirus food Assistance programs

This study examines the distributional implications of two recent ad-hoc disaster aid programs, the 2018 and 2019 Market Facilitation Payment (MFP) programs that have distinctly different program designs, and the federal crop insurance program. Farm-level data are used to estimate the relationship between farm size, measured by crop sales, and the distribution of program benefits. Results indicate payments are more concentrated on larger farms that receive higher per acre payments under the 2018 MFP and federal crop insurance programs. Under the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program, with a design similar to the 2018 MFP, payments are also more heavily concentrated on larger farms.

Crop-livestock integration provides opportunities to mitigate environmental trade-offs in transitioning smallholder agricultural systems of the Greater Mekong Subregion

CONTEXTThe Greater Mekong Subregion has been undergoing rapid agricultural transformation over the last decades, as traditional diverse subsistence-oriented agriculture is evolving towards intensified commercial production systems. Negative environmental impacts often include deforestation, nutrient pollution, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. OBJECTIVEThis study aims to explore the potential of crop-livestock integration to mitigate trade-offs between economic and environmental impacts of smallholder farming systems at different stages of agricultural transition and degrees of agricultural diversity across the Greater Mekong Subregion. METHODSWe chose a ‘middle ground’ between detailed modeling of few, representative farming systems and modeling of large household populations. 24 low and high diversity farms were selected in Laos (Xieng Khouang province), Cambodia (Ratanakiri province) and Vietnam (Central Highlands) from a survey dataset of 1300 households. These farming systems were simulated with the whole-farm bio-economic and multi-objective optimization model FarmDESIGN, calculating operating profit, GHG emissions and nitrogen (N) balance. Two optimizations (‘business as usual’ vs. ‘crop-livestock integration’) were performed, generating ‘solution spaces’ or alternative configurations aiming to maximize profitability, keep farm N balanced and minimize GHG emissions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSAgricultural systems across the sites differed in their production orientation and management practices, representing various stages of agricultural transition. Nitrogen balances varied between sites, being negative in Ratanakiri (average − 20.5 kg N ha−1 y−1) and Xieng Khouang (−36.5 kg N ha−1 y−1) and positive in the Central Highlands (73 kg N ha−1 y−1). Negative balances point to unsustainable mining of nutrients due to sale of cash crops without sufficient inputs, and positive balances to the risk of environmental contamination. Total GHG emissions ranged from 0.52–8.12 t CO2e ha−1 and were not significantly impacted by stage of agricultural transformation or agricultural diversity. GHG sources in Ratanakiri and Xieng Khouang were determined by crop residue burning while in Central Highlands fertilizer and livestock were main emitters. High diversity farms obtained higher operating profits (10,379 USD y−1) than low diversity farms (4584 USD y−1). Crop-livestock integration, a combination of measures including introduction of improved forages grasses, manure recycling and residue feeding, and reduction of residue burning, resulted in larger ‘solution spaces’, thus providing farmers with more options to mitigate agro-environmental trade-offs. SIGNIFICANCEThese findings underline the potential of crop-livestock integration to support sustainable intensification pathways in the Greater Mekong region. Public and private investment in further research and extension is needed to develop and scale context-specific crop-livestock integration practices.

The state of the Russian grain market

Grain production determines the stable functioning of the food market and the economic security of Russia. The authors present an assessment of the results of the analysis of the cultivation and sale of grain crops in the Russian Federation, show the dynamics of the Russian grain market and determine the prospects for its development in comparison with world grain producers. A decrease in the dependence of this market on the negative impact of external factors was revealed. It is noted that the domestic demand for grain crops tends to decrease, while the export remains at a high level. In this regard, the role of grain as a strategic export commodity for the Russian Federation is increasing, which has a significant impact on the economy as a whole and the budget of the Russian Federation in particular. At the same time, the Government of the Russian Federation uses various mechanisms for regulating prices for grain crops, such as curbing grain exports with tariff quotas. The article also presents data on the volume of world grain production over the past ten years, analyzes the structure of production by types of grain crops. Based on the given forecasts of the FAO and the International Grain Council (IGC) regarding the production and consumption of cereals in the world in the next two years, the authors assume an increase in the export potential of Russia, primarily wheat. The study used general logical methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction.

Estimated Economic Impacts of the 2019 Midwest Floods

In the spring of 2019, U.S. agriculture experienced a record high number of prevented planted acres primarily due to historic rainfall across large portions of the Corn Belt and Mid-South. Producers of corn, upland cotton, soybean, and wheat were impacted with a substantial loss of revenue due to no crops being produced and marketed. With about 11.4 million acres of corn not planted, foregone gross revenue from crop sales likely exceeded $6 billion alone. Instead of focusing on the loss of producers’ incomes as a result of prevented planted acres, our analysis focuses on the economic impacts, due to lost sales, for firms that provide inputs to farmers. Acres prevented from planting resulted in producers not incurring typical expenditures for planting and post planting inputs such as seed, crop nutrients, and crop protection (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.). Agricultural input manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers do not have similar opportunities to insure against foregone sales and have received no disaster assistance payments. Normally, the large geographic footprint of many of these firms mitigates the impact of localized weather effects. However, given the widespread nature of the wet spring, these firms were negatively affected across Corn Belt and Mid-South representing a substantial production area. Regional economic impact of declines in sales by agricultural input providers due to wet weather-based prevented plantings on 13.1 million acres. Direct sale losses of $2.9 billion led to $4.5 billion losses in total sales that were concentrated in parts of Minnesota, South Dakota, and Illinois.

Future of food: Innovating towards sustainable healthy diets

Future of food: Innovating towards sustainable healthy diets

Intrahousehold distribution of sales revenue and household nutritional outcomes: What if the wives controlled the farm revenue?

AbstractIn most developing countries, crop sales represent a means of improving the nutritional status of rural households. However, the expected effect of farm income may or may not be achieved, depending on who controls it. In this study, we use panel data on rural households in Burkina Faso to analyze the effect of the wives’ share of farm revenue on nutritional outcomes. The estimates show that raising wives’ share of farm revenue increases household food demand and nutrition quality. Moreover, the effect of the wives’ share of farm revenue on household nutrition is greater than the effect of the overall income per capita, which indicates that the intrahousehold distribution of farm income affects household nutritional status. We also show that increase in food expenditure and, more specifically, reallocation of the budget toward highly nutritious foods could represent a channel through which the control of farm revenue by women improves the household dietary quality. These findings imply that facilitating women's access to productive resources, such as land and labor‐saving technologies, could be the fastest way to improve household food and nutritional security.

EFFICIENCY OF GROWING ENERGY CROPS AND THEIR PROCESSING INTO BIOFUELS IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING ENERGY AUTONOMY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The article substantiates that the lack of a single interpretation of the concept of «energy crops» leads to difficulties in approaches to state incentives for the development of their production. It is determined that domestic scientists understand energy crops as a rule, as crops, grown for the use exclusively for energy purposes (willow, poplar, miscanthus, switchgrass, etc.). The classification of bioenergy crops by such features as: growing cycle, type, characteristics and the final product obtained, origin is considered. It has been proved that growing of energy crops will have a positive effect for the economy (improving the state balance of payments, reducing energy costs, economic growth) and the environment (decarbonization, reducing emissions, land reclamation, etc.). The characteristics of energy crops in relation to growing conditions are given and a review of plant varieties for bioenergy use from the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine in 2021 is made. The peculiarities of the technology of growing giant miscanthus, energy willow and poplar are considered; economic calculations of efficiency of cultivation of miscanthus on one hectare are resulted. The experience in growing energy crops by the Yaltushkivka Research and Breeding Station, where miscanthus and energy willow plantations were laid in 2017 and the crops are used for self-sufficiency in energy resources, is analyzed. Options for growing and further use of energy crops as fuel, including the sale of energy crops and biofuels based on them, as well as use for energy autonomy (direct combustion or production of pellets / briquettes with their further use within the enterprise) is considered. The choice of the most economically viable option depends on the specific conditions of the agricultural enterprises.

Development of Evaluation System for Rural Planting Adaptability Based on Computer Technology

With the rapid development of computer technology, there are many researches on the use of computer technology to deal with the adaptability of rural planting. Aiming at the problem that a large number of basic farmland evaluation results have not yet been fully utilized, with the help of the enterprise manager and component technology of Map GIS K9, combined with Visual C 2008, a crop planting adaptive selection system based on the analytic hierarchy process is proposed, which realizes the rural planting Feature functions such as decision analysis, crop sales, 3D roaming and Google Map connection, and added basic functions such as spatial query, image file operation, spatial data analysis, etc., provide a reasonable and efficient evaluation system for the adaptability of rural crops. Use the design of rural planting adaptability assessment system to investigate the temperature and soil conditions in the planting area, analyze the villagers’ willingness to change land use and the ecological adaptability of alternative species, and determine the construction of standardized production bases for alternative species within the planting area. The construction of a demonstration project for the introduction of new varieties, adjustment of the industrial planting structure, increasing the income level of local farmers, improving the ecological service function of the planting area, and establishing a deeper system for the long-term sustainable use of land, the evaluation of ecosystem services, and the evaluation of rural planting adaptability Provide support for level of exploratory research.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВИТРАТ І ЗАЛУЧЕННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙ У РОСЛИННИЦТВІ

Сучасний стан фінансового забезпечення сільського господарства України свідчить про необхідність активізації інвестиційних процесів і підвищення ефективності вкладення коштів. Мета статті — презентувати результати оцінювання й аналізу відносної ефективності витрат на виробництво продукції рослинництва з використанням методу аналізу середовища функціонування, що дозволило виявити особливості використання інвестицій і розрахувати строк їхньої окупності. Ідентифіковано можливість скорочення прямих витрат на оплату праці й прямих матеріальних витрат під час виробництва продукції рослинництва. Установлено, що найбільший потенціал зменшення прямих витрат на оплату праці і прямих матеріальних витрат на виробництво характерний для дев’яти культур (жито, овес, гречка, зернові сушені, соя, ріпак, соняшник,картопля, овочі закритого ґрунту), оскільки показники менші за 0,5. Водночас потенціал із вирощування пшениці, проса, овочів відкритого ґрунту та ягідних культур використаний на 100 %. Потенціал збільшення обсягу реалізації продукції ягідних культур, гречки, насіння ріпаку й кользи, цукрового буряку фабричного становить 1, тобто використаний на 100 %, однак виробництво дев’яти культур має істотний нереалізований потенціал — більше ніж 50 % (потенціал збільшення обсягу реалізації продукції за наявних витрат перебуває в межах від 0 до 0,5). Прийнявши величину скорочення прямих матеріальних витрат як мету оптимізації показників розвитку рослинництва на найближчу перспективу, установлено, що дисконтований строк окупності інвестиції становить 15 років, що вимагає посилення ролі інвестицій у сільське господарство шляхом стимулювання праці найманих працівників.

Податкові механізми детінізації доходів фізичних осіб від реалізації фруктів, ягід, винограду, пряних, ароматичних і лікарських культур, меду та дикорослих недеревних продуктів в Україні

The successful experience of Lithuania, Moldova and Poland in the field of taxation of citizens’ income from the sale of self-grown or self-gathered forest products or relevant harvesting activities is analyzed. It is concluded that the improved mechanism of taxation of personal income from the sale of self-grown or self-gathered fruits, berries, grapes, spicy, aromatic and medicinal crops, honey and non-wood forest products in Ukraine should be: 1) as simple as possible; 2) do not foresee radical changes that may destimulate the payment of taxes; 3) be based on the tax exemption of small sales volumes and the application of a low personal income tax rate (hereinafter referred to as PIT) with respect to the remaining income from these activities; 4) be easy to administer, not provide for a significant increase in the administrative burden on payers, which is mainly rural population; 5) minimize the possibility of concealment of the object of taxation. In view of the above, it is proposed: to extend the exemption from taxation of personal income on the basis of a certificate according to the form No. 3DF for the income from the sale of self-gathered fruits of the forest; proceed to the taxation of personal income tax of the rest of citizens’ income from the sale of fruits, berries, grapes, spicy, aromatic and medicinal crops, honey and non-wood forest products at a rate of 5% (without paying a military fee); apply fines in case of detection of concealment of such income from taxation.

The market orientation among South African smallholder farmers in a disaster context

Market-orientation is widely applied to envisage the interaction of smallholder farmers with both input and output markets. Commonly used in the market participation discourse, it is fast becoming a key milestone towards smallholder commercialization. This study introduces the term into the disaster, resilience, seed systems, food security and livelihoods context. Using a mixed methods approach, 120 smallholder farmers in a drought-affected district of South Africa were sampled, and information collected for analysis. The result shows that most of the farmers rely on purchased seeds and fertilizers for crop production, and on average sold 62% of their farm produce. A market orientation index (MOI) of 55% was estimated, showing that the farmers were market oriented. The farm size (0.004), quantities of seeds (0.007) and fertilizer (0.024) purchased, value of crop produced (0.043), amount received from crop sales (0.001), distance to markets (0.048) and access to credit (0.034) were found significant in determining their market orientation. Policy recommendations were made to improve access to irrigation, seed varieties and extension delivery in the area. The finding has implications for development efforts at rebuilding after a natural disaster, developing resilience as well as sourcing food aid from local smallholder farmers by humanitarian agencies.

Is COVID-19 impacting plant science, and is plant science impacting COVID-19?

COVID-19 changed 2020 massively after becoming a worldwide pandemic. Many countries affected by the disease witnessed disruptions in the agricultural, farming, industry, production and distribution sectors, causing a loss of crops due to reduced consumer demand. Sales of cut flowers, potted plants and seasonal crops that are sensitive to specific seasons or dates were affected, as were fertilizer and food security. Academics, including plant scientists, with limited work or research conditions during the pandemic, alleviated their work through alternative approaches, e.g., in silico research, or made more time to writing research papers, while student education has largely been placed on hold or held online by lecturers. Most COVID-19 research has focused primarily on medical and social aspects while some plant science-related research has been conducted on the use of traditional medicinal plants as possible alleviating agents, but not cures, to COVID-19 patients. The integrity of science and publishing, including research related to plants, is being tested as cases of superficial research, lax or superficial peer review, and misinformation abound. COVID-19 has thus had limited impact on plant science, and vice versa, thus far, even though it is likely that most plant scientists were affected.

Does subsidizing fertilizer contribute to the diet quality of farm women? Evidence from rural Mali

Agricultural policies can change incentives to grow one crop versus another, affecting farm family nutrition. Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have implemented fertilizer subsidies with the aim of boosting agricultural productivity and enhancing food security. Yet, little is known about the intrahousehold nutritional consequences of fertilizer subsidies that often favor the production of starchy food staples—supporting calorie consumption but not micronutrient intake. We test the effects of fertilizer subsidies on gender-differentiated value of production and sales of target crops and the diet quality of female plot managers in Malian farming households. We find positive effects of the subsidy on production and sales whether plots are managed by men or women. However, more than half the women in our sample do not consume the minimum number of food groups needed for an adequate diet. Subsidized fertilizer significantly contributes to the chances that female plot managers will meet this threshold, and to consumption of iron-rich foods. Positive effects appear to be offset by the negative association of diet quality with all subsidized fertilizer received by other plot managers—perhaps because it leads to greater farm orientation toward targeted cereals and cotton. Disaggregating data by gender provides policy insights. Observing the low use rates of female plot managers for subsidized fertilizer that is obtained 51% of the time through others, ensuring that they have direct access may support higher application rates. If the subsidy program is to continue, considering nutrient-rich crops as part of the subsidy package might enhance nutritional outcomes.

Income Sources under Female Control and Household Food Security. Evidence from Malawi

Households in low-and middle income countries (LMICs) derive income from a variety of sources. While a large body of evidence shows that households are not unitary decision-makers, the extent to which individual decision-making over different sources of household income affects consumption remains underexplored. In this paper, I use household panel data (n=1512) from the 2013 and 2016 Malawi Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) to test the relationship between female control over different income sources and household hunger and dietary diversity. Panel regressions show that households with female control over income from crop sales face fewer months of hunger, but are not significantly more likely to consume more diverse foods. The findings align with literature on intrahousehold dynamics, which shows that households respond differently to a change in income according to who has control over the additional resources. The implications of the findings are twofold. First, gendered preferences of household members who control income may mitigate household hunger. Second, agricultural income, specifically from crop sales, may play an important role for household food security.

E-commerce in Farmers Communities

The purpose of this research is to know the role of government in empowering farmers communities and to identify the driving factors and barriers of such roles. This method of research was a qualitative and descriptive Debitor. The results showed that the role of government in empowering farmers community had been going well, but still not effective. The conclusion of this research is the role of government in empowering communities to strengthen farmers society by creating innovations to support the sale of crops from farmers.