Crop Growth Rate Research Articles

Correlation study in growth parameters of Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) and physiological parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) in agroforestry system

The present investigation was conducted to study the tree crop interaction considering the Pongamia (Pongamiapinnata) tree morphological characteristics and physiological parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) inagroforestry system. The experiment was conducted during kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21 in "T" block, Agroforestryexperimental fields of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad campus which is located at 15° 26' North latitude and75° 0' East longitude, with an elevation (altitude) of 678 m above mean sea level. Pongamia pinnata provenance's growthand volume observations were recorded. They included tree height, tree girth, canopy cover and number of branches etc.Two years pooled data recorded maximum values in treatment (T1) RAK-1 (Rahuri Karanja-1) + black gram followed by(T9) RAK-9 + black gram which is on par with (T6) RAK-7 + black gram. Lowest values recorded in (T8) RAK-9 + blackgram which is on par with (T4) RAK-4 + black gram. Whereas the growth parameters of black gram like leaf area duration(LAD), absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR) and dry matter accumulation recorded under Pongamiaprovenances which showed opposite trend because of the fluctuations of light and mutual shading of the crops within or inbetween rows, frequent overcast due to clouds as a common phenomenon during tropical and sub-tropical monsoonscausing regular fluctuation of sunlight. The treatment (T11) sole crop showed the maximum value, followed by (T8) RAK-9 + black gram and (T4) RAK4 + black gram and lowest value was recorded at (T1) RAK-1 + black gram treatment. Solelegumes recorded maximum AGR. CGR, LAD and dry matter accumulation were also found to have highest significantpositive correlation with seed yield.

Impact of Organic and Inorganic Plant Growth Promoters on Growth Indices and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

The micronutrients, such as zinc, iron, copper, and boron play an important role in the physiological processes of plants. This experiment evaluate the impact of organic (GA3, Seaweed extract solid/liquid) and inorganic (Nitrobenzene and micronutrients- Zn, Fe, B, Cu) plant growth promoters on the growth indices and yield of wheat varieties. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications. Three timely shown wheat varieties (DBW-187, K-1006, and K-607) allocated in the main plots and plant growth promoters (Nitrobenzene, Gibberellic acid, Seaweed extract, and a mixture of micronutrients-Zn, Fe, Cu, B) in the sub-plots comprised of 18 treatment combinations. The results revealed that significant variations in the response of wheat varieties to the different plant growth promoters. The highest growth and yield viz., plant height (85.50cm), number of tillers (451.75 m-2), fresh weight (86.83 g plant-1), dry weight (23. 39 g plant-1), crop growth rate, test weight (40.67g) and grain yield (4764.67 kg ha-1) was recorded in wheat varieties DBW-187 followed by K-1006 and minimum in variety K-607. Among plant growth promoters, the mixture of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, B) @ 0.5% foliar spray at tillering stage, show significant result in growth and yield viz., plant height (86.21cm), number of tillers (459.63 m-2), fresh weight (86.96 g plant-1), dry weight (23.92 g plant-1), crop growth rate, test weight (41.87g) and grain yield (4813.67 kg ha-1) as compared to all other treatment. The Gibberellic acid @ 2000 ppm and Seaweed extract liquid @ 625 ml ha-1 show significant result also. The maximum growth and yield was obtained by the variety DBW-187 and mixture nutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, and B). The interaction effects were found non-significant.

Effect of foliar supplementation of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and economics of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 at Agronomy Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, to evaluate the effects of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, low in available nitrogen (131.3 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (17.2 kg ha-1), and high in available potassium (335.4 kg ha-1). The soil was alkaline in reaction (pH 7.8). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 17 treatments having three replications. The treatments comprising two fertilizers level i.e., Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (150 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O ha-1) and 75% of RDF and supplemented with foliar application of water soluble fertilizers viz. Urea phosphate (17:44) @ 1.5%, NPK (18:18:18) @ 1.5%, ZnSO4 @ 0.5% and Urea 2% at different stages. One treatment was control where no fertilizer applied. Growth parameters viz, plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and leaf area index were increased with T9 i.e., RDF along with foliar application of water soluble fertilizers NPK (18:18:18) @ 1.5% at 40 DAS followed by Urea phosphate (17:44) @ 1.5% at 65 DAS. Among treatments, application of RDF along with foliar application of water soluble fertilizers NPK (18:18:18) @ 1.5% at 40 DAS followed by Urea phosphate (17:44) @ 1.5% at 65 DAS exhibited the highest values of yield attributes, viz. effective tillers/ meter row length (mrl), number of spikeletes/spike, number of grains/spike and 1000-grains weight which led to the highest grain yield (6220 kg ha-1) However, alternate application of NPK (18:18:18) @ 1.5% and Urea phosphate (17:44) @ 1.5% or vice versa produced statistically similar grain yield of wheat at the same level of fertilizer application. RDF or 75% RDF along with foliar application of NPK (18:18:18) @ 1.5% was slightly superior as compared to RDF or 75% RDF along with foliar application of Urea phosphate (17:44) @ 1.5% irrespective of time of application.

Exogenous Ca/Mg quotient reduces the inhibitory effects of PEG induced osmotic stress on Avena sativa L.

Drought is one of the most damaging abiotic stress that hinder plant growth and development. The present study aimed to determine the effects of various Ca/Mg quotients under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress on growth, uptake and translocation of Ca and Mg in Avena sativa (L). Plants were grown in nutrient solution supplemented with three different Ca/Mg molar quotients (0.18, 2, and 4). After 30 days plants were exposed to two different PEG (Polyethylene glycol) concentrations (0.6 MPa & 0.2 MPa) for 8 days, and solutions were renewed after 4 days. A solution containing Ca and Mg nutrients has mitigated the negative impact caused via osmotic stress on relative growth rate (RGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), Leaf index ratio (LAI), root-shoot ratio (RSR), water use efficiency (WUE) and net assimilation rate (NAR). In addition, it adversely affected germination parameters, including final emergence percentage (FEP), mean germination time (MGT), Timson germination Index (TGI), germination rate index (GRI) and percent field capacity (%FC), of oat (Avena sativa L.). Mg and Ca in shoot and root and Ca translocation factor decreased with increasing Ca in solution, while Mg translocation factor increased with increasing Ca in nutrient solution. In this work, the combined effects of various Ca/Mg quotients and osmotic stress produced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in different concentrations (0.6 MPa, 0.2 MPa) on the growth and element uptake of Avena sativa L. are examined. As a result, the Ca/Mg Quotient may naturally combat the moderate drought stress experienced by field crops.

Monitoring corn crop height and growth rate with interferometric coherence

Monitoring corn crop height and growth rate with interferometric coherence

تقييم اداء هجن زوجية من الذرة الصفراء تحت مواعيد زراعة تلائم العروة الخريفية في المنطقة الوسطى (مكونات الحاصل )

In order to evaluate the performance of double-cross maize hybrids in planting dates suitable for fall growing season in the middle region of Iraq, a field experiment was conducted at the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriya for the fall season of 2022 using double-cross maize hybrids selected from fifteen double cross hybrid maize resulted from crossing ten single hybrids resulting from crossing five inbred lines using the half-diallel method. These included Hybrid 1 = (1×4)(3×5) from the crossing of (ZM49W3E x CDCNS) (ZM43WIZE x ZM19), Hybrid 2 = (1×2)(3×5) from the crossing of (ZM49W3E × CDCN5) (ZM43WIZE x ZM60), Hybrid 3 = (1×5)(2×4) from the crossing of (ZM60 × ZM19) (ZM43WIZE ×CDN5), Hybrid 4 = (1×2)(4×5) from the crossing of (ZM19 × CDCN5) (ZM43WIZE ×ZM60), and Hybrid 5 = (1×4)(2×3) from the crossing of (ZM60 × ZM49W3E) (ZM43WIZE × ZM19), and their comparison with the synthetic variety IPA5018, and testing them under three planting dates: July 1st, July 15th, and August 1st. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications arranged in a split-plot design. The main plots included the three planting dates, while the subplots included the five double-cross maize hybrids and the control variety. Yield and yield components were studied. The results of the experiment showed high significant effects for the third planting date for all traits except for the number of ears per plant, where the third planting date was superior in the number of grains per ears 660.4, weight of 100 grains 37.83 g , days to physiological maturity 99.67 days, crop growth rate 5.644 g plant-1 day-1, and yield per unit area 14.95 ton ha-1. The superiority of the hybrid (1×2)(3×5) in the number of grains ear-1 and the weight of 100 grains was 542.3 and 36.37, respectively., and this was reflected on the yield per unit area, which reached 11.69 ton ha-1, while hybrid (1×2) (3×5) outperformed in number of ears per plant 1.400 and the same hybrid was the earliest to reach physiological maturity at 97.50 days. The response of the double-cross maize hybrids varied with different planting dates and gave significant interaction for all studied traits except for the number of ears per plant.

Growth and Yield Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Integrated Nutrient Management of Biochar, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

Aims: Maize yield is largely influenced by integrated nutrient management of biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizers application. In view of this, field study to evaluate varying rates of chicken manure (CM), Gliricidia sepium biochar (GB) and NPK fertiliser on growth and yield of maize was carried out.
 Study Design: The study design was a 2 x 6 factorial arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: The field study was carried out at Mampong- Ashanti in the Forest-Savannah transition zone of Ghana over 2 years in 2021 minor and 2022 major cropping seasons.
 Methodology: The study treatments were different rates of amendments using biochar, chicken manure and NPK (15-15-15) fertiliser; [10 t ha-1 CM, 300 kg ha-1 NPK, 2.5 t ha-1 GB, 150 kg ha-1 NPK + 1.25 t ha-1 GB, 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM and No fertiliser (Control)] which were applied to two maize varieties (Omankwa and Obatanpa). Physiological growth parameters (crop growth rate and relative growth rate) were determined. Vegetative growth parameter (leaf count) as well as yield and yield traits (number of lodged plants per plot, husked cob weight per plot, number of filled and unfilled cobs per plot and grain yield) were estimated.
 Results: The results revealed that the application of 10 t ha-1 chicken manure and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM to Omankwa and Obatanpa maize outperformed in crop growth rate (RGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf count compared to the unamended plots in both seasons. Omankwa had significantly higher filled cobs per plot than Obatanpa across seasons. The interaction of Omankwa and 10 t ha-1 CM and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM gave higher number of filled cobs per plot than Obatanpa on same although not significantly different in both cropping seasons. The grain yield of maize was enhanced by soil amendments in the major and minor cropping seasons, especially with interaction of Obatanpa and 10 t ha-1 CM (7474.0 kg ha-1), (3473.4 kg ha-1) respectively. Obatanpa x 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM (6802.1 kg ha-1) interaction followed closely in grain yield in the major season.
 Conclusion: Both biochar, organic and inorganic fertilizers have varying effects on growth and yield of different maize varieties. For optimize maize grain yield, 10 t ha-1 CM or 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 CM application is recommended.

Residual Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth Indices of Chickpea under Soybean-Chickpea System in Vertisol of Central India

A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Regional Station, Bhopal to evaluate the residual effect of the fertilizer with organic manure on the growth indices of chickpea in soybean-chickpea system in Vertisol of central India. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design comprising two levels of farm yard manure (5 t FYM ha-1 or No FYM) in the main plots and six micronutrient management levels (control, 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, 12.5 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + zinc solubilizer, ammonium molybdate (AM) 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, ammonium molybdate (AM) 1 kg ha-1 soil application + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, and ammonium molybdate (AM) 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 30 and 60 days after sowing) in sub-plots with three replications. The results revealed that the application of 5 t FYM ha-1 resulted in significantly higher values of plant height, dry matter accumulation, branches plant-1, leaf area index, leaf area duration, absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, and relative growth rate than no application of FYM. Furthermore, ammonium molybdate (AM) at 1 kg ha-1 as a basal application with 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 significantly improved all the growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA), branches plant-1, leaf area index, leaf area duration, absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, and relative growth rate over the control, 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 and 12.5 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + zinc solubilizer. However, it was statistically on par with the AM 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 and AM 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4 with respect to all growth parameters. Thus, the application of farmyard manure 5 t ha-1 with AM at 1 kg ha-1 as a basal application with 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 could be used to sustain chickpea production and maintain soil fertility. The results highlight the importance of using plant nutrients from various sources and methods of application for realizing high chickpea productivity.

Yield Maximization of Bt Cotton Through Agro-techniques

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2019 and 2020 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Chimanbhai Patel College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, to study the yield maximization of Bt cotton through agro-techniques in loamy sand. The experiment consisted of four factors viz; spacing, topping, intercropping and sowing time with two levels in each treatment. The results of pooled data of 2 years revealed that Bt cotton sown at spacing of 60 cm × 45 cm recorded significantly higher plant height, crop growth rate as well as seed cotton and stalk yields, seed cotton equivalent yield, oil yield while significantly higher number of sympodial branches per plant, relative growth rate, number of brusted bolls per plant, weight of seed cotton per boll and seed cotton yield per plant with wider spacing of 120 cm × 60 cm. Topping carried out at 75 DAS remarkably improved growth and yield attributes, seed cotton and stalk yields, seed cotton equivalent yield, oil yield. All growth and yield attributes as well as seed cotton yield were recorded significantly higher without intercrop in Bt cotton. Though intercropping of greengram (additive series) in Bt cotton produced significantly higher seed cotton equivalent yield than no intercropping in pooled mean. Advance sowing of Bt. cotton on last week of May significantly produced significantly higher seed cotton yield and seed cotton equivalent S1T2I2D1 [Advance sowing (Last week of May) at plant spacing of 60 cm × 45 cm along with topping at 75 DAS and intercropping with greengram] gave significantly higher seed cotton equivalent yield as well as net returns and B: C ratio of Bt. cotton.

OPTIMIZING MUNGBEAN YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY: THE SYNERGISTIC IMPACT OF ZINC-ENRICHED SOIL APPLICATION AND AMINO ACID FOLIAR BOOST

Zinc is crucial for chlorophyll production, and soil variables affect its availability for plants by regulating its sorption and desorption, thereby affecting its content. Amino acids are crucial proteins in plants for development, growth, and overall functioning, acting as stress-response molecules that initiate the production and accumulation of certain amino acids in response to environmental stresses. The study was designed in CRD-factorial to check the solo and combined application of amino acids (0 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm) and zinc (0 ppm, 10 ppm, and 15 ppm) on biochemical, growth, and yield attributes of mung bean. The results showed that total amino acids and phenolics were increased in dose (amino acids 250 + zinc 10) compared to control. In addition, crop growth rate (CGR) was increased in dose (amino acids 500 + zinc 10) over control. The 100-seed weight was also increased in dose (amino acids 250 + zinc 10) compared to control. The crop growth and yield rate decreased by increasing the amino acids and zinc doses. It is suggested to apply the dose (amino acids 250 + zinc 10) for better growth and yield production of mung bean.

Studies on Influence of Lipo-chito Oligosaccharides, Nano and Water-Soluble Fertilizer on Growth and Growth Parameters of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill

A field experiment was conducted at University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru during kharif 2022 to studies on influence of lipo-chito oligosaccharides, nano and water-soluble fertilizer on growth and growth parameters of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that application of 75% recommended dose of NP + 100 % K along with soil application of lipo-chito oligosaccharide (LCO) fortified bio-fertilizer @ 10 kg ha-1 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 2 % spray at flowering and pod filling stages recorded significantly higher leaf area, leaf area index at 60 DAS (1772 cm2 plant-1 and 4.91 respectively), leaf area duration (57.59 and 81.07 cm2 day-1 at 30-60 DAS and 60 DAS-harvest, respectively), no. of nodules plant at 35 DAS (31.12), total dry matter accumulation (12.74 and 20.05 g plant-1 at 60 DAS and harvest, respectively), absolute growth rate (0.24 and 0.30 g day-1 at 30-60 DAS and 60 DAS-harvest, respectively), crop growth rate (8.15 and 9.21 g cm-2 day-1 at 30-60 DAS and 60 DAS-harvest, respectively) and relative growth rate (0.031 and 0.040 g g day-1 at 30-60 DAS and 60 DAS­­-at harvest, respectively).

Nitrogen dose and placement in conservation agriculture for augmenting cropgrowth, productivity and profitability of Indian mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i>)

Optimization of nitrogen (N) fertilization is vital for minimizing losses and realizing the yield potential of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] under different tillage and residue management options. Hence, a field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of nitrogen placement methods under conservation agriculture (CA) for augmenting crop growth, productivity and profitability of Indian mustard. Experiment consisted a split-plot design with three crop establishment practices (CEP) [ZT-R, Zero tillage without residue retention; ZT+R, Zero tillage with residue; CT, Conventional tillage] in main-plots and nitrogen placement methods (NPM) [control (no N); recommended dose of N (RDN)-conventional; RDN-SSB (subsurface band placement of second N split along the crop rows); 80% RDN-SSB] in sub-plots. The ZT+R enhanced crop growth rate by 6.0–36.1% over CT at various crop stages. The ZT+R reported higher soil moisture by 9–20.7% over CT and ZT-R. Significantly superior seed yield (14.3–28.5%), net return (20.5–53.9%) and benefit cost ratio (21.8–79.0%) was obtained with ZT+R over ZT-R and CT while RDN-SSB recorded 7.3–9.1% higher seed yield over other treatments. Statistically at par results were obtained under RDN-conventional and 80% RDN-SSB for yield attributing characters and seed yield delineating that a saving of 20% N in mustard production is possible without compromising yield and this can reduce environmental footprint as well. Therefore, this study concluded that the residue retention under ZT along with subsurface N placement in mustard crop gives better vegetative growth, yield attributes and yield with a potential to save 20% N and can be opted in semi-arid Indo-Gangetic plains and similar agro-ecologies.

Effect of foliar spray of nano urea and 2% urea on growth parameters which contribute to yield of safflower

The results from the present investigation showed that application of 100% nitrogen in the form of urea top dressing at vegetative stage and foliar spray of nano urea and 2% urea at reproductive stage improved the physiological parameters and yield of safflower. The growth parameters viz. leaf area index, relative growth rate, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate and seed yield recorded maximum values with 100% N application, while they reduced when the nitrogen dose was halved.

Evaluation of Serrano Pepper Crops Growth under Controlled Conditions of Vapor Pressure Deficit in a Pilot-Scale Hydroponic Greenhouse

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) has become an important field of study in recent years. The objective of this research is to evaluate the growth rate of the serrano pepper crop under controlled conditions of vapor pressure deficit in a pilot-scale hydroponic greenhouse. The controlled conditions were generated with the development of a control system composed of a non-mixed crossflow heat exchanger for internal temperature and a humidification system for internal humidity control. The comparison of variables and the growth rate of the crop was carried out in a controlled and a timed greenhouse. The best growth rate for serrano pepper cultivation was obtained under the following conditions: between 4.14 and 5.42 kPa with 0.251 and 0.225 cm/day in the controlled greenhouse. The results show that it is possible to obtain higher crop growth rates by controlling the vapor pressure deficit in a pilot-scale hydroponic greenhouse, using a heat exchanger for temperature control and a humidification control system. Controlling vapor pressure deficit can be a useful tool for agriculture in CEA.

Impact of Weed and Seeding Rates on Crop Growth Rate of Five Barley Cultivars

A randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement was used to evaluate the effects of weeds and seeding rates on barley cultivar growth rate and yield in the College of Engineering Agricultural Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriyah fields in winter 2021–2022. The main plots had two treatments, weedy and weed-free, and the subplots had 120, 140, and There were significant differences in dry matter weight, crop growth rate, and yield between cultivars. The cultivar Amal had the highest grain yield per unit area (6.98 tons ha-1), dry matter weight at full flowering and physiological maturity (46.80 and 57.60 g), and crop growth rate from planting to 60 days (8.20 g m-2 day-1). Samir also had the highest dry matter weight after 60 and 90 days (37.60 and 61.68 g) and crop growth rate from 90 days to full flowering (7.96 g m-2 day-1). The cultivar IPA 256 had the highest crop growth rate from 60 to 90 days, full flowering to physiological maturity, and planting to physiological maturity (8.61, 34.14, 6.23, and 7.96 g m-2 day-1). The seeding rate of 160 kg ha-1 outperformed the other rates in dry matter weight after 60 and 90 days, at full flowering and physiological maturity (40.04, 62.50, 66.89, and 148.51 g, respectively), crop growth rate from planting to 60 days, 90 days, full flowering, physiological maturity, The weed-free treatment outperformed the other treatments in dry matter weight and crop growth rate from full flowering to physiological maturity and from planting to physiological maturity in all barley growth and yield traits. Since the crop growth rate was highest between planting and full flowering, we can infer that the weedy treatments prioritized vegetative growth over reproductive growth. In the weed-free treatment, however, the trend was toward more robust reproduction. In addition, the biological yield (total dry matter weight) increased as seeding rates were raised, and this translated into a higher grain yield. According to a study that compared crop growth rates from planting to 60 days after planting, Amal was the most effective cultivar at outcompeting weeds in the early stages of crop development, leading to the highest yield.

Effect of ethephon levels and amino acids on the growth characteristics of oat crop

A field experiment was conducted during the 2021-2022 season in an agricultural field in Basra Governorate. The aim was to study the effect of spraying ethephon and amino acids on the growth characteristics of oats (Avena sativa L.) Shifa cultivar. The experiment involved three levels of ethephon (0, 0.240, and 0.600 kg ha-1), represented by the symbols E0, E1, and E2 respectively, and two spray levels of amino acids (0 and 5 ml L-1), represented by the symbols A0 and A1. A factorial experiment was applied using the R.C.B.D (randomized complete block design) in a split plots arrangement with three replications. The results revealed significant differences in the levels of ethephon for most of the studied characteristics. The level of 0.240 kg ha-1 (E1) was superior in terms of chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, and the number of tillers, with increases of 39.07%, 39.26%, and 16.36%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (E0). Regarding the amino acids treatments, spraying at a concentration of 5 ml L-1 (A1) demonstrated significant superiority, resulting in the highest plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, and crop growth rate. This study concludes that amino acids play a crucial role in plant growth, and the combination of 5 ml L-1 amino acids with 0.240 kg ha-1 of ethephon significantly increased chlorophyll content and crop growth rate.

Evaluation of Several Genotypes of Vigna radiata Bean for Spraying with Manganese and Zinc and Their Effects on Growth Characteristics

Three cultivars of the crop Almash (Green Indian VC6089A10, Green Indian VC6173B1319, and Black Indian Gold Star) were tested in a field experiment during the 2022 growing season in Ramadi, Anbar province, to determine the impact of spraying levels of zinc (0, 25, and 50) mg Zn L-1 and manganese (0, 30, and 60) mg Mn L-1 on some growth characteristics. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, with each treatment being tested in a separate split plot. The study found that there were statistically significant differences between zinc levels, with the level giving 50 mg Zn L-1 having the highest rates for plant height (54.30 cm), number of branches per plant (7.34), plant branch-1, number of days from planting to flowering (40 days), leaf area (204.19) cm-1, and leaf chlorophyll content (33.93) (g), and the rate of crop growth (17.39) g, while the level exceeding 30 mg Mn L-1 had lower rates for plant height (These indicators were profoundly influenced by zinc spraying, manganese spraying, and different types of mung bean crops.

The Effect of Nano and Metallic Boron Spray on some Growth Traits of Sweet Corn under Water Stress Conditions

Under conditions of water stress, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying with nano and metal boron on certain vegetative development parameters of the sweet crop (Zea mays L. Var saccharata) in the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of spraying with nano and metal boron. A split-plot R.C.B.D. with three replications was used to design the experiment. W1, W2, and W3 represented 40%, 60%, and 80% water depletion in the major plots. The sub-plots were treated with two concentrations of boron nano particles (5 and 10 mg L-1) designated N1 and N2, two concentrations of metal boron (20 and 40 mg L-1) denoted M1 and M2, and a control treatment of spraying distilled water only. The number of days from planting to 75% tasseling, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf area index, plant dry weight, and crop growth rate for both seasons did not differ between 40% and 60% water stress. 80% water stress decreased all trait averages. Nano and metallic boron spraying significantly affected most features. Spraying with 5 mg L-1 nano-boron concentration reduced the number of days from planting to 75% tasseling by 46.89 and 47.11 days, as well as plant height (141.36 and 142.10 cm), leaf number (13.40 and 13.51 leaves plant-1), plant dry weight (165.80 and 165.93 g plant-1), and crop growth rate (3.53 and 3.51 g m2 day-1 ) for both seasons. However, spraying with 10 mg L-1 nano-boron concentration produced the largest average leaf area (4507.90 and 4530.80 cm2 plant-1) and leaf area index (2.40 and 2.41, respectively) compared to the control treatment for both seasons. For both seasons, Water stress and nano/mineral boron spraying influenced plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, and dry weight. In cases of restricted irrigation water, we propose watering when the available water is 60% drained and spraying with nano boron at 5 mg L-1 to improve the plant’s performance in most of the sweet corn crop’s development features.

An efficient hydro-crop growth prediction system for nutrient analysis using machine learning algorithm

<span lang="EN-US">The hydro nutrient management (HNM) for crop yield is effectively improved using proposed system. A hydro-crop growth prediction system (HCGPS) is designed using machine learning. The reconfigurable nutrients uptake crop yield prediction rate is enhanced. This proposed HCGPS is used to predict the crop yield by considering input parameters such as nutrient index (NI), electric conductivity limit (ECL), ion concentration factors (ICF) and dry weight of the crop and crop yield rate (CYR) to analyze the positive and negative correlation with crop growth. The proposed system is used to find correlation Index of input and output parameters to determine the prediction rate of crop yield. The proposed design improves smart prediction rate and efficiency of crop growth rate with optimal utilization of input variables. This proposed HCGPS is very helpful to achieve good quality yield with optimal utilization of input parameters.</span>

Response of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Varieties as Influenced by Sole Application of NPK (15:15:15) and Poultry Manure on the Growth and Yield in Zuru Area of Kebbi State

Field experiments have been carried out at Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture Zuru (lat. 12012.99' N; long. 40 21.90'E; 197m above sea level), at some point of 2020/21 and 2021/22 rainy seasons withinside of the Northern Guinea Savannah area of Nigeria. The region has a protracted dry season this is characterized via way of means of cool dry air (harmattan) that prevails from November to February; and warm dry air extending from March to May. The place has been used for cultivation of vegetable and cereal crops. The purpose of the test turned into to look at the reaction of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) varieties to poultry manure and NPK (15:15:15). Treatments consisted of three (3) cucumber varieties (Darina, Market-more and Poinsett-75) and two (2) nutrient sources (NPK [15:15:15], poultry manure and the untreated control; each designed to deliver the endorsed nitrogen dose of 120kg N ha-1. Treatments have been specified in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results found out that vine length, crop growth rate, imply fruit length, imply fruit diameter, total number of fruits per plant and fresh fruit yield of Market-more and Point sett varieties have been better with the application of either poultry manure or NPK fertilizer. Result, similarly discovered that all the three varieties (Darina, Market-more and Pointsett-75) attained maximum growth