Crop Cultivation Technologies Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON SELECTED SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF SPRING CEREALS

Climate change necessitates a revised approach to crop cultivation technologies, prioritizing enhanced agricultural practices for soil conservation, water retention, and high-quality yields. To evaluate the influence of different soil tillage systems on yield and yield quality in spring cereals, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Turda. The experiment followed a split-plot design with two replications, within a 3-year rotation (soybean–spring cereals–maize). Three spring cereal species (wheat, two oat varieties, and barley) were tested under four tillage systems (plowing, chiseling, disking, and direct sowing) on Phaeozem soil with a clay-clay texture. The hectoliter weight (TW), thousand kernel weight (TKW), and grain protein content are influenced to some degree by the tillage system. The highest soil compaction levels were observed in the NT system, while the lowest were recorded in the CS system. High temperatures and drought led to notable soil moisture decreases in June and July, especially in the minimum tillage with disking (MTD) and NT systems. Tillage with plow and chisel resulted in lower bulk density values. Yields in the unconventional systems (minimum tillage with chisel (MTC) and MTD) were comparable to those in the conventional system (CS), indicating their viability as alternatives to traditional plowing. A yield reduction was noted in the no-tillage system.

Computer-Modeling System of Agronomist’s Labor Functions

The goal of the paper is to develop the computer-modeling system of an agronomist’s labor functions as the most optimal solution for teaching preschoolers and primary schoolchildren about trends and technologies in farming, aimed at increasing the attractiveness of professions in the field of agriculture. Among the main objectives of the research is the study of the essence of computer modeling as a teaching method in the works of domestic scientists, as well as the construction of models and their implementation using high-level programming languages in order to obtain an information system for the labor functions of an agronomist.Materials and methods. In the course of the analysis, a study was carried out of scientific and technical literature on the use of computer-modeling systems in the educational field. The analysis of the market for computer-modeling systems in the agricultural sector of crop production was carried out. When visualizing and describing system models, UML modeling notation was used. A diagram of use cases for this notation made it possible to describe the functional requirements and interactions between the system and its user. A UML notation sequence diagram was used to model the interaction of the main menu, game scene, and game character over time. The class diagram made it possible to define the structure of the system and the relationships between its objects, as well as an overview of the attributes and operations of the identified classes. The designed system models were implemented in the C# programming language in the Visual Studio development environment.Results. The study revealed the need to introduce new forms, methods and means of teaching into the content of the modern educational process, the implementation of which, largely, is carried out using information technology. The most optimal solution to the issue of teaching children about trends and technologies in agriculture, which has become relevant in the light of the rapid development of agriculture and its digital transformation, was the introduction of computer- modeling systems. The analysis of literature on the research problem has shown that in the works of L. Zhuk, M. Larionova, N. Rozova, etc. great attention is paid to the use of computer modeling as a teaching tool. According to the author, the use of this technology in the educational process makes it possible to implement such teaching principles as the principle of integrative learning, the principle of a practice-oriented approach, the principle of differentiation of learning and the principle of dialogical learning. There are no domestic developments in the subject area under consideration on the information systems market. The author of the study designed and implemented, using the object-oriented programming language C#, the computer-modeling system of agronomist’s labor functions as a technology for teaching professional tasks of an agronomist at various stages of agrarian evolution. The proposed solution allows you to be acquainted with four significant agrarian revolutions that played a decisive role in the transformation of agriculture: the Neolithic revolution, the Renaissance agricultural revolution, the green revolution and the digital revolution in agriculture. Conclusion. It is important to note that the computer-modeling system of the labor functions of agronomist is of interest for preschool and primary education institutions. This development can also be used in the system of additional education for children. Using a computer game in the educational process will expand children’s knowledge about agriculture: it will familiarize them with different agricultural processes, such as planting, growing and harvesting crops, as well as with various types of crop cultivation technologies. This will contribute to the development of interest in the study of agriculture and, as a result, the growth of students’ motivation to connect their professional activities with agriculture.

A single nucleotide substitution introducing premature stop codon within CsTFL1 explains the determinate-2 phenotype in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

The determinate growth habit of plants reduces the number of internodes and shortens the main stem by terminating the shoot apical meristem through a transition to inflorescence. Understanding the genetic basis of this habit can help optimize crop yield and cultivation technology for vegetable breeding. This study aimed to identify the determinate-2 (de-2) gene responsible for the determinate growth habit in the W-sk cucumber line. Termination of the main stem in the W-sk line occurred between 14 and 23 internodes, depending on cultivation conditions. Resequencing of the W-sk genome identified a novel SNP in the cucumber TERMINAL FLOWER1 (CsTFL1) gene, explaining the de-2 phenotype. This was verified with a CAPS-T marker cosegregation with determinate growth in the F2:3 population, and this polymorphism is unique among genotyped indeterminate cucumber cultivars or breeding lines. Crossing the W-sk line with the G421 line with the determinate (de) gene confirmed the allelism of both genes. An SNP in CsTFL1 in the W-sk line introduced a premature stop codon, resulting in the putative deletion of 13 amino acids, possibly causing determinate growth habit. Overall, this study provides insights into the genetic basis of cucumber plant growth architecture and advances in cucumber breeding.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT PROTECTION MARKET: GLOBAL AND UKRAINIAN TRENDS

Topicality. In the context of market instability caused by hostilities, the entire country's economy is undergoing a process of improvement and adjustment to the new realities, which also affects the state of affairs on world markets, including the global and national markets for plant protection products. The introduction of martial law provokes new challenges, such as: building new and restructuring existing supply chains, taking into account the impact of internal and external factors when building a business model in the field of agrochemicals production, assessing the effectiveness of public policy and the level of its impact on markets. At the same time, the issue of ensuring the stable development of these markets and their elements is not sufficiently studied, which makes it important to search for the latest scientific developments in this area. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to assess the prospects for the development and formation of the market of plant protection products in agriculture at the international and national levels, to analyze the structure of their use, and to identify the countries that are leaders in the use, export and import of pesticides in the world. Objectives of the study: to study the general state of affairs in the field of agrochemicals production; to characterize the essence and vector of changes in the performance indicators of the plant protection products market; to study the impact of plant protection products on crop yields and to assess the financial results obtained by plant protection products manufacturers and farmers who used them; to provide justification for changing the market structure and adjusting it to the current conditions in the presence of hostilities. Materials and methods. The results of the theoretical and balanced combination of scientific works, methodological approaches and provisions in the field of diagnosing and monitoring the balance of development of the global and national markets of plant protection products, as well as their reconfiguration and reorientation, which are covered in the works of fundamental and applied nature. The following methods have been used to solve the outlined tasks: generalization, system analysis, induction, deduction, synthesis, grouping, abstract and logical method. Research results. Proposals for assessing the current state and potential development of the global and domestic markets of plant protection products are presented. In order to analyze the economic component of the development of these markets, proposals are made to improve the physical and economic availability of agrochemical products, investment and technological development of plant protection products markets. A set of actions aimed at facilitating the work of relocated enterprises is proposed. In order to assess the environmental component of the evolution of plant protection products markets, a list of measures aimed at analyzing the dynamics of resource and environmental sustainability of agrochemical producers and their stable functioning is presented. The author focuses on the role of the State and local authorities. It is indicated that the key is the resource and environmental productivity of enterprises producing plant protection products, which contributes to determining the level of environmental performance of enterprises and markets in general. This indicates their ability to create added value with a neutral or positive impact on the environment in the face of resource constraints, challenges and threats to the security environment. Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the study is the development of proposals to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state and prospects for the development of the global and national markets of plant protection products and agrochemical producers through state support, which made it possible to construct an expanded system of indicators in the economic, social and environmental areas using both traditional and author's indicators with an emphasis on the dynamics of their changes in conditions of instability. Having analyzed the phytosanitary condition of modern agroecosystems, we can conclude that the situation is unsatisfactory and constantly deteriorating. This significantly complicates the technological processes of growing crops and obtaining high and stable yields, even with the intensive use of pesticides without a well-thought-out approach to plant protection. Attention should be drawn to the need for regular monitoring of agrocenoses, assessment of species diversity of weeds, pathogens and pests. Measures should be taken to develop an action plan to offset the consequences of the destruction of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power plant and restore the areas that suffered damage as a result. It is also necessary to develop an action plan to restore the liberated territories. A list of proposals was also provided to improve the phytosanitary condition of agricultural ecosystems and crop cultivation technologies.

Evaluation of the Informative Value of the Results of Soil Observations in a Stationary Experiment

The effective and potential fertility of leached chernozem was evaluated in a field stationary experiment at the Central Experimental Field of the Kurgan Research Institute and the application of 2 crop cultivation technologies. In the first part of the experiment, the corn–wheat–wheat–oat crop rotation was studied during annual plowing, in the second – permanent wheat after a stubble background. The first technology was characterized by higher effective fertility, a large number of plant residues, due to which its advantage was manifested in terms of humus content. The positive effect of fertilizers on the indicators of potential soil fertility was manifested when applying the 2nd and 3rd doses of nitrogen against the background of the use of phosphorus.

The Usefulness of Soil Penetration Resistance Measurements for Improving the Efficiency of Cultivation Technologies

The research results of soil penetration resistance (SPR) tests carried out on sandy clay using four cone probes with different dimensions of the measuring tip are presented in this study. It was indicated that the values of SPR can be used to diagnose the cultivation layer and, on this basis, determine whether it is necessary to cultivate it and select tools for the required treatment. Tests were carried out on three levels of soil density, 1.37, 1.43 and 1.51 g∙cm−3, and two moisture contents, 7.64% and 10.4%. The results show that the probe with the smallest cone with apex angles of 30° and 60° on the least dense soil indicated higher SPR by over 50% more than other probes with the highest cone and the same opening angles. The change in cone opening angle from 30° to 60° led to an increase in probe indications in the range of 10–25%, depending on the diameter of the cone tip. The statistical analysis shows that values of probe indications were statistically significant and were influenced by soil density, probe cone tip dimensions, the surface of the base and the apex angle. The values of SPR are fundamental in diagnosing the quality of the soil’s top layer, determining the necessity of breaking it up, and selecting the optimal tools for this procedure. To improve the efficiency of agricultural crop cultivation technologies. This is particularly important when carrying out cultivation procedures in an environmentally friendly manner. The measurements will help support the introduction of sustainable farming practices, including direct seeding, no-till cultivation, or precision agriculture, reducing soil degradation and increasing environmental benefits.

Sowing properties of sunflower seeds of Talento hybrid under the influence of a modified plant growth regulator

The improvement of agricultural crop cultivation technologies enables the production of high sunflower yields with high-quality indicators. One such element is pre-sowing seed treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a plant growth regulator supplemented with calcium on the sowing properties of sunflower seeds. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. For pre-sowing seed treatment, a semi-synthetic film-forming agent with an anti-stress effect was used, which was modified with Ca2+ ions in the form of calcium chloride. It was established that the encrustation of sunflower seed with a growth regulator stimulates germination processes and activates the initial stages of sunflower organogenesis. This increases the indicators of germinative vigour and germination capacity. Adding calcium to the plant growth regulator contributes to a further increase in the indicators of germinative vigour and seed germination capacity of sunflowers by 5.4% and 7.7%, respectively, compared to the control. At the same time, the hypocotyl length increased by 1.51 times compared to the control, while the root length increased by 1.37 times. The accumulation of organic substances in sunflower seedlings is characterised by an increase in dry matter. When calcium was added to the plant growth regulator, a more intensive accumulation of dry matter in the hypocotyl and root was observed compared to the control and the variant using only the growth regulator. The establishment of a ranking range indicated that, based on the parameters studied, the optimal treatment option for the pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds is the application of a plant growth regulator containing calcium ions at a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The use of this preparation is relevant and promising for studying the formation of sunflower plant productivity with increased quality indicators under field conditions

Formation of yield and seed quality of soybean varieties depending on the nutrition area in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the influence of the row width, row spacing and the seeding rate of soybean varieties on their productivity and quality. Methods. The research was carried out in 2021–2023 in the stationary crop rotation of the Plant Breeding Department in the fields of the Agronomic Research Station of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (Pshenychne, Vasylkiv district, Kyiv region). Scheme of the experiment: factor A – sowing method: ordinary row with a row spacing of 19 cm; strip with a row spacing of 19 + 38 + 19 cm; wide-row with a row spacing of 38 cm; factor B – seeding rate: 450, 600 and 750 thousand seeds/ha. Results. The highest yield of seeds of the variety ‘Sirelia’, and in general the highest in the experiment, was obtained at a planting design of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and the seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha – 2.92 t/ha. In the ‘Saidina’ variety, the maximum productivity (2.82 t/ha) was recorded at a planting design of 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and the seeding rate of 450,000 seeds/ha. In fact, it is the only soybean variety in the experiment that provided a high level of productivity at low seeding rates. As for the ‘Vyshyvanka’ variety, it was generally effective for it from the biological point of yield potential realization, a planting design was 19 cm + 38 cm + 19 cm and seeding rate of 600,000 seeds/ha – 2.74 t/ha. In the variety ‘Zhaklin’, the best yield indicators were obtained at a planting design of 19 cm x 38 cm x 19 cm and seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha – 2.72 t/ha. However, a seeding design of 19 cm x 19 cm x 19 cm and the seeding rate of 750,000 seeds/ha – 2.70 t/ha remained relevant for this variety. The highest contents of protein and fat in the seeds of all studied varieties were obtained under the condition of growing plants at a planting design of 38 cm + 38 cm + 38 cm and seeding rate of 450 thousand seeds/ha: in ‘Sirelia’ 38.2 and 24, 1%, in ‘Saidina’ 42.6 and 20.9%, in ‘Vyshyvanka’ 39.1 and 22.6%, and in ‘Zhaklin’ 38.9 and 22.9%, respectively. Conclusions. The features of yield formation and quality indicators of soybean varieties determined in the research can be used for optimization of the crop cultivation technology in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine.

ВПЛИВ ОБРОБКИ НАСІННЯ МЕТАБОЛІЧНО АКТИВНИМИ РЕЧОВИНАМИ НА АКТИВНІСТЬ АСКОРБАТПЕРОКСИДАЗИ ТА ВМІСТ АСКОРБАТУ В ПРОРОСТКАХ ПШЕНИЦІ М’ЯКОЇ (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) ЗА УМОВ ВОДНОГО ДЕФІЦИТУ

The article presents a comparative analysis of the effects of metabolically active substances and their combinations on ascorbate peroxidase activity and ascorbate content in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings under water deficit conditions simulated using PEG 6000. Ten seed treatment options were studied: control (unprocessed seeds + distilled water); PEG 6000 solution (12 %); vitamin E solution (10-8M) – E; ubiquinone-10 solution (10-8M) – Q; methionine solution (0.001 %) – M; paraoxybenzoic acid (POBA) solution (0.001%) – P; MgSO4 solution (0.001%) – Mg; combinations: vitamin E (10-8M) + ubiquinone-10 (10-8M) – EQ; vitamin E (10-8M) + methionine (0.001 %) + POBA (0.001 %) – EMP; vitamin E (10-8M) + methionine (0.001 %) + POBA (0.001 %) + MgSO4 (0.001 %) – EMPMg. The experimental water deficit was simulated using a 12 % PEG 6000 solution. It was found that simulated drought conditions induced a 63.1% increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity compared to the control. Pretreatment of wheat seeds with compound E resulted in a 65.5 % increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity compared to the control and a 2.4 % increase compared to seedlings under simulated water deficit conditions using PEG 6000. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase in wheat seedlings after treatment with magnesium sulfate, ubiquinone-10, and the combination of vitamin E + ubiquinone-10 exceeded control values by 47.6 %, 35.7 %, and 31 %, respectively, but did not surpass the levels induced by PEG. This suggests a protective effect of these substances under water deficit conditions but does not completely mitigate the inhibitory effect of PEG 6000. Under simulated water deficit conditions, the accumulation of ascorbate in seedling tissues exceeded control values by 29.1 %. Treatment with ubiquinone-10 increased ascorbate content by 46.3 %, while treatment with a combination of vitamin E + methionine + POBA + MgSO4 increased it by 24.2 %. Other treatments also showed increases: vitamin E + methionine + POBA (18.8 %), methionine (13 %), and vitamin E + ubiquinone-10 (7.4 %). Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with metabolically active substances increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat seedlings, enhancing drought resistance in the Provintsialka variety. Therefore, seed treatment with these substances could serve as a component of grain crop cultivation technology under water deficit conditions.

Estimation of adaptability parameters of winter common wheat samples at different sowing dates in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

There has been presented a three-year estimation of winter wheat samples according to adaptability indicators, the trait ‘productivity’, ‘winter resistance’, ‘1000-grain weight’, and ‘number of productive stems per m2’. The purpose of the study was to estimate the adaptive potential of winter common wheat varieties in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia at different sowing dates. The study was conducted in the laboratory for field crop breeding, seed production and cultivation technologies based on SibRIPCB, the branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS (Novosibirsk region) in 2018–2022. The objects of study were 5 winter common wheat varieties developed by the SibRIPCB, a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS. Sowing was carried out in three periods (the first was in August 20, the second was in September 1 and the third was in September 10) with an SSFC-7 seeder in 5 repetitions, the recording plot area was 10 m², the placement of the plots was randomized, the crops were laid in weedfree fallow. As a result, there was established that, according to the trait ‘productivity’, the varieties ‘Novosibirskaya 2’ (bi = 1.42; δd² = 0.08) and ‘Novosibirskaya 3’ (bi = 1.35; δd² = 0.08) combined ecological adaptability and stability. The variety ‘Novosibirskaya 3’ also combined adaptability and stability according to the trait ‘number of productive stems per m2’ (bi = 1.09; δd² = 468.94). The winter variety ‘Krasnoobskaya’ is capable of consistently giving high yields ((Ymax+Ymin)/2 = 4.92; (Sc = 3.42); Hom = 26.2) and maintaining the density of productive stems ((Ymin–Ymax) = -280; Sc = 280.8; (Ymin+Ymax)/2 = 513; Hom = 8.9) at different sowing dates. The variety ‘Pamyati Chekurova’ is responsive to improvements in environmental conditions according to the trait ‘productivity’ (bi = 1.10; KM = 2.20), ‘winter resistance’ (bi = 1.53; KM = 2.72), ‘number of productive stems per m2’ (bi = 1.22; KM = 2.2).

Normalised difference moisture index in water stress assessment of maize crops

Remote sensing is a promising technique for better management of water resources in agriculture through improvement of dynamic control and operational scheduling on irrigated croplands. The main goal of this study was to identify the possibilities of application of the normalised difference moisture index (NDMI) to water stress monitoring in maize crops, and to determine the relationship between the index and soil moisture content. The study was carried out in 2019–2021 in the experimental fields of disturbed maize, cultivated on dark-chestnut soils in the Southern Ukraine at the NAAS Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture. The crop cultivation technology was common for the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine. Actual soil moisture content was determined by gravimetric method in the pre-sowing and post-harvest period. The NDMI values were calculated using cloudless aerospace images from the satellites Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, and MODIS with 250 m resolution. It was revealed that the seasonal NDMI dynamics perfectly reflected the water-supply conditions of the disturbed maize, and could be used for operational monitoring and scheduling of irrigation. The parameters of the water-supply conditions were determined in 2021, which was the wettest year of the study: the cumulative seasonal NDMI reached 1.71, while the highest water stress was recorded in the driest year, 2020, – the cumulative NDMI was 0.15. Additionally, there was a moderately strong negative correlation between NDMI and soil moisture content, and the coefficient of determination was 0.62. The linear regression models, developed to predict soil moisture content in the 0–100 cm layer depending on the NDMI values, had good fitting quality and reasonable accuracy, but they required further calibration and extension of the initial dataset to provide more robust and reliable results for practical implementation. Based on the results of the study, spatial NDMI could be considered a good and reliable tool for improving irrigation water management. Further studies should focus on the practical implementation of the NDMI-based model of moisture-content estimation, as well as on the possibilities of the index usage for mapping irrigated lands.

Seed productivity of rod-shaped millet depends on ripeness groups of varieties

Seed productivity of rod-shaped millet depends on ripeness groups of varieties

The influence of metal nanocarboxylates on the nitrogen-fixing activity of symbiotic soybean systems grown under field conditions

Background. Numerous scientific and industrial studies have proven the high effectiveness of using micronutrients in nanoscale form in agricultural crop cultivation technologies. Among them, special attention is drawn to soybeans, which hold a leading position in terms of sown areas among other leguminous crops in the country. They can provide up to 70 % of their own nitrogen needs through the fixation of its molecular form from the atmosphere in symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodulating bacteria. New methods of molecular biology, biotechnology, and genetic engineering, along with classical methods of microbiology, plant physiology, genetics, and agrochemistry, allow for addressing both fundamental questions regarding the characteristics of formation and functioning of legume-rhizobial systems, and practical approaches to correcting the interactions between symbiotic partners with the aim of creating highly effective symbioses. Therefore, research aimed at significant increasing the current level of biological nitrogen fixation and adapting symbiotic systems to negative environmental factors is currently relevant. The use of nanotechnology, in particular, the study of the effect of iron, germanium, and cobalt nanocarboxylates on the formation and functioning of the soybean-rhizobial symbiosis under field conditions in combination with seed inoculation with rhizobial bacteria may be promising. Materials and Methods. The objects of the investigation were symbiotic systems created with the participation of the Almaz variety of soybean and the Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 rhizobacteria, and with the introduction of nanocarboxylates of iron (Fe), germanium (Ge) and cobalt (Co) into their cultivation medium. Physiological, microbiological, biochemical, and statistical research methods were used. Results. It was found that under field conditions, before the pod formation stage, the vegetative mass of soybean plants inoculated with rhizobial bacteria with the introduction of nanoparticles of carboxylates of iron, germanium, or cobalt into their cultivation medium was at the level of control plants or slightly exceeded them. It has been shown that under the effects of chelated micronutrients, the number of root nodules increased compared to control plants during the flowering and pod formation stages, and their mass was greater from the three trifoliate leaf stage, which ensured efficient functioning of the legume-rhizobial symbiosis. It has been noted that the used metal nanocarboxylates promote active functioning of the symbiotic apparatus in soybean plants, as an increase in nitrogen-fixing activity was observed at the stages of three trifoliate leaf development and flowering, ranging from 26–70 % depending on the microelement used. Conclusions. During field cultivation of soybeans, the effectiveness of pre-sowing seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 rhizobia was demonstrated through the introduction of iron, germanium, or cobalt nanocarboxylates into their cultivation medium. This opens up opportunities for increasing the efficiency of symbiotic systems of soybeans.

THE INTENSITY OF THE ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL AND GRAIN DEPENDS ON THE REPETITION OF MAIZE CULTIVATION

In most farms that use intensive crop cultivation technologies, corn makes up 40% of the sown area structure. And this, in turn, can lead to its re-growing. The saturation of short-rotation crop rotations with corn in farms is more than 30%, which is three times higher than scientifically based calculations. Therefore, with such a share of corn in the crop rotation, part of its area is sown again in the same field. Corn tolerates repeated cultivation on the same field for three to four years. But under such conditions, in order to guarantee high and stable corn yields, it is necessary to increase the application rates of mineral fertilizers and strengthen the chemical protection of crops against harmful organisms. Scientific evidence indicates that maize in a monoculture requires 35-55 kg/ha more nitrogen than that grown after a better predecessor. With such intensive fertilization of repeated crops of corn with mineral fertilizers, toxic substances contained in fertilizers may accumulate in the grain. A high risk of accumulation of heavy metals: lead, cadmium, copper and zinc, which are present in mineral fertilizers. The purpose of the research is to study the intensity of accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and grain during repeated cultivation of corn in the same field. Laboratory studies were carried out in the certified and accredited laboratory of the Vinnytsia branch of the Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine of the Derzhgruntokhorona State University. The content of heavy metals in soil and grain was determined: lead, cadmium, copper and zinc. During the repeated cultivation of corn, to ensure a high and stable yield of its grain, the rate of mineral fertilizers was increased by 30%: from N45P45K45 to N65P65K65. With such an increase, the content of mobile forms of lead in the soil increases by 4.2 times, but the content of mobile forms of cadmium decreases by 10%, copper by 19.6%, and zinc by 23%. Exceeding the maximum allowable concentration of heavy metals in the soil was not detected in any variant. We found that when corn was re-grown on the same plot, the content of copper as a trace element decreased by 19.6%, and zinc by 23.0%. Such a decrease in the content of microelements in the soil indicates the unidirectional absorption of these substances by corn plants during two years of cultivation and requires compensation of these elements in the form of microfertilizers. During repeated cultivation of corn, the content of lead in its grain decreased by 8.2%, cadmium - by 14.3%, copper - by 2.0%, zinc - by 24.8%. Exceeding the MPC of lead in corn grain during its one-time and repeated cultivation with a value of 1.7 MPC and 1.6 MPC, respectively, was established. During one-time cultivation of corn, the coefficient of accumulation of lead and cadmium in its grain was 4.6 times and 4.3% higher, respectively, than during two-time cultivation, zinc - by 2.4%, and copper - on the contrary, it was higher than during two-time cultivation of corn by 17.9%. The total rate of heavy metal contamination of the soil during repeated cultivation of corn was 16.5% higher than during one-time cultivation, but was at a safe level. In the grain of repeated cultivation of corn, the total indicator was 2.2 times lower than that of one-time cultivation.

Kajian Penerapan Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Dan Produktivitas Padi Sawah (Oryza sativa L.) Di Kecamatan Dumoga

The objective of the study was to assess the application of crop cultivation technology and productivity of paddy rice in Dumoga District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted from November to December 2022. The research was located in Dumoga District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This research was qualitative research by conducting surveys and interviews with 30 farmers in Dumoga Subdistrict using a prepared questionnaire, including the identity of farmers, farming conditions and cultivation techniques of paddy rice in Dumoga Subdistrict (North Mopugad Main Village, North Mopugad 1, North Mopugad, South Mopugad, South Mopugad 1, South Mopuya, and Amertabuana). The research location was determined by purposive sampling, namely Dumoga Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, with the consideration that the area is the center of paddy rice production in North Sulawesi. The data analysis used was a qualitative descriptive analysis technique. The data obtained were then processed and tabulated in the form of tables and diagrams. The results showed that the application of paddy rice cultivation technology carried out by farmers in Dumoga District included the application of land preparation using a hand tractor, a single planting pattern, a direct seed planting system of direct seed planting (Tabela), the spacing used was 20×20 cm, fertilization using fertilizers (Urea, Phonska, TSP and SP36), water sources came from irrigation irrigation, pest control using pesticide active ingredients and harvesting already using harvesting machines, and paddy rice production in Dumoga District reached 4 tons of GKG, with a productivity of 1.6 tons/ha.

Mycological and toxicological analysis of soil under the influence of crop cultivation technologies

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of various crop cultivation technologies on the structure of micromycete complexes and the level of microbial soil toxicosis. Extensive, organic and intensive crop cultivation technologiesin a six-field crop rotation on soddy-podzolic gleyic soil for 2021–2022 have been studied. To study the structure of the micromycete complex the deep seeding method, the spatial occurrence index of species, the Syorensen-Chekanovsky similarity coefficient and the significance indexwere used. To determine the microbial toxicosis, the method of the initiated microbial community according to V.S. Guzev was used. According to the results of the experiments, fungi from the departments of Zygomycota and Ascomycota were discovered, in 2021 – 10 species, in 2022 – 16 species. In 2022, the largest number of micromycetes was recorded under cereals with extensive and intensive technologies, in 2021, a high number of fungi was recorded in variants with annual and perennial grasses using the same technologies. The greatest manifestation of microbial toxicosis was noted in 2021: the germinating ability of test crop seeds on control variants –76.67-92.67%, when initiating a microbial community – 44.67-76.67%. The cultivation of grain crops by extensive and intensive technologies contributed to the greater manifestation of soil microbial toxicosis.

Ecological preparations in vegetable crop cultivation technologies

Ecological preparations in vegetable crop cultivation technologies

Of the quality of the results of the state assessment of soil and landscape objects

An analysis of the current state of agriculture in the Russian Federation has shown that the recently aggravated economic and environmental problems require significant changes in the technologies used towards their biologization and resource conservation while ensuring the profitability of agricultural production. Increasing crop yields can be achieved only with a high culture of agriculture, the introduction of advanced technologies based on the widespread use of various types of organic fertilizers (manure, straw, siderate) and biological plant protection products and growth regulators. This requires in-depth study of the most important zonal aspects of agriculture, one of which is to determine the relationship between soil fertility and crop productivity with systematic fertilization. Therefore, the development of crop cultivation technologies that ensure high and sustainable yields with high quality, excluding the introduction of increased doses of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products, as well as minimal negative effects on the soil is an urgent task of great theoretical and practical importance.

Characterization of the natural resource potential of the agricultural zone of the Krasnoyarsk territory

The aim of the study was to determine the natural resource potential of the agricultural territories in the agricultural regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and to investigate the fundamental characteristics of climatic conditions. Location and time of the study. The study utilized multi-year data (from 1978 to 2020) from 22 meteorological stations located in the natural districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory to analyze climatic conditions. Methods. A georesource database was used to assess the natural resource potential (NRP), including information about soils, agroclimatic parameters, and their impact on agricultural crops. Soils and climatic parameters were ranked on a scale of 5 to 100. The NRP assessment was categorized as follows (points): 1–20 – low; 21–40 – below average; 41–60 – average; 61–80 – above average; 81–100 – high. Climatic conditions were analyzed based on multi-year data from meteorological stations in different natural regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, using trend analysis and data smoothing methods to identify dynamics. Results. The natural resource potential values vary from 32.5 points for the northern forest-steppe podzolic soils in the Kansk Natural District to 62.5 points for chernozems (black soils) in the northern forest-steppe of the South Minusinsk Natural District. Weighted average NRP values for the agricultural territories of the Krasnoyarsk Krai increase in the following sequence (points): subtaiga (38.0) – Kansk Natural District (45.4) –Krasnoyarsk Natural District (46.3) – Achinsk-Bogotol Natural District (47.4) – Chulymo-Yenisei Natural District (47.8) – Nazarovo Natural District (49.4) – South Minusinsk Natural District (54.3). Conclusions. Climate warming, accompanied by significant increases in summer and winter precipitation, milder winters, and prolonged growing seasons favorable for agricultural crops and varieties, will have a positive impact on the NRP of the region's agrolandscapes, promoting the development of commercial agriculture, especially in the forest-steppe zone. The range of agricultural crops and varieties may expand. Cultivating winter and hard wheat varieties is expected to become more effective. Improved natural conditions will contribute to bringing long abandoned lands into agricultural production. Changes in soil regimes and properties will lead to the transformation of agricultural crop cultivation technologies.

Influence of the No-till Technology on the Bulk Density of the Calcic Cherrnozem of the Volgograd Region

Background: Technologies for the cultivation of agricultural plants have positive and negative sides. The indisputable positive features of No-till technology include the elimination of the cost of fuel needed for tillage. The negative aspects potentially include an increase in soil density, leading to a deterioration in plant nutrition. This article presents research materials on the impact of crop cultivation technologies on the physical properties of soils. The authors study in detail the issue of changes in the soil bulk density index depending on the applied agricultural technology in comparison with the treated soil as a control. It is important to note that the study of the features of the use of agricultural technologies has a pronounced zonal aspect. The object of study is represented by the soil cover of an agricultural landscape located in the steppe zone of the Volgograd region. The soil cover of the study area is represented by Calcic Cherrnozem. No-till technology has been used in this agricultural landscape for 9 years. Methods: The changes in the soil bulk density index depending on the applied agricultural technique was studied in detail in comparison with the treated soil as a control variant. The study considered three options: a) no-till tillage, b) traditional tillage technology, c) soil covered with natural vegetation. Determination of the density of soil composition was carried out by the cutting ring method. Under field conditions, soil samples were taken from pits and analysis was carried out in laboratory. Result: The results revealed that soil compaction was occurred in no-till technologe. The bulk density of 10-20 cm soil layer was 1.33 g cm3 under no-till? 0.81 g cm3 under traditional technology and 1.14 g cm3 under natural vegetation.