CRONE Control Research Articles

Exploring the Potential of Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Generators in Wind Energy: A Comprehensive Analysis and Overview

Due to the unpredictable nature of the wind, uncertainty in the characteristics of wind electrical conversion systems (WECSs), and inefficient management tactics, wind turbines have historically had operational inefficiencies. In order to overcome these drawbacks, the hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG), an alternative to traditional generators, is presented in this study along with the suggestion to use robust regulators to regulate HESGs. This research begins with a thorough review of the literature on generators often seen in modern wind systems. Next, a simulation platform that merges a WECS with a HESG tied to an isolated load is built using the MATLAB Simulink environment. Pitch angle control investigation shows a new experimental approach to determine the link between turbine output and the reference pitch angle. Furthermore, an evaluation of the mechanical stability of the WECS is conducted by a comparison of the performance of a H∞ controller and a CRONE controller. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the CRONE controller in reducing mechanical vibrations in the WECS. By reducing vibrations, the proposed control technique enhances the overall performance and efficiency of the wind turbine system. The field is extended by the demonstration of how HESGs and reliable control systems can enhance wind turbine performance while eliminating inherent limitations.

Investigation of the Robust Fractional Order Control Approach Associated with the Online Analytic Unity Magnitude Shaper: The Case of Wind Energy Systems

This paper investigates the development of a novel analytic approach for computing Unity Magnitude (UM) shapers that deviates from established numerical methodologies. The experimental validation on a test bench confirms the practicality and benefits of the suggested UM shaper technique. The study extends the use of UM shapers to improve the control of wind conversion systems (WCSs), particularly those including hybrid excitation synchronous generators (HESGs), demonstrating their adaptability and versatility. Experimental validation guarantees real-world application, confirming the suggested UM shapers’ trustworthiness. Strict management is still required to assure the system’s efficiency and dependability. In reality, the dynamic equations of a turbine, as well as those of an HESG, are substantially nonlinear; most system parameters are very uncertain; and, finally, a WCS is always impacted by disturbance sources such as load variations, harmonics, and mechanical vibrations. Robust control measures must be used to overcome these issues. A CRONE controller (Robust Fractional Order Control) of the second generation is created. A comparative study performed on the Simulink platform reveals substantial gains brought about by UM shapers in real-world circumstances. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of UM-shaped inputs in mechanical stabilization and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), emphasizing both theoretical soundness and practical advantages. The analytic equations for UM shapers in undamped and damped systems, offered together with a real-time algorithm, contribute to the optimization of wind conversion systems.

Advanced modeling and control of wind conversion systems based on hybrid generators using fractional order controllers

AbstractThe focus of this study is on modeling and management of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on a Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Generator (HESG). Using a wind simulator, two controllers, CRONE and H∞, are evaluated for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and optimal rotation speed. The results show the CRONE controller's higher tracking capability, and robustness tests investigate the influence of parametric uncertainty. Space harmonic effects, commutation effects, and turbine shaft flexibility are all addressed in the sophisticated models. The introduction of Fractional Order Proportional‐Integral (FOPI) control for MPPT is a game changer. Although fractional calculus‐based accuracy and robustness are uncommon in WECS, they show promise for emissions reduction and increased energy efficiency. This work validates a dependable control approach inside an isolated HESG‐based WECS's power‐maximizing range. Extensive investigation of the parameters impacting FOPI control efficiency yields useful insights for effective MPPT control. A variable‐speed wind turbine (WT) is linked to a HESG through a multiplier, with a controller controlling generator coil excitation voltages and a rectifier connecting the WECS to a load. A thorough 3 kW HESG electrical model that includes generator space harmonics and converter commutation effects is among the contributions. For HESG‐based WECS stability, frequency analysis finds important resonant and anti‐resonant frequencies. These issues are addressed by a FOPI control technique, which ensures system stability and performance. The necessity of exact frequency analysis in HESG‐based WECS is highlighted by a step‐by‐step controller parameter tuning approach.

Road profile estimation based on the second generation CRONE control

The objective of this paper is to present a new design method for an unknown input estimator with a closed-loop structure. A frequency domain approach is carried out using a model-based design method and a loop-shaping technique. The loop-shaping approach used to the estimator design is usually applied in the context of control system design. More precisely, it is the second generation CRONE system design methodology that is used. This method is applied to the estimation of a speed bump by using one of the sensors initially intended for suspension control. Note that the noise measurement used in the simulation is recorded from on-board sensors used to control the piloted suspension of a DS7 Crossback. The time responses of the estimator, obtained with a non-linear quarter-car simulator, illustrate the very good results obtained.

Performance Evaluation of Composite CRONE Controller Strategy for an Air Pressure System

This article explores and determines the robust performance of a CRONE controller for an air pressure system (APS). Generally, the CRONE controller is a robust noninteger order controller to achieve linear performance for a highly nonlinear system. In this regard, the noninteger order controller can be designed using the transfer function of an APS. Whereas, the transfer function of the system is obtained by the worst‐case modelling technique. The servo performance of the controller is analyzed in terms of error and time indices performances for three different operating points. Finally, the simulation results are compared with the conventional controller. According to the performance characteristics, it is visualized that the composite CRONE (CC) controller gives superior performance than the first generation CRONE (FGC) controller and conventional controller for the selected nonlinear system.

CRONE multi-SISO control of a 2-axis tracking antenna

This paper presents an application of CRONE control, a robust control design based on fractional order differentiation, to a 2-axis tracking antenna. The controller will regulate the position of the two mechanical axes of the antenna: azimuth and elevation. To design the robust controller, a nonlinear model was developed to estimate the impact of uncertainties and mechanical coupling. A comparison between the CRONE controller and the current PI controller is presented. The experimental validation on the real antenna shows that the CRONE controller has better tracking performances while ensuring a high stability degree.

Controller Development and Experimental Validation for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper reports experimental results, in a wind tunnel, of controllers for a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Models and controllers from previous works were validated and improved through the acquisition of new data sets. The control methods used are PID, LQR and CRONE (a type of fractional order control, i.e., a controller using fractional derivatives). The simulation results led to the choice of the CRONE controller for implementation. Hardware and software were developed to perform tests in a wind tunnel, that proved the correct behavior of the controller whilst validation results exceeded those from simulation. These results are expected to contribute for the viability of VAWTs in urban environments since they can aid in the increasing demand of energy services in urban areas without increasing the carbon emission levels of the area.

Hierarchical Approach for Driver Disturbance Rejection in an Electric Vehicle: The CRONE Approach

This article deals with the control chassis dynamics of a light electric vehicle. In the frame of Global Chassis Control, it proposes a hierarchical control approach focuses on compensating the chassis dynamics against driver disturbances. It is based on a supervisory structure consists of two main levels, a global controller for regulating chassis variables and a local controller to each suspension system. Both controllers are designed using a fractional-order robust controller, namely CRONE controller, to provide an optimized solution for the performance-robustness tradeoff. The main objective is to improve ride comfort for passengers while respecting road holding and handling criteria. In contrast to other studies, random road disturbances are considered to investigate the limits of the proposed approach. Analysis in frequency and time domain has been done to evaluate the performance and robustness of the designed controller. Simulation results based on a full nonlinear 14 degree of freedom vehicle model show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the ride quality in the field of interest where a significant performance in driver disturbance rejection is reported.

Improving the Maximum Power Extraction from Wind Turbines Using a Second-Generation CRONE Controller

Developing precise and robust algorithms that can help in obtaining maximum power yield in a variable speed wind turbine is an important area of research in wind engineering. The present manuscript proposes a technique that utilizes a second-generation CRONE controller for the maximum power tracking technique (MPPT) to maximize power generation in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a double-fed induction generator (DFIG). The authors propose this novel method because the classical controllers cannot provide adequate performance in terms of extracting the maximum energy from variable speed wind turbines when applying a real wind profile and they cannot guarantee the high stability of the WECS. Moreover, this novel controller sufficiently handles problems related to the control effort level. The performance of the second-generation CRONE method was mathematically modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and compared with four other types of MPPT control techniques, which include a proportional-integral linear controller (PI), nonlinear sliding mode controller (SMC), backstepping controller (BS), and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Two different wind profiles, a step wind profile and a real wind profile, were considered for the comparative study. The response time, dynamic error percentage, and static error percentage were the quantitative parameters compared, and the qualitative parameters included set-point tracking and precision. This test demonstrated the superiority of the second-generation CRONE controller in terms of all of the compared parameters.

Design of The CRONE Automatic Headlight Leveling System

Automotive headlights system represents a safety key system when it comes to drive by night. It aims to increase the comfort of the driver by providing a clear visibility in order to anticipate obstacles and follow the right path. One of the main challenges that the lighting system is facing today is its automatic leveling adjustment. Variations of load of the vehicle, its dynamics and the environment are the main sources of disturbance to the leveling system. These disturbances causes variations of vehicle pitch angle and as a result the lighting cut-off level that may glare other road users and affect the driver's visibility range. This paper proposes an innovative automatic leveling system based on an ultrasonic motor which is able to dynamically reject such disturbances on the lighting cut-off level using a robust CRONE controller.

Robust control of 2-axis tracking antennas using the CRONE approach

This paper presents robust control design for a mobile tracking antenna using the CRONE approach. The antenna is modeled by two coupled mechanical axes used to track azimuth and elevation angles. The parametric uncertainties of the model and the axes mechanical coupling are taken into account in the design of the position loop controller. For comparison purposes, the same control specifications are applied for a PID controller. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the CRONE controller in terms of robustness and stability, as compared to the PID.

Optimal CRONE controller using meta-heuristic optimization algorithm for shell and tube Heat Exchanger

A meta-heuristic optimization algorithm based third generation CRONE controller is proposed for controlling the thermal interfaces in heat exchanger device. The primary aim of this work is to identify suitable optimization technique among the whale optimization Algorithm (WOA) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms that would improve the robustness of third order crone controller against the parameter variations. A mathematical model of HE is developed to compute non-integer parameters so as to realize the optimal performance of the controller. The objective function is to minimize cost of fluid flow rate and to maximize the heat transfer rate. The optimization of heat exchanger is complicated by number of process plants, area, and method of connection, pressure drop of fluid, and transfer rate. A competitive result is obtained with multi-objective non-linear WOA for wide range of the process variable variations. The simulation is performed in MATLAB software to verify proposed WOA optimized third order CRONE controller and the performance is compared with the GWO optimized CRONE controller.

UM Shaper Command Inputs for CRONE Control: Application on a DC Motor Bench

This study proposes an approach to synthesize a three-impulse sequence input shaper with a negative impulse, known as Unity Magnitude (UM) shaper. The corresponding analytic model has been already achieved for undamped and low-damped systems. In this paper, the analytic design of UM shaper is demonstrated for the generalized case of damped systems for both types: integer and fractional orders. Hence, the UM shaper model has been designed for second-order systems with damped dynamics, associating a graphical fitting and an analytical procedure; then, it has been extended to explicit fractional derivative systems. Moreover, the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed on-off profile prefilter applied on a second-generation controller have been substantiated by experimental results on an instrumented DC motor bench.

Effects of nonlinear friction of passive heave compensator on drilling operation — Part II: Active robust control

Hydropneumatic Passive Heave Compensator (PHC) for offshore drilling may exhibit undesirable effects due to nonlinearities of the friction seal, causing the so called Compensator-Induced Vibration (CIV) phenomenon, which induces longitudinal oscillations of frequencies higher than the heave motion. In this paper, a control system is proposed to attenuate the heave motion and to mitigate the CIV and compared to common practice, such as a linear feedforward controller. The proposed control is composed of a nonlinear feedforward to mitigate the nonlinear seal friction of PHC and a feedback CRONE (French acronym for fractional order robust control) controller to address the CIV. The CRONE control is designed based on a reduced order model of the drill sting and the linearized model of the PHC. This control drastically reduces the CIV and the transmission of heave motion, highlighting the limitation of the linear feedforward. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed control strategy can satisfactory attenuate the heave motion (by 95%) and the CIV phenomenon (by 88%), despite noisy measurements by the inclusion of a Kalman and a Butterworth filters.

Design of Fractional-Order PID for Stabilized Sight System via Internal Model Control Approach

This paper aims at the problem of accuracy reduction of stabilized sight system caused by uncertain factors and disturbances under complex working conditions. Here, a fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller design method based on internal model control (IMC) approach is proposed for stabilized sight system. First, the IMC-PID is constructed by IMC approach, and then the fractional order is added to its differential and integral terms to obtain the FOPID. The traditional FOPID requires five parameters for tuned, while the proposed FOPID has only three tuning parameters, which can be obtained through the CRONE control technology. The optimal rational approximation algorithm (ORAA) with a high degree of fit is used to approximate the fractional-order calculus operator. Matlab simulation experiments show that the proposed controller outperforms other controllers and can obtain good robustness, disturbance rejection and tracking performance.

A Control Solution for a Tethered Kite Trajectory Tracking With Application to Ship Propulsion

Abstract In the field of clean and green energy production systems, airborne wind energy (AWE) systems are really promising technologies. Replacing lightweight tethers with expensive towers, is an innovative solution to get energy from higher altitudes than classical wind turbines. But AWE systems can also be used to produce a traction force through a fast-flying airfoil, or kite. In this paper, the traction force is supposed to be used for ship propulsion. Such an application is permitted if the kite is kept on an appropriate trajectory. This paper thus considers the design of an automatic pilot for trajectory tracking. Its design requires a path-planning and a control strategies that are described here. In terms of control strategy, a robust CRONE controller is designed based on a family of linear models that stands for the nonlinear model of the kite and obtained numerically around several trajectories and for various flight conditions. Efficient trajectories for ship traction being periodic, a method involving tools dedicated to time-varying periodic systems is then used to validate the approach used for CRONE controller design.

Development of Robust Fractional-Order Reset Control

In this paper, a framework for the combination of robust fractional-order CRONE control with nonlinear reset is given for both first and second generation CRONE control. General design rules are derived and presented for these CRONE reset controllers. Within this framework, fractional-order control allows for better tuning of the open-loop responses on the one hand. On the other hand, reset control enables a reduction in phase lag and a corresponding increase in phase margin compared to linear control for similar open-loop gain profile. Hence, the combination of the two control methods can provide well-tuned open-loop responses that can overcome the fundamental linear control limitation of Bode's gain-phase relationship. Moreover, as established loop-shaping concepts are used in the controller design, CRONE reset can be highly compatible with the industry. The designed CRONE reset controllers are validated on a one degree-of-freedom Lorentz-actuated precision positioning stage. On this setup, CRONE reset control is shown to provide better tracking performance compared to linear CRONE control, which is in agreement with the predicted performance improvement.

CRONE Control Strategy for Air Pressure System

Pressure process in industry is inevitable and is considered with foremost importance in many processes like boilers, pressure vessels, reactors, closed vessels, steam drums and flash points. Pressure measurement and control is important requirements of all process, since it is related to safety of the human resources and equipment. So in this work an Air Pressure System (APS) is considered for investigation. Over the years an increasing attention made on fractional order controller and dynamic systems using fractional order calculus. Its theoretical and practical interests have been confirmed today, and its relevance to engineering society can be think carefully about as developing scientific avenue. This project discusses the design and implementation of generations of CRONE controller for APS. The Mathematical model of APS is determined from the various operating regions by using worst case modeling technique. The three generations of the strategy of CRONE control are designed based on worst case model. Simulation runs of set point tracking responses are documented. The time domain and integral error indices performances are obtained and compared on strategies of the generation CRONE controller. It is noticed that Third Generation CRONE (TGC) controller outperforms provide better performance than the other generations of CRONE controller.

Real Time Implementation of Third Generation CRONE Control Strategy for Air Pressure System

The primary objectives of this research work are design and implementation of Third Generation CRONE controller for Air Pressure System (APS). The mathematical modeling is determined using worst case modeling technique for different operating regions. The design and implementation of CRONE control strategy through worst case modelling and examined in real time. The performances of Third Generation CRONE (TGC) controller is compared with ZN-PI controller and the results are tabulated in terms of time domain and error indices. It is validated that the TGC controller gives better performances than ZN-PI controllers.

Skyhook and CRONE active suspensions: A comparative study

Abstract This paper presents a comparison of control methods for active suspensions in the context of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) which are devised with a generic hierarchical architecture for Global Chassis Control (GCC). Such architecture is composed of a supervisory level which allows the estimation of the comfort operating domain. The rear suspension of a Citroen C4 Picasso is described by a quarter-car model. Firstly, an optimal Skyhook controller is designed taking into account suspension functions (sprung mass acceleration, deflection and tyre deformation). For comparative purposes, the Skyhook is approached from the point of view of a first generation CRONE controller (Robust Control Frequency Synthesis), which is introduced as a generalized form for the suspension. Performances in terms of suspension functions are juxtaposed to those of the degraded operation mode of the active system (failure of the control), considering disturbances such as road irregularities and load transfers. Simulation results show better performances of active suspension with the first generation CRONE controller compared to the Skyhook one.