Cronbach's Alpha Test Research Articles

Psychometric of the Dark Personality (Dark Triad) Instrument in Iranian Students

This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the dark personality instrument in students of general physical education units of Mashhad universities. The participants include all students of Ferdowsi, Imam Reza, Islamic Azad, and Payame Noor universities who had chosen the units of general physical education and sport in the academic year of 2021-22, using the Morgan table, 196 people were randomly selected as a sample. A standard dark personality questionnaire (Jonason & Webster, 2010) was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha test was used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire. To confirm the instrument's validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used. Data analysis showed that the factor load of all items is higher than the baseline value (0.4) and the research model has a significant fit. Also, the model fit indices had acceptable values. Finally, it is recommended to sports coaches and teachers of physical education classes and leisure time to use this scale at the beginning of each semester to get to know more about the personality characteristics of students in their class and to measure these people, this can help them a lot in how to manage their classes.

Job Satisfaction of Newly Recruited Civil Servants of Bangladesh


 [1] & Rabiul Alam Lokman[2] 
 
 ABSTRACT
 A quantitative survey-based study was conducted to evaluate the job satisfaction level of newly recruited civil servants of Bangladesh whose service time is 1.5 to 5 years. A total of 225 civil servants from ten different cadres responded to the survey on fourteen different aspects of the job. An additional response was also taken to evaluate overall job satisfaction. The result of the study reveals that the newly recruited civil servants of Bangladesh are dissatisfied with eight different aspects of the job (salary, promotion policy, posting place, transfer policy, training facilities, foreign tour facilities, recognition for good work and participation in decision making). On the other hand, respondents are satisfied with the other six different aspects of the job (job security, job status, working environment, relation with boss, relation with colleagues and autonomy in work). But considering everything in account overall they are satisfied with their job. Cronbach's Alpha test for data reliability shows that the data are reliable having Cronbach's Alpha value of .830 whereas the normal Q-Q Plot of variables reveals that all the independent variables of job satisfaction are normally distributed. For Pearson Correlation, there exists a significant and positive correlation between job satisfaction and all the independent variables. The current study suggests that further studies are to be carried out to investigate the causes of job dissatisfaction in different aspects and to identify which aspects of the job contribute most to the job satisfaction of civil servants. 
 

TEST THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF ARABIC LEARNING QUESTIONS

This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of Arabic language test items for grade II students of an elementary school without a pesantren (Islamic Boarding School) background in Bekasi City. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used in this research were non-test instruments in the form of observation and test instruments in the form of 10 multiple-choice Arabic language questions, adapted to teaching materials at the existing learning level. Data analysis techniques include reducing, presenting, and drawing conclusions from existing data. Based on the data found, the level of validity of the Arabic language test questions from question numbers 1 to 10 provided 60% is in the valid category and 40% is not. While the level of reliability based on Cronbach's Alpha testing technique is at 0.82 which indicates very reliable. It is hoped that the findings of this research have positive implications for teacher knowledge.

Factors affecting to digital skills and adaptability of students in the context of digital transformation at the Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology and Education

The article focuses on analyzing the factors affecting students' digital skills and adaptability in the context of digital transformation. The study identified influencing factors: Environment, Behavior, Individuals, Teachers, Time of use, and access. However, the results of an online survey of 1.282 students of the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE) with Cronbach's Alpha test method, EFA analysis, correlations, and regression analysis, showed that there are 3/5 factors identified in the hypothesis that affect digital skills and adaptability of HCMUTE students in the context of digital transformation, specifically: behavior (Beta = 0.177, Sig. = 0.000); individuals (Beta = 0.181, Sig. = 0.027); teacher (Beta = 0.547, Sig. = 0.000). Besides, the environment does not affect digital skills and adaptability (KNSKNTU) due to Beta = 0.017 and Sig.=0.384>0.05. Sig does not involve usage and access time factors. >0.05 in the table Correlations not be further analyzed in the regression model. The research results are expected to help provide a more objective view of the reality of digital adoption and student adaptability in the digital transformation context at HCMUTE.

E-Commerce and Environmental Uncertainty Adoption in Strengthening Financial Literature on the Performance of MSMEs in the Culinary Sector in Solo

This study has purpose (1) to analyse the effect of financial literacy on the performance of MSMEs. (2) to analyse the effect of financial literacy on the performance of MSMEs moderated by e-commerce adoption. (3) to analyse the effect of financial literacy on the performance of MSMEs moderated by environmental uncertainty. The quantitative descriptive approach was used in this study, which included 175 SMEs in the culinary sector in Solo. Data sources were acquired from primary sources utilizing a closed questionnaire technique, and the measurement scale was a 5-point Likert scale. The Pearson Correlation and Cronbach Alpha tests are used to assess the data’s quality. The data analysis technique used regression analysis with the Absolute Difference test approach, after first performing the traditional assumption test. The results of the study show (1) Financial literacy has a significant effect on the performance of MSMEs in the culinary sector in Solo City. (2) E-commerce can moderate the influence of financial literacy on the performance of MSMEs in the culinary sector in Solo City. (3) Environmental uncertainty cannot moderate the influence of financial literacy on the performance of MSMEs in the culinary sector in Solo City.

Unclean Energy Source Dependence and Sustainability in Nigeria: Consumption Dynamics and Impact of Contextual Factors

Fuelwood is the primary energy source for throughout the developing world. This, indiscriminate use of fuelwood as energy jeopardizes the environment, and well-being of the people. Despite Nigeria being the energy giant in Africa, most of her people still depend on unclean energy [fuelwood] for cooking, heating, and boiling. This article underlines the dynamics and essential impacts of social cum economic and demographic indexes on household unclean energy dependence. We interviewed 994 household fuelwood consumers, using a two-stage stratified random sampling technique. We used the delineated Enumeration Areas for Katsina State, Nigeria for socioeconomic data. The test re-test reliability method (trustworthiness assessment of the questionnaire) and Cronbach Alpha test (internal constancy) resulted in a value of 0.70 and 0.875 respectively. Using descriptive statistics and logit regression, findings indicate a high level of fuelwood energy dependence among households. Findings show that education level, employment status, and household structure have an opposite and highly statistically substantial relationship with the likelihood of household dependence on fuelwood, while age and household size move in the same trajectory and highly statistically substantial association with the likelihood of family dependence on fuelwood. Thus, the most difficult challenge facing Nigeria as per household dependence on unclean energy (fuelwood) is that the use of fuelwood increase economic, environmental, and health dangers. dangers and It has therefore become imperative for a paradigm shift in policies to change the current narrative toward clean energy.

Acoustical and Perceptual Analysis of Voice in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor efficiency which is also required for voice production. Voice is part of the identity of a person, any abnormality in voice quality hampers the quality of communication, and quality of life. This study aimed to analyse the voice of individuals with Parkinson's disease objectively through acoustic analysis, and subjectively through perceptual analysis. Quasi-experimental study conducted in a tertiary health care centre. The study comprised two groups: 12 individuals with Parkinson's disease (11 males and 1 female, mean age: 72.41years), and 12 healthy controls (10 males and 2 females, mean age: 53.83years). The voice samples of all the participants were recorded and analyzed using the MDVP software of CSL 4500. The voice samples were analyzed for eleven acoustical parameters, and the perceptual analysis was carried out using the GRBAS scale by two experienced Speech Language Pathologists. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the two groups of participants, and Cronbach's alpha test was performed to find the inter-judge reliability between the perceptual ratings of two listeners. Acoustical comparison showed significant variations in seven parameters (jitter, shimmer, PPQ, APQ, Fatr Hz, Fftr, ATRI), and the perceptual analysis between two listeners showed a fair amount of reliability.

The Preferences of Consumers When Selecting Clothing Detergent Products

The retailing environment has shown that consumer purchases are dependent upon the consideration and subsequent evaluation of product attributes. Consumer’s selection of products are driven by their preferences for the attributes that the products possess. The aim of this study was to investigate product attribute preferences for cross-category shopping products in Durban. The quantitative study design based on a cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted. The study population consisted of consumers within the city of Durban. The study sampled 213 students selected from three universities in Durban (University A, B and C). Research respondents were chosen using convenience sampling. Respondents were purposely selected based on their capacity to give meaningful information relevant to the study. The Cronbach alpha test was conducted to test for reliability of the first instrument. The results indicated acceptable, consistent scoring patterns for the sections of the research instrument. The study revealed that for clothing detergent products, product form is the most important attribute followed by product effectiveness. It is important to note that significant differences were found in the respondent's preferences for product attributes in terms of the respondent's demographics. For clothing detergents, significant differences were found in terms of respondents preferences for the price, scent, size and product form of clothing detergents. Subsequently, generalised product attribute preferences were obtained. The findings of the study are limited due to the low response rate among older respondents. Future studies may benefit from investigating sub-categories. Moreover, future studies should consider other consumer segmentation methods in order to better understand and classify retail behaviour when developing modelling approaches. Retail managers may benefit from communicating more value for money for their skincare product offerings. Brands that are synonymous with longer lasting products either through offering more volume or products that require less application to achieve desired results may provide a competitive advantage.

Reliability and Validity Study of the Turkish Version of the Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale.

The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale. The sample of this study consists of 384 individuals (71.91% of them were female, 28.09% of them were male) living in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and having a partner. The sociodemographic information form and Perspectives of Love and Sex Scale were used. Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 software have been used in the statistical analysis of the research data. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, Bartlett's sphericity test, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha test, Spearman's correlation test, and item-total correlations have been examined within the scope of the validity-reliability study of the scale. The significance level in the research is the type I error rate (α = 0.05). The exploratory factor analysis revealed that the total explained variance is 57.08%. Items 2 and 13 were excluded from the 4-factor and 17-item scale settled by exploratory factor analysis because their factor loads were not appropriate and they disrupted the model fit. When the Cronbach's alpha test results of the scale are examined, it has been settled that it was 0.702 for the "love is most important" subdimension, 0.861 for the "sex demonstrates love" subdimension, 0.763 for the "love comes before sex" subdimension, and 0.760 for the "sex is declining" subdimension. Consequently, Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale is determined to be a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Influence of Strategic Supply Chain Management Practices on Performance of Cereal Businesses in Dagahaley Camp Market, Kenya

Purpose: The cereal supply chain within the wholesale and retail trade has been recognized to be below the market demand expectations. The cereals supply chain in Kenya has been dealing with serious issues of poor supplier management for a long time, with instances of malpractice reported, owing to distrust and commitment in the relationship, which has influenced the performance of cereal businesses. With this in focus, this research study was conducted to analyze the Influence of Strategic supply chain management Practices on Performance of Cereal businesses in Dagahaley camp market, Kenya.
 Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted to assist achieve the study's objectives. The study sample size was 111 registered traders engaged in Distribution, retail and wholesale cereals trade from the Dagahaley market. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Textual analysis was used to analyze qualitative data, while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Cronbach alpha test with a coefficient of 0.7 was used to ascertain and test the reliability of the data collection instrument.
 Results: The results indicated that Supply chain structure, Inventory control policy, and environment uncertainty had a positive and statistically significant effect on performance of cereals supply chain in Dagahaley market, directly affecting the performance of the cereals Businesses in Dagahaley market.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study therefore recommends that cereal businesses should continually implement the inventory control policies established in Dagahaley Market in order to cushion against excess/stock outs.

Factors predisposing public tertiary education building projects to risks

The studies show that risks occur during the construction of projects and affect performance in terms of cost, time, and quality. However, with the growing evidence of cost and time overruns associated with public tertiary education building projects, this paper assessed factors predisposing these building projects to risks. Using the survey method, four hundred fifty-two questionnaires were administered to consultants, contractors, and client representatives across five tertiary education institutions. The research instrument’s reliability value was 0.763 via the Cronbach alpha test. Therefore, of 452 questionnaires administered to the respondents, 279 were retrieved, representing 61.73% return rate, and analysed. Furthermore, the top three factors include financial constraints, location of the project, and project type. In contrast, economic requirements, special and legal conditions, and building use are the minor predisposing factors. The respondents had convergent views on eight out of eleven factors except for project duration, economic requirements, and building use. Besides, the eleven factors presented in the study were significant and recorded high mean scores, implying suitable parameters for measuring factors predisposing public tertiary education building projects to risks. Based on the preceding, the study provided information on the factors that could enhance the performance of public tertiary education building projects.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of Macro, Small, and Medium-Scale Enterprises (MSMEs) in Ekiti State, Nigeria

The study examined the effect of CSR on the financial performance of MSMEs in Nigeria using Ekiti State as a case. Specifically, the study examined the effect of employees’ health and safety, community development, and environmental remediation on the financial performance of MSMEs. A survey research design was adopted. The population of the study comprises 967,468 registered MSMEs in Ekiti State as of 31 st December 2021 (SMEDAN,2021). A sample size of 400 respondents was selected using Taro Yamane’s formula. Data was obtained from primary sources using a well-structured questionnaire. The Cronbach Alpha test result of an average of 80% confirmed the reliability of the research instrument. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and OLS regression. The results revealed that employees’ health and safety, community development, and environmental remediation exhibited a significant positive relationship to the financial performance of MSMEs. The study concluded that, the financial performance of MSMEs in Nigeria will increase at the instant of their social responsibility. It is therefore recommended that MSMEs in Nigeria should embrace the philosophy of CSR as a bait to improve their financial performance. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Financial Performance, Employees’ Health and Safety, Community Development, Environmental Remediation, MSMEs. JEL Classification Codes: L25; M14; I13; R11; P18. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-22-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Role of a Learning Management System in Medical Curriculum; Students’ initial perception about the use of LMS-Moodle at Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College

The modern medical curriculum has to deliver a great amount of educational content and knowledge to the learners as changes in content delivery are occurring at a very high speed. New technology and tools are introduced each day for this purpose. MS Moodle helps in students` learning mainly through tools which provides students` interactions like discussions forums, timed assignments, and use of computer-based testing as e-assessment tools. During implementation of e-learning platform LMS-Moodle, it was felt necessary to examine students’ perception about Moodle. Objectives: To assess students initial perception of about the use of the learning management system Moodle in integrated modular systems at FRPMC. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional and observational in nature with a quantitative data collection method . The study was conducted at Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College during 2021 to 2022. Total number of participants was 100. The instrument used in the research was a questionnaire consisted of 17 statements presented with 1-5-point Likert scale for responses. The Cronbach alpha test was employed for reliability test. The analysis was done by SPSS version 23. Results: By analyzing overall received feedbacks of participants, the cumulative mean on 5-point Likert scale was 3.3 where 1 considered as strongly disagree and 5 as strongly agree. Conclusions: It was concluded that majority of participants studying in Fazaia Ruth Pfau Medical College have positive perception and experience of using Learning Management System Moodle in medical curriculum

Development of Critical Thinking Ability Test using the Rasch Model on Substance Pressure Materials

This study aims to produce an instrument to measure students' critical thinking skills on pressure equipment in class VIII SMP. The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D). The type of research used is research and development (R&D). The test instrument developed was in the form of multiple choice based on eight development steps, namely potential and problems, information gathering, product design, product validation, product revision, product testing, product revision, and final product. Validation of the instrument was developed by 3 validators, namely 2 lecturers of Physics Education at FKIP Tanjungpura University and 1 science teacher at the school. The validation given to the validator is in the form of a material validation questionnaire and question validation. The results of material expert validation data obtained 84.72%, validation obtained from content validation with an Aiken index of 0.78, included in the high category and suitable for use. The results of the data analysis of teacher and student response questionnaires obtained 92.60% and 86.26% categorized as very feasible. The results of construct validity using the Rasch model with the application of Winstep 3.73 obtained result 3, which was declared inappropriate because it did not meet the MNSQ, ZSTD, and Pt Measure Corr criteria. The reliability of the Cronbach alpha test value obtained a value of 0.73 with a fairly high category. Regarding the level of difficulty of the item, 4 question items must be discarded because they are included in the very easy and very easy categories. The overall discriminatory power is in the good category with a discriminatory index of 0.40 DP < 70. The results of the study show that out of 30 things, 23 things are appropriate to be used to measure students' critical thinking skills with good-quality items.

GENDER RELATIONSHIP, WORK PERIOD, JOB SATISFACTION, COMMITMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE WITH ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR (OCB) AT ANWAR MEDIKA SIDOARJO RSU

The success of an organization depends on human resource management. OCB is a voluntary action in creativity and innovation designed to improve the performance of a person or organization with diligence and enthusiasm, take more responsibility and encourage others to do the same. One of the challenges that must be faced is the low OCB. Some incidents that reflect low OCB behavior include: difficulty finding a replacement when a co-worker is absent, a lack of commitment to doing work outside of routine work and a strong sense of caring. Therefore, an analysis is needed to determine the relationship between gender, tenure, job satisfaction, commitment, organizational culture and OCB at Anwar Medika Hospital, Sidoarjo.
 To determine the relationship between gender, tenure, job satisfaction, commitment, and organizational culture with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) at Anwar Medika Hospital, Sidoarjo.
 The research method used is descriptive quantitative. There are two variables in this study, namely the independent variable and the dependent variable. The independent variables include: gender (X1), tenure (X2), job satisfaction (X3), commitment (X4), organizational culture (X5). The dependent variable in this study is Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Y). There are 3 data analysis techniques in this study, namely: Pearson validity test, Cronbach alpha reliability test, and chi-square test.
 Based on the results of measuring the OCB level of the employees of Anwar Medika Hospital on January 1, 2021, it was found that 51% of employees had high OCB and 49% had low OCB. The Pearson validity test shows r count> r tabel (0.1030), and a significance value <0.05. Cronbach alpha test> 0.06. There is no relationship between gender and OCB (p = 0.07), there is a relationship between tenure and OCB (p = 0.01), there is a relationship between job satisfaction and OCB (p = 0.00)
 There is no relationship between gender and OCB. There is a relationship between tenure and OCB. There is a relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. There is a relationship between commitment and OCB. There is a relationship between organizational culture and OCB.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a lymphoedema self-management behaviour questionnaire for breast cancer patients.

The study was aimed to develop and evaluate a lymphoedema self-management behaviour questionnaire (LSMBQ) for breast cancer patients. The initial version of the behaviour questionnaire was developed based on the framework of self-management and the evidence summary of lymphoedema self-management. Two rounds of expert consultation were conducted to validate the questionnaire's content validity. A cross-sectional survey was then conducted in breast wards of two hospitals in China to evaluate the reliability and validity of this scale. Exploratory structural equation model was used to test the construct validity. T-test was used to analyse the known group validity. Structural equation model was applied to verify the relationship between self-efficacy, social support, and lymphoedema self-management behaviour to test the convergent validity. Also, the internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were evaluated. The questionnaire's content validity was satisfactory. There were 22 items included in the LSMBQ for validation and 260 completed the survey. A six-factor structure with good construct validity was identified. The result of t-test verified that patients who knew the risk of lymphoedema and those who received lymphoedema health education had higher scores of lymphoedema self-management behaviours (P < 0.05), indicating that the questionnaire has good known group validity. The fitting results of the structural equation model indicated that the 22-item questionnaire had good convergent validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and test-retest reliability for the total questionnaire were 0.910 and 0.875, respectively. The 22-item LSMBQ appears to have adequate reliability and validity to assess the lymphoedema self-management behaviours for breast cancer patients.

Social Skills Scale Development for Elementary School Students

As the first and basic level of formal education for children, elementary school has the aim of providing basic abilities to students to develop their lives personally, community members, citizens, and members of humanity and prepare students for secondary education. . Lack of mastery of social skills can lead to potential problems, on the contrary by having social skills students can achieve success in school and society. So it is necessary to develop a measuring tool for the social skills scale. This study aims to develop social skills test kits based on the concept of social skills that have been identified in initial observations and validate the social skills test kits that have been developed, to produce a social skills measurement instrument in the form of a scale. The results can be used by educators as feedback in coaching. The results of the validity of the Expert Judgment on the social skills scale instrument conducted by six experts using the Aiken V formula were declared valid with conditions &gt; 0.78 with 18 items valid from 21 items. While the KMO test of 0.58&gt; 0.50 means that the instrument is considered valid as a measuring tool for the social skills scale of elementary school students. Then the reliability test was carried out with Cronbach's Alpha test. Based on the results of field data processed with the SPSS application, it was found that the reliability of Cronbach's Alpha was 0.87&gt; 0.50, meaning that the social skills scale was considered reliable as a means of measuring social skills in elementary school students.

Organizational Factors and Implementation of Strategies in Public Water Service Providers in Kitui County, Kenya

Successful strategy implementation is key to the survival of organizations. Literature suggests that strategy implementation is usually curtailed by inefficiencies. The study lookED into the organizational aspects and their influence in implementation of strategy in public water service providers in Kitui County. The study objectives were: establish organizational leadership effect on implementation of strategies, determine organizational structure effect on implementation of strategies and examine the organizational culture effect on implementation of strategies public water service providers in Kitui County. The study was anchored by resource based view, institutional and contingency theories. The two public water service providers in Kitui County, KITWASCO and KIMWASCO were the target population for this study. The study used descriptive research approach and apply content validity. Cronbach alpha test was run to check on reliability of the research instruments. The study was adopted descriptive research design, used content validity and Cronbach Alpha Test for reliability. Since the target population was small, a census review was done. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using a computer program called Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). ANOVA test, multiple regression and correlation analysis was done to ascertain variable relationships. The established that organizational leadership, organizational structure and organizational culture had a positive and significant effect on the implementation of strategies in public water service providers in Kitui County. The study concludes that organizational leadership enables employee toward fulfilling an organization’s mission by making them to understand an organization’s mission in alignment with one’s strengths, creating a strategic plan in line with that mission, implementing goals and holding teams accountable for accomplishing those goals within an established timeline, and in alignment with the strategic plan. Organizational structure is often important in gaining consensus for a strategy because it will determine who has to be appeased in management and how power is aligned and organizational structure organizational culture enables an organization to have aligned goals by focusing on productivity and getting the organization’s primary mission accomplished. The study recommends that the leadership in public water service providers in Kitui County should ensure that they understand better their employees so as to be able to help them improve their personal and professional effectiveness, accountability, and most of all effectively implement strategies formulated by the organization. The public water service providers in Kitui County should have a good structure that provides the right blend of command and control plus employee independence without feeling of resentment that hinders organization pursuit of its mission and that public water service providers in Kitui County should make strategic vision and goals clear and inspirational, translate strategy into a living execution plan that matters to people, capitalize on existing beneficial behaviors, and take action to adjust undesired or obsolete behaviors as needed and change organizational processes to reinforce desired behaviors for the long term and enable alignment with an organization’s culture.

Motivational Assessment of Engineering Students at two centres of the University of Extremadura

The student's motivational orientation is an indispensable factor for adequate learning during their formative years. The knowledge of motivational orientations allows teachers to enhance the performance of their students. The objective of this work is to compare the motivation of students from two Industrial Engineering centres of the University of Extremadura (Spain). To evaluate these factors, the MAPE-II tool was implemented. The methodology assesses student motivation by focusing on three motivational orientations: learn, results and fear of failure motivation. In addition, the tool allows to know and quantify the motivational orientations of the students through a questionnaire. The Cronbach's Alpha test was used to analyse the internal consistency of the student's responses. Centre 1 presents a higher value in the learning motivation dimension, comparing the results of the dimensions obtained in the two centres analysed. Centre 2 obtained a large increase in the mean value of the second dimension related to motivation for results. Finally, it should be noted that the fear of failure dimension shows much higher values in Centre 2. The analysis of the student's motivational orientation makes it possible to determine negative aspects of learning and to be able to establish the necessary intervention measures to maximize their performance.

Relationship between Years of Teaching Experience and Job Satisfaction among Secondary School Teachers in Danko- Wasagu Local Government, Kebbi Sate, Nigeria

The study aimed at investigating the relationship between years of teaching experience and job satisfaction of teachers. It is a descriptive correlational survey. The study was guided by four objectives: the distribution of teachers based on teaching experience; the level of job satisfaction among teachers; the relationship between years of teaching experience and the difference in job satisfaction between teachers with less than 10 years of experience and those that have more than 10 years of experience in secondary schools. The population for the study was 384 teachers out of which the sample size of 196 respondents was drawn using systematic random sampling technique. However, 185 filled and returned questionnaires were used in the analysis. Data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire and its validity and reliability were confirmed through computation of the content validity index (CVI) and Cronbach Alpha test which were found to be 0.75 and 0.71 respectively. Mean, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, and t-test were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that there exists a relationship between teachers’ years of teaching experience and job satisfaction, and a significant difference exists in job satisfaction between teachers with more than 10 years of experience and those that have 10 and fewer years of experience in secondary schools. The study recommends that government should improve the salary scale for teachers which is necessary to attract, retain and motivate the most valued assets (teachers) required to lead, manage and serve in the educational system for a better nation thereby enhancing their job satisfaction.