Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Test Research Articles

Stakeholders Pressure and Green Accounting Implementation in Kenyan Manufacturing Enterprises

The objective of this study was to establish the influence of stakeholders’ pressure on the Green Accounting (GA) implementation in Kenyan manufacturing enterprises. Lack of sufficient research on the factors influencing GA implementation and the paucity of existing literature created the need for this study. Stakeholder theory was applied. Data were gathered using questionnaires that the researcher self-administered. The Cronbach's alpha (α) reliability test was applied to evaluate the internal consistency of the measurements. The investigation's primary emphasis was on 1,107 manufacturing firms that are Kenya Association of Manufacturers members. The sample consisted of 294 firms. To ensure that each data stratum was fairly represented in the analysis, stratified random sampling was used in the study. The study's results showed that stakeholder pressure significantly and favorably impacted Kenyan manufacturing companies' adoption of green accounting. The study came to the conclusion that manufacturing companies in Kenya ought to embrace and apply GA. The study recommends that manufacturing enterprises in Kenya prioritize the training and development of their accounting professionals in environmental sustainability and the importance of stakeholders in green accounting implementation journey. Stakeholders pressure is an integral part of green accounting and thus stakeholders are recommended to continue having requirements to the manufacturing firms to adopt green accounting. Submitted 19th Jul 2024 Reviewed 27th Sep, 2024 Accepted 4th Oct 2024 Published 20th Oct 2024

Financial Resources and Green Accounting Implementation in Kenyan Manufacturing Enterprises

The objective of this study was to influence of financial resources on the green accounting implementation in Kenyan manufacturing enterprises. Data for the study were collected using a descriptive cross-sectional approach. Data were gathered using questionnaires that the researcher self-administered. The Cronbach's alpha reliability test was applied to evaluate the internal consistency of the measurements. The investigation's primary emphasis was on 1,107 manufacturing firms that are Kenya Association of Manufacturers members. The sample consisted of 294 firms. To ensure that each data stratum was fairly represented in the analysis, stratified random sampling was used in the study. Together with descriptive statistics like means and standard deviations, inferential statistics were also used, such as multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation. The study's findings indicated that financial resources significantly and favorably influence Kenyan manufacturing companies' adoption of green accounting. The findings of the regression and correlation analyses demonstrated that the drivers of green accounting had a major impact on the adoption of green accounting. The study came to the conclusion that manufacturing companies in Kenya ought to embrace and apply green accounting. The study recommended that manufacturing enterprises in Kenya to allocate adequate financial resources to green accounting with intention of achieving best results.

Linear Programming and Product Mix of Paint Manufacturing Firms in Port Harcourt

This study examined the relationship between linear programming and product mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. This study adopted a correlational survey research design. The population of the study was 10 selected paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt as retrieved from Nigerian business directory (2024). 3 managers were selected from each firm multiplied by 10 firms gives us a total of 30 respondents. Structured questionnaire was used in data collection. The result of the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test indicates .804 which is above .70 which implies that the items are reliable. Pearson product moment correlation was used to test the hypotheses using SPSS (statistical package social sciences). The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between Ellipsoid Linear Programming and Product Mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. There is a significant relationship between Graphical method Linear Programming and Product Mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. There is a significant relationship between Simplex Linear Programming and Product Mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. In conclusion, Linear programming is a powerful mathematical tool that can be effectively utilized by paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt to optimize their product mix and maximize profits. The paint manufacturing firms should conduct a thorough analysis of market demand for different types of paint products to identify profitable opportunities for product mix optimization.

Assuring Service Quality through SERVQUAL at the Land Bank of the Philippines North NCR Branches

This study aims to assess and assure service quality through SERVQUAL in the Land Bank of the Philippines North NCR Branches. Quantitative methods were employed, with 100 clients/customers, 216 front-liners, and 66 administrators from 82 LANDBANK North NCR Branches participating as respondents. A structured questionnaire served as the primary data collection tool. Statistical analyses included weighted mean, frequency and percentage distribution, standard deviation, Slovin’s formula, and Cronbach alpha reliability test. This study assesses the service quality perceptions among administrators, front-liners, and clients at LANDBANK. Results revealed a majority of female presence across all respondent groups. Administrators, aged 51 years and above, are mainly single and highly educated with postgraduate degrees. In contrast, majority of the front-liners and clients are aged 26-30 years and are married and hold mostly college degrees. Assessment across five dimensions of LANDBANK's service quality – tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy – revealed different perceptions. Tangibility was rated as commonly observed, with concerns about outdated equipment and system functionality. Reliability was rated higher by administrators than the front-liners and clients, issues encountered include long waiting times, system maintenance, ATM failures, and client-reported poor customer service. Administrators rated responsiveness higher than frontliners and clients, who highlighted delays and system failures. Assurance received higher ratings from administrators and front-liners but there are concerns encountered regarding hidden charges and security from clients. Empathy was consistently rated higher by administrators and front-liners compared to clients, citing instances of unsatisfactory customer service. Administrators rated LANDBANK’s service quality higher than the front-liners and clients, suggesting opportunities for enhancing alignment with customer expectations. Key issues identified include system reliability, long waiting times, and ATM failures. Recommendations focus on facility upgrades, IT enhancements, staffing increases, professionalism development, and improved customer service training to elevate service quality, customer satisfaction, and competitiveness at LANDBANK North NCR Branches.

Probabilistic Inventory Models and Productivity of Selected Manufacturing Firms in Port Harcourt

This study examines the relationship between probabilistic inventory models and productivity of selected manufacturing firms in port Harcourt. Correlational survey research design was adopted for this study as this study seek to determine the relationship between the two variables. The population of this study is thirty-two (32) manufacturing companies in Rivers State which are registered with the Rivers State branch of Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN). This gave us a total of ninety-two (92) for the study. Structured questionnaire instrument title” Probabilistic inventory models and productivity of selected manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. questionnaire was developed on five- point likert scale. The result of the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test indicates .800 which is above .70 which implies that the items are reliable. Pearson product moment correlation was used to test the hypotheses using SPSS (statistical package social sciences). The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between Continuous Review Models and Productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. There is a significant relationship between Periodic Review Models and Productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. There is a significant relationship between Single-Period Models and Productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The study concluded that Probabilistic inventory models play a crucial role in optimizing inventory management for manufacturing firms. The study recommended that Manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt should consider implementing probabilistic inventory models such as continuous review, periodic review, and single-period models to optimize their inventory management processes.

Green Supply Chain Management Practices and Productivity of Manufacturing Firms in Port Harcourt

This study examines the relationship between green supply chain management practices and productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. Correlational survey design was adopted for this study. The population of this study is thirty-two (32) manufacturing companies in Rivers State which are registered with the Rivers State branch of Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN). The study adopted the census population. 3 managers were selected from each firm multiplied by 32 firms gives us a total of ninety-two (92) for the study. Structured questionnaire instrument title the application of linear programming in assembly-line balancing of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt questionnaire was developed on five-point likert scale. The result of the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test indicates .769 which is above .70 which implies that the items are reliable. PPMC (person product moment correlation) was used to test hypotheses on SPSS version 25. There is a significant relationship between green Design and productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. There is a significant relationship between green Production and productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. The study concluded that green supply chain management practices have a significant relationship with productivity of manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. The study recommended Manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt should integrate sustainability considerations into their overall supply chain strategies to ensure that environmental concerns are addressed at every stage of the production process.

Global Supply Chain Management and The Performance of Multi-National Companies in Rivers State of Nigeria

This study examined the relationship between global supply chain management and the performance of multi-national companies in rivers state of Nigeria. This study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study consisted of 10 multinational companies operating in Rivers State as retrieved from Nigerian business directory search engine. The study adopted a census study, 3 respondents were selected from each firm multiplied by 10 firms give us a total of 30 respondents. Structured questionnaire instrument title” Global supply chain management and performance questionnaire was developed on five point likert scale. The result of the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test indicates .800 which is above .70 which implies that the items are reliable. Pearson product moment correlation was used to test the hypotheses using SPSS (statistical package social sciences). The study revealed that there is a significance relationship between global sourcing and profitability of multi-national companies in Rivers State of Nigeria. There is a significance relationship between outsourcing and operational7process efficiency of multi-national companies in Rivers State of Nigeria. There is a significance relationship between global production and distribution and customer satisfaction of multi-national companies in Rivers State of Nigeria. In conclusion, global supply chain management is a critical aspect of business operations for multi-national companies in Rivers State of Nigeria. By investing in infrastructure, building strong relationships with local partners, implementing effective communication and coordination processes, and utilizing technology, MNCs can improve the performance of their supply chains and gain a competitive advantage in the region. The study recommended that MNCs should consider investing in the development of infrastructure in Rivers State, including transportation and logistics systems, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their supply chains.

Internal Audit Practices and Quality of Financial Reports of Listed Consumer Goods Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

The quality of financial reporting has remained an issue of significant concern among professional accountants, regulators, and other users of financial information. This is because financial reporting has been a principal means of communicating result of financial transactions and events which transpired within the organization. To that end, this study investigated the relationship between internal audit practices and financial reporting quality of consumer goods manufacturing in Nigeria. The research design used in this study was descriptive survey. The targeted population of this study consists of all the twenty-one (21) listed consumer goods manufacturing firms in the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) with a respondent total of two hundred and ninety (290). The sample size of the study consists of ten (10) consumer goods manufacturing firms that have branches in South-South, Nigeria using purposive sampling technique. The study employed primary data sourced from questionnaires administered to the respondents and two hundred and fifty-one (251) representing a response rate of 86.6% was used as sample size for the study. The study used content validity and Cronbach alpha reliability test was used to determine the statistical reliability of the instrument. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations and spearman rank correlation were used in data analysis. Findings indicated that a positive and significant relationship between internal audit control mechanisms and timeliness of financial reports, a positive and significant relationship between internal audit risk management and timeliness of financial reports, and a positive and significant relationship between management support and timeliness of financial reports of consumer goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Based on the findings, this study concluded that, internal audit practices positively and significantly influence financial reporting quality of consumer goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study recommended amongst others that consumer goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria should adopt the effective use of internal audit activities since it has positive and significant influence towards an improvement in financial reporting quality.

Tackling Tomorrow's Challenges With NFC Mobile Payment in Public Transport System

This study delves into Near Field Communication (NFC) mobile payment for Kuala Lumpur's public transit, focusing on public Awareness and attitudes. Through an online survey, 333 completed responses were gathered from Kuala Lumpur residents. Statistical analysis, including Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Test, Spearman's Correlation Coefficient Analysis, Descriptive Analysis, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Awareness, Attitude, and NFC adoption for public transportation. Results highlight a strong association between Attitude and NFC adoption inclination, indicating widespread Awareness and favorability. These insights are crucial for policymakers and stakeholders implementing NFC technology in Kuala Lumpur's public transport system.

Assessing the expectations of Generation Z customers towards last-mile delivery in E-commerce: A case study in Ho Chi Minh City

This study focuses on assessing the impact of various factors influencing Generation Z consumers' expectations of last-mile delivery services when purchasing goods on e-commerce platforms within Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), to improve service quality and propose delivery processes for efficient last-mile delivery. What is new compared to previous studies is the emphasis on the impact of environmental protection policies and green initiatives on the expectations of Gen Z customers. In this study, the authors propose the factor "Environmental Protection Policy" to build a scale to measure customer expectations in last-mile delivery service. A survey involving 435 participants who belong to Gen Z and frequently utilize e-commerce services in HCMC provided the primary data for this analysis. Utilizing quantitative analytical techniques, including Cronbach's alpha reliability test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multiple regression analysis, this research tested several hypotheses. The results corroborate that the expectations of Gen Z consumers regarding delivery services on e-commerce platforms in HCMC are significantly shaped by five pivotal factors: Delivery speed, reliability, responsiveness, environmental protection policy, and cost. The study notably highlights cost as the predominant factor exerting the most substantial influence on the expectations concerning last-mile delivery services. This study has made a significant contribution to the body of knowledge that e-commerce platforms and logistics firms may use to raise the bar for delivery services that Gen Z consumers anticipate.

Pengaruh media pembelajaran berbasis kelase terhadap minat belajar siswa kelas X SMAN 4 Banjarmasin

This research aims to determine the effect of using learning media on the learning interest of class X students at SMA Negeri 4 Banjarmasin. The type of research used in this research is quantitative with descriptive quantitative type using questionnaire and documentation methods and the sample used is students in classes X-3 and X-4 with a total of 78 people. The validity test used in this research uses the validity test itself using the Product Moment (Pearson) correlation formula and uses the Cronbach Alpha reliability test. The data analysis technique used in this research is to test the prerequisites for analysis using the normality test, while for hypothesis testing using a simple regression analysis formula, and partial testing (T test). Based on the research results, it was concluded that the classroom-based learning media variable had a significant influence on students' interest in learning.

Using Odih-Score (Modified Klotz Score) for quality of defecation after anorectal malformation following posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP): Study of validation

Abstract* Objective The diagnostic scale or score is a clinical assessment tool used to determine diagnosis and evaluate further therapy results. The Klotz Score is a previous score modified to create a new instrument, the Odih-score. This new instrument is specifically designed to evaluate the quality of defecation success after operative anorectal malformation and is expected to be simpler and easier to apply in research hospitals. Its primary use is to evaluate the quality of defecation in post-PSARP anorectal malformation patients. Method The study conducted between 2016 and 2021, a longitudinal prospective study was conducted at RSUD Arifin Achmad Pekanbaru Riau Indonesia. The study aimed to validate the reliability of the Odih-Score (Modified Klotz Score) research instrument for evaluating defecation quality in post-PSARP anorectal malformation patients. Pearson validation test and Cronbach alpha reliability test were used as parameters for the validation, while the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests were evaluated using research instrument (IBM SPSS Statistics version 25) The research was approved by the Ethical Clearance Board of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Riau, under reference number No.031/UN.19.5.1.1.8/UEPKK/2019. Results The analysis of the validation test results indicates that the Odih-Score is statistically significant (Sig.<0.05) and has a greater r-count value (0.573-0.790) than the r-table value (0.202). The research reliability test also shows a high level of reliability (Cronbach alpha 0.814) for all five items of the Odih-Score instrument. Further, the sensitivity and specificity test as a diagnostic test resulted in an AUC value of 0.798, with an Odih-Score cut-off point of 11. Conclusion Odih-Score (Modified Klotz’s score) is considered valid and reliable and can be used as a diagnostic test instrument to evaluate the quality of post-anorectal Malformation defecation with PSARP.

Pengaruh Praktik Sholat Khusyuk Dalam Kegiatan Pembinaan Psikospiritual Erhadap Konsentrasi Belajar Mahasiwa

The purpose of this study is to determine how Ma'had students at UIN Suska Riau's learning concentration is affected by the practice of solemn prayer in their psychospiritual growth. This is because pupils frequently struggle to focus when studying, which has a negative impact on learning outcomes. UIN Suska Riau's 133 Ma'had students served as samples for this quantitative study. The sample of 18–21-year-old male and female students was split up into five coaching class groups. A Likert scale model or questionnaire is used to gather data. The 42-statement solemn prayer scale has a Cronbach's alpha rating of 0.945, indicating that the instrument is dependable and dependable. However, the concentration scale consists of 18 items, and the Cronbach alpha reliability test results reached 0.745. The results of the research show that solemn prayer in spiritual formation activities has a positive and significant relationship with study concentration. With a correlation coefficient of 0.487 and a significance of 0.000, it can be concluded that solemn prayer has a significant relationship with study concentration. This shows that the practice of solemn prayer in psychospiritual development activities influences study concentration by 23.7% so that there are 76.3% other factors, such as internal factors, namely physical and spiritual, which originate from the student's mental condition as well as external factors, namely the environment and learning conditions.

Impact Of Academic Supervision on Improving Performance of Early Childhood Education Teachers in Early Age Learning

This research aims to understand and describe the implementation of academic supervision by school principals; assess the performance of Early Childhood Education (PAUD) teachers; determine the influence of academic supervision on PAUD teacher performance; and identify the impact of academic supervision implementation on PAUD teacher performance. This study employed an ex-post facto correlational research design. The population consisted of 594 respondents from various PAUD institutions, with a sample size of 44 respondents selected using Stratified Random Sampling based on the accreditation status of the PAUD institutions. Data were collected through non-test methods, including questionnaires validated using Likert scales and Cronbach's Alpha reliability test, interviews, observations, and documentation. Instrument content validity was 0.89 < 0.75, and reliability was 0.815 < 0.6. Data analysis involved parametric statistical analysis and Spearman correlation tests.
 The findings revealed: 1) Academic supervision by school principals in Manggarai Raya was implemented with a percentage of 40% for accreditation A, indicating excellent performance. However, when viewed comprehensively, it was considered low or unsatisfactory due to being below 50%; 2) PAUD teacher performance in Manggarai Raya, assessed using all indicators, fell into the very good category with a percentage of 20%. Yet, when viewed holistically, it was deemed inadequate/poor as it was below 50%; 3) There was a positive influence of academic supervision by school principals on PAUD teacher performance in Manggarai Raya, with a Cohen's value of 0.99, indicating that 99% of the variance in teacher performance was influenced by academic supervision by school principals; 4) The contribution of academic supervision to PAUD teacher performance in Manggarai Raya, assessed using an R2 coefficient, was 0.27% or 27%; and 5) There was an impact of academic supervision on PAUD teacher performance.
 Keywords: academic supervision, PAUD teacher performance

CHALLENGES OF DIGITAL ECONOMY AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN UMUIKAA OKWU OLOKORO IN UMUAHIA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ABIA STATE

This study determined the extent to which households in Umuikaa participated in digital economy and illuminated on the challenges they encountered. The area of the study was Umuikaa Okwu Olokoro in Umuahia South Local Government Area Abia State Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of the study was 97 households in Umuikaa. The study adopted a total population sampling. Two research objectives, two research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The in.strument for data collection was a 20-item structured four points rating scale questionnaire. Three experts validated the instrument. A reliability of 0.86 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha Reliability Test Method. Findings of the study revealed that rural household in Umuikaa participated averagely in digital economy. The findings further revealed the challenges limiting rural household participation in digital economy. Among others were, cost of training on digitalization, lack of digital marketing skills, cost of digital tools and constantly changing technologies. The hypothesis revealed that 62.5% of the hotiseholds participated in digital economy. The study recommended that data which is the oil that drive digital economy should be subsidized by the government in order to make it affordable for rural households. Again, good networking without hitches should be installed in rural communities to encourage digital economy participation and rural inclusion among others.

The Relationship Betweem Self Image and Prosocial Behavior in Instagram Social Media Users

Instagram is one of the biggest platforms used by all groups of people. Instagram provides various kinds of knowledge information and social assistance such as helping behavior or what is known as prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is the behavior of helping each other among individuals. Instagram is also used as a place for the formation of selfimage. Selfimage is a view and image of oneself, self-image is formed from past experiences and individual behavior. The research method used is quantitative method. The subjects in this study were Instagram users, age 18-29 years who were obtained using the sperman rho technique with the accidental sampling method. The research data was tested using the Cronbach's alpha reliability test using the SPSS application. The measuring tools used in this research are self-image scale and prosocial behavior scale. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between self-image and prosocial behavior on Instagram social media users, which was 0.232 (p<0.001), meaning that there was a positive relationship between the two variables. The purpose of study was to determine the relationship between self-image and prosocial behavior on Instagram social media users.

Factors affecting the decision to choose an airline for travel of individual Vietnamese customers

This study aims to determine the factors affecting the decision to choose an airline of Vietnamese individual customers. To carry out the research, the author implemented a convenient sampling method and conducted an online survey of 500 Vietnamese individual customers who used the transportation service of at least one airline. Besides, the author also used data analysis methods, including: descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha reliability test, EFA analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression. The research results suggest that the following factors: reasonable cost, reliability, responsiveness, convenience, empathy and tangible influence on customers' decision to choose an airline to travel of Vietnamese individual customers.

Health care waste management in nosocomial infection control in a hospital in San Juan de Lurigancho, 2023

The objective of the research is to determine the incidence of healthcare waste management in the control of nosocomial infections associated with care. Its research study with quantitative approach, basic non-experimental type, with a cross-sectional causal correlational design. The population of 350 workers, with a sample of 250 workers who participated in data collection, two instruments were applied, the first was a questionnaire with 34 items and the second a questionnaire with 31 items, both questionnaires validated by expert judgment and assessed by Cronbach's Alpha reliability test, with the results for healthcare waste management α = 0,894 and for nosocomial infection control reliability was α = 0,871. For inferential analysis, ordinal linear regression statistics and the Nagelkerke coefficient were used. The results obtained from the evaluation of healthcare waste management in a San Juan de Lurigancho hospital revealed a considerably high incidence, with a worrying 48 % classified as inadequate. This finding indicates a significant deficiency in waste management practices in the hospital that affects nosocomial infection control, reaching 45 %, suggesting a direct incidence. The conclusion is that sanitary waste management is inadequate and has a negative influence of 75,3 % on infection control

Influence of Teacher-Community Relationship on Enrolment and Completion Rates of Pupils in Primary Schools in Aliero Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria

The study investigated the influence of the teacher-community relationship on enrolment and completion rates of pupils in primary schools in Aliero Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria. The study used a mixed-methods approach (Quantitative and Qualitative) to seek data from the respondents. The population for this study consisted of 14,337 respondents, including teachers, head-teachers, community leaders and parents/guardians within the Aliero Local Government Education Authority. A sample of 215 teachers, 389 parents and 29 community leaders were drawn through multi-stage sampling techniques. The study used questionnaires and in-depth interviews structured as open-ended questions with probes to substantiate the expected responses from the respondents. The face and content validity of the instruments was carried out by experts in the field of Sociology of Education, Administration and Management and Test and Measurement, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero. The instrument was further subjected to pilot testing and reliability coefficient of 0.75 and 0.78 were obtained for the variables: enrolment and completion rates, respectively using the Cronbach Alpha reliability test tool. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to answer the research questions. Findings revealed that the teacher-community relationship is significantly related to an increase in primary school pupils’ enrolment rate (r= .162** p=0.20) and completion rate (r= .787** p=0.33) in Aliero LGA. The relationship was a positive one. It was therefore recommended among others that positive teacher-community relationships should be maintained and strengthened to improve enrolment and completion rates of pupils as well as the general development of primary education in Aliero LGA of Kebbi State.

Mathematics as Determinant of Students’ HOTS Among HND Electrical and Electronic Engineering Students in Ghana

One crucial component of education is developing higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). The aim of this study is to analyze mathematics as determinant of students’ HOTS among HND electrical and electronic engineering student in Ghana. The test format tool used had two indicators, critical and creative thinking, and the subjects for the research were 488 electrical and electronic engineering students from 4 randomly selected Technical Universities in Ghana. The Cronbach Alpha reliability test was performed, and the Pearson test was used to assess the validity of the MAT instrument. Data were processed and analysed using SPSS version 26.0 software. Multiple regression was used as the estimation technique, and the results show a positive high correlation between HOTS and probability (0.757), and positive moderate correlations for algebra (0.669), functions (0.633), trigonometry and complex numbers (0.604), and calculus and differential equations (0.572). These statistics suggest that the level of understanding of mathematics concepts, particularly probability, can determine HOTS. The study's implication is that engineering mathematics curriculum developers should stress the practical applications of mathematics, especially probability in everyday life and offer opportunities for students to use their mathematical knowledge to solve real-world problems in order to develop HOTS.