Internal Consistency Cronbach's Alpha Research Articles

Development and Psychometric Validation of the 27 Item Zarit Caregiver Interview for Alzheimer's Disease (ZCI-AD-27).

Caring for an individual with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an allencompassing challenge that affects daily life. Assessment of the care partner experience is needed to support the development and evaluation of successful interventions for people with AD and their care partners. We developed the 27-item Zarit Caregiver Interview for Alzheimer's Disease (ZCI-AD-27) to assess the impact of informal caregiving in the context of AD. We assessed the psychometric validity of the ZCI-AD-27 in a population of care partners for individuals with moderate AD, and established thresholds for meaningful score change. Secondary data were obtained from informal care partners of participants in a clinical trial (NCT01677754). Psychometric analyses were conducted to assess validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the ZCI-AD-27. Anchor-based and distribution-based methods were performed to determine clinically meaningful score change. The ZCI-AD-27 had a 12-domain factor structure, including a second-order domain termed Humanistic impact that included four key domains (Physical, Emotional, Social, and Daily life) as confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis with the adequate fit. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.66 to 0.93 for domains), convergent validity, and discriminant validity indicated the good performance of the ZCI-AD-27. Known-groups validity analyses showed a greater impact on care partners with increasing disease severity. Responsiveness results demonstrated that the ZCI-AD- 27 is sensitive to change over time and meaningful change analyses indicated a range of meaningful score changes in this population. The ZCI-AD-27 is a comprehensive, psychometrically valid measure to assess the impact of caring for individuals with moderate AD.

Validity and Reliability of the Arabic Version of the Glottal Function Index in Dysphonic Patients.

The Glottal Function Index (GFI) is a four-item self-administered survey suitable for the evaluation and treatment of patients with glottal dysfunction. To date, it has been translated into Lithuanian, Persian, and Hebrew. This study is intended to translate and cross-culturally adapt the GFI for use in Arabic-speaking patients with dysphonia. This work is a cross-sectional study involving the administration of the GFI to participants with dysphonia (cases) and patients without dysphonia (controls). The validation process included reliability and validity assessments. The GFI was translated using forward and backward translation methods from English into Arabic. The questionnaire's reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC). The Mann-Whitney test evaluated validity by comparing cases and controls. Finally, the Kruskal-Wallis test examined differences in the GFI across various pathologies. The GFI demonstrated favorable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.848) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.993). Significant differences in the A-GFI score between the cases and controls were also observed (P<0.001), supporting the instrument's validity. However, no statistically significant differences were found in A-GFI across different diagnoses (P=0.712). The A-GFI is a valid and reliable screening tool for clinicians to assess dysphonia and voice impairment in patients in Arabic-speaking countries. The tool is easy to administer in daily clinical practice given its brevity and self-administration.

Validation of a French questionnaire assessing knowledge of suicide

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to develop and validate the Knowledge of Suicide Scale (KSS), elaborated to assess adherence to myths about suicide. MethodsThe KSS is a self-questionnaire including 22 statements relating to myths about suicide for which the respondent is asked to rate his degree of adherence on a scale ranging from 0 (“strongly disagree”) to 10 (“completely agree”). Using the script concordance test scoring method, the respondents’ scores were compared with those of experts to obtain, for each item, a score between 0 (maximum deviation with the experts) and 1 (minimum deviation with the experts). One thousand and thirty-five individuals (222 psychiatric interns, 332 medical interns in the first semester excluding psychiatry and 481 journalism students) were included. ResultsAccording to the exploratory factor analysis, the KSS is a two-dimensional scale: the first subscale includes 15 items and the second seven items. The tool showed excellent face validity, correct convergent and divergent validities (multi-method multi-feature analyzes), and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.66 and 0.83 for scales and subscales). The KSS is moderately and negatively correlated with the Stigma of Suicide Scale (r=–0.3). It significantly discriminates groups with different expected levels of knowledge regarding suicide (P<0.001). ConclusionsThe KSS demonstrated good psychometric properties to measure adherence to myths about suicide. This tool could be useful in assessing the effectiveness of suicide prevention literacy improvement programs.

Development of an Attitude Scale on Activities Related to Biology and Nature for Mentally Disabled Students

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the attitudes towards the activities that can be applied to the mentally retarded students about biology and nature. During the preparation of the draft form of the scale, an item pool was created from relevant literature. Then, these items were presented to expert opinion in terms of language, intelligibility and content. This draft scale with 30 items in 5-point Likert type was applied to 177 pre-service teachers studying in the special education department of the faculty of education at a state university. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed for the data collected after the application. As a result of the analyses, it was revealed that the scale had a five-factor structure consisting of 20 items. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the factor structure was compatible with the data. Goodness of fit index values was sufficient. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.89. It can be said that the scale is valid and reliable in determining the views of pre-service teachers about the activities to be applied for mentally retarded students. In addition, the scale is suitable not only for teacher candidates, but also for use by teachers and researchers. In addition, different types of samples such as students in other fields at the undergraduate level and special education teachers who take courses related to special education can be included in the study group.

Scale Development Study on Match Analysis

Match analysis is a method used to evaluate and improve teams' game understanding, tactical structure, and individual-based player performances. Today, with match analysis methods, coaches can make detailed analyzes of both their own teams, rival teams and individual athletes. This present study aims to develop a scale for match analysis. Within the scope of this objective, an item pool consisting of 51 items was created by the researchers, and a 47-item scale was drafted by excluding 4 items in line with expert opinions. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency analysis and test-retest reliability methods were used for statistical purposes. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a measurement structure was obtained consisting of 4 sub-scales and a total of 22 items. The fit indices of the scale were evaluated within the relevant reference range. The reliability of the scale was examined by test-retest method and internal consistency analysis. As a result, the stability coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.792 and the Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient as 0.911. Internal consistency analysis results showed that the items had high reliability. The current scale has a 7-point Likert-type rating. There are negative items in the scale. In this context, these items should be reversed when scoring. It was concluded that the scale developed is a reliable and valid measurement tool.

Development, validity, and reliability of a questionnaire on mothers’ knowledge in complementary feeding practices (PI-MPASI) in Indonesia

Background A number of complementary educational feeding modules have been circulating in the community, but mothers have yet to use them optimally. There is an urgent need for an effective educational method on appropriate complementary feeding and an instrument to measure maternal knowledge in proper complementary feeding practices.&#x0D; Objective To develop and assess the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on complementary feeding practices.&#x0D; Methods We conducted a qualitative study to develop a questionnaire followed by a cross-sectional study to test the validity and the reliability of the PI-MPASI questionnaire. The research team designed the PI-MPASI questionnaire through a literature review with a team of experts, based on the evidence-based feeding practice recommendations for infants and toddlers in Indonesia as compiled by the Indonesian Pediatric Society (IPS) in 2015. Content validation was carried out through expert review, whilst the construct validity and the reliability were tested on 110 mothers who met the inclusion criteria.&#x0D; Results In the content validity assessment, an average congruent percentage of 90% was obtained for the sub-themes of time, nutritional adequacy, safety, and feeding responsiveness as the four essential points that mothers should know regarding proper complementary feeding practices. Most of the item scores showed moderate to high correlations with the total score, with reliability test showcasing a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.715).&#x0D; Conclusion This study showed that our questionnaire on mothers’ knowledge in complementary feeding practices (PI-MPASI) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess maternal knowledge on correct complementary feeding practices in Indonesia.

Health Literacy in a migrant portuguese speaking community in Portugal and healthcare use

Abstract Background Health Literacy is strongly related with barriers to accessing healthcare services. Migrants may represent a vulnerable population in this matter, usually correlated with the language barrier. We aim to answer the question “Which are the perceptions, behaviors and skills of a migrant Portuguese speaking community using and getting access to health care in Portugal?” Methods Descriptive, cross-sectional and exploratory study. The Health Literacy Questionnaire (Osborne et al.,2013) was applied with a sociodemographic and health characterization. Data were collected and processed from a sample of 101 participants from a group of 570 people from a migrant community, all native Portuguese speakers mostly born in African Countries with Portuguese as an Official Language. Results The sample represented 17,7% of the total population. Thus, a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 9% were assumed. In the Health Literacy Questionnaire, the Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as between 0.714 and 0.928. The analysis dimensions were mostly positioned below the average of the scale and were influenced by education, migratory status and age. “Feeling understood and supported by health professionals” had the worst score. There were better results in those who sought primary health care services and who had chronic illnesses. Self-rated health worsened with increasing length of stay in the country. Approximately 31% never attended healthcare in Portugal because they did not feel the need or were unable to access it. Conclusions This study demonstrated the association between health literacy with migrants and healthcare use excluding the language factor. This community presented low healthcare services use and low health literacy levels despite the use of the same language. Interaction with primary healthcare services improved migrants health literacy. This study supported a community intervention with public and private stakeholders. Key messages • Migrants places potential constraints on healthcare utilisation in destination countries that are not necessarily related to language barrier. • Health Literacy is crucial to migrants health, health care access and Public Health improvement.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to cross-culturally adapt and assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the CAIT (CAIT-TR). MethodsThe CAIT was translated and adapted into Turkish according to accepted cross-cultural adaptation guidelines of self-reported measures. A total of 130 individuals, including healthy participants (n = 40) and with chronic ankle instability (CAI) (n = 90), were recruited in this study. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the CAIT-TR were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), respectively. To assess convergent validity, hypotheses were tested regarding expected correlations between CAIT-TR, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) subscales, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Discriminative validity was evaluated with the hypothesis that the CAIT-TR can distinguish between subjects with and without CAI and also calculated a cut-off score for CAI. The dimensional structure of the CAIT-TR was investigated with confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, minimal detectable change (MDC), floor/ceiling effects, and measurement error values were determined. ResultsThe CAIT-TR demonstrated high Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.854) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.919). Regarding convergent validity, the CAIT-TR exhibited a moderate-strong correlation with both the FAOS and VAS. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the questionnaire. The identified cut-off value for the CAIT-TR was 25, and the MDC for individual-level CAIT-TR scores was determined to be 1.87. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. ConclusionThe CAIT-TR is a valid and reliable questionnaire for the assessment of ankle instability within the Turkish population.

The nightmare severity index (NSI): A short new multidimensional tool for assessing nightmares.

This psychometric pilot study aims to evaluate a new multidimensional simple scale, named the nightmare severity index (NSI) - close to the existing insomnia (ISI) and hypersomnia (HSI) severity indexes. The NSI encompasses all main dimensions of nightmare disorder, evaluating four subdimensions: frequency, emotional impact, diurnal impact, and nocturnal impact of nightmares. The NSI was completed by a total of 102 patients. The majority of the population consisted of women (64%) and outpatient individuals (76%) diagnosed with mood disorders such as depression (31%) and bipolar disorder (41%). Comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was prevalent (44%), and psychotropic medications were commonly used (47%). Internal validity analyses indicated that the NSI was well suited for exploratory factor analysis. All items demonstrated satisfactory correlations with the factors, and the questionnaire exhibited good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha >0.7). Higher NSI scores were observed among individuals experiencing nightmare symptoms considering the DSM-5/ICSD-3 criteria. In summary, the NSI proves to be a promising and valuable tool for clinical practice, demonstrating good acceptability, internal validity, and the ability to assess nightmare severity.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Motivation to Change Lifestyle and Health Behaviors for Dementia Risk Reduction scale (MCLHB-DRR) in Chinese community-dwelling older adults

ObjectivesTo assess the psychometric properties of Chinese version of Motivation to Change Lifestyle and Health Behaviors for Dementia Risk Reduction (MCLHB-DRR) scale in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. MethodsA convenience sample of 150 Chinese adults aged ≥50 was recruited from local community facilities. Reliability of MCLHB-DRR was evaluated using internal consistency and test-retest reliability over two weeks. Content validity and construct validity were assessed. Translation process followed Brislin's translation model. ResultsAfter excluding two items with poor loadings, the confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good model fit (χ2/df=2.14; CFI=0.91; IFI=0.91; RMSEA=0.087). The scale exhibited good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.865), as well as acceptable test-retest reliability (ICC=0.730). ConclusionsThe Chinese MCLHB-DRR showed satisfactory psychometric properties, providing valuable insights for promoting dementia risk reduction in Chinese population, considering cultural nuances that shape motivations and knowledge of lifestyle changes.

E-Learning Engagements of Pre-Service Education Students

This study aimed to ascertain the e-learning engagements of selected Pre-service Education students in online distance learning and determined whether the e-learning engagements vary based on the student’s profile variables. The study group of the survey comprised 275 first to third-year students of BSED-Sciences, BTVTED and BSED-Mathematics enrolled at Surigao State College of Technology (SSCT), City Campus. A researchers-made questionnaire was used, validated and tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient with (α=0.85) for the entire scale (20 items). Distribution of web-based questionnaires through Google Forms followed. The data collected were treated using frequency, percentage count, mean, standard deviation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A descriptive survey research design was also employed. Study results indicated that the behavioral, social, cognitive, and technological engagements of the students were generally positive. Particularly, social engagement rated very high with a mean score of 2.97 (SD=0.53) meanwhile, technological engagement rated a lowest mean value of 2.71 (SD=0.55) signifying that students’ e-learning engagement is lesser as unstable internet connection was found to be the main technological problem which caused students to get frequent absences during online classes. Additionally, mobile phone devices revealed to be the most useful ICT tool to assist students’ in managing the online learning system. Moreover, the e-learning engagements were found not to vary based on students’ sex and family income. However, students’ age, year level, program and specialization and gadgets used in modular and online classes made a significant difference which shows that the profile differences of Pre-service education students contribute a direct effect towards their online learning engagement. Implications from the results recommend a need to sustain social interaction between stakeholders, increased students’ online resources and community support by provision of learners’ online learning demands.

Psychometric validation of the Chinese digital health literacy instrument among Chinese older adults who have internet use experience.

In this digital age, the Internet has become a major source of health information, and electronic health (eHealth) literacy becomes increasingly important for older individuals to properly use the extensive eHealth resources for self-care. A valid and reliable tool for assessing older people's eHealth literacy would help healthcare workers identify those disadvantaged groups in digital health and provide relevant health education. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of DHLI in assessing eHealth literacy among older adults in China. A web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 277 Chinese older adults from September to November 2021. Two weeks after the first completion, 62 of them answered the C-DHLI again. The reliability (e.g. internal consistency and test-retest reliability), factorial structure and validity (i.e. content validity and convergent validity) of the C-DHLI were evaluated based on the survey data. The results demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.94) and test-retest reliability (total intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]: 0.94) of the C-DHLI. Principal component analysis revealed that the 18 items of C-DHLI loaded on three factors, accounting for 74.69% of the total variance; CFA supported its three-factor structure with good model fits. Convergent validity was examined by the significant associations between C-DHLI and C-eHEALS (r = 0.61), health literacy (r = 0.56), and whether having used the Internet for health information (ρ = 0.43) (ps <.001). A cut-off score of 45 was recommended for determining higher and lower literacy using the C-DHLI, with the area under curve of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.77-0.88). The C-DHLI showed good psychometric performance in assessing eHealth literacy among Chinese older adults. The findings can support healthcare professionals to effectively measure eHealth literacy among older adults and conduct tailored eHealth interventions or training.

Turkish validity and reliability study of the benign paroxysmal positional vertigo diagnostic scale

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the Turkish validity and reliability of the benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) diagnostic scale. Patients and Methods: One hundred seventeen patients (67 females, 50 males; mean age: 49.3±12.3 years; range 18 to 74 years) over the age of 18 who were diagnosed or suspected of BPPV, Meniere's disease, vestibular neuritis, or other peripheral vestibular disease were included. Participants filled out the BPPV diagnostic scale. The affected canal and the ear side were determined by performing positional maneuvers to confirm the diagnosis of BPPV. The final version of the scale was created by performing language and content validity, construct validity, reliability, and test-retest analyses of the BPPV diagnostic scale in the given order. Results: Of the 117 patients, 70 were diagnosed with BPPV, 26 with Meniere’s disease, 16 with vestibular neuritis, and five participants with other peripheral vestibular disease. Kendal W for content validity was 0.060 (p=0.700&gt;0.05), and expert opinions showed good agreement. The factor load of the BPPV diagnostic scale was found within the normal range (0.364 to 0.807). Goodness of fit index values were obtained above 0.90. According to this result, the model fit well. The internal consistency Cronbach's alpha (a) coefficient of the scale was 0.716. This value showed that the scale had good reliability. According to the results of the scale, a statistically significant difference was found between the responses of the BPPV group and the other diagnostic groups (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The Turkish version of the BPPV diagnostic scale was found to be valid and reliable. This scale is useful in detecting BPPV and establishing the differential diagnosis. The use of the scale is thought to be beneficial in patients with suspected BPPV but who have difficulties in diagnosis and to support objective tests.

Assessing the Psychometric Validity of the Epistaxis Severity Score: Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability.

The Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS) is the gold-standard patient-reported outcome measure for evaluating nosebleed severity in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). To date, the ESS has been assessed only for content validity and concurrent validity. We evaluate the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the ESS. After receiving institutional review board approval, we sent an online survey battery, including the ESS survey, to 305 (39% male) English-speaking HHT patients ≥18 years old at a single center. Of those, 140 (46%) patients completed the battery, and 110/140 (79%) reported epistaxis. Cronbach's alpha and correlation analyses were used to evaluate internal consistency. For the test-retest reliability evaluation, we recruited 69 HHT patients during HHT clinic to complete 2 self-administered ESS surveys 2 weeks apart. Participants also completed a modified Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale with readministration of the ESS survey. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient in a 2-way mixed model with absolute agreement. The ESS survey demonstrated low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.495), suggesting that it measured multiple unrelated concepts. Factor analysis revealed 3 latent factors with moderate intercorrelation, suggesting the presence of 3 related but distinct constructs underlying the ESS. However, the ESS demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.955; 95% CI, 0.91-0.98). Although the ESS demonstrates high test-retest reliability, it may not adequately assess different dimensions of nosebleed severity. Additional correlated survey questions and sub-scores may be needed to increase internal consistency to accurately measure each component of epistaxis severity. It is necessary to acknowledge epistaxis severity from different dimensions and to consider evaluating individual ESS items separately for a comprehensive understanding.

Translation and validation of patient-oriented eczema measure in the Greek language.

Translating and validating the Greek version of the Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) was our goal. A parallel backtranslation process was used to translate POEM. A total of fifty-nine adult atopic dermatitis patients were enlisted to assess validity and reliability. Through patient interviews with physicians, a questionnaire comprising demographics, POEM, and the dermatology life quality index (DLQI) was filled out. 3-7 days after the first visit, a second POEM completion was conducted. The POEM items conducted with study participants demonstrated a good level of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88), and no overall floor and ceiling effects were found. There was a significant correlation between the DLQI and POEM scores (Spearman rho =0.71; p<0.001). The POEM score between interviews showed an average intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval) of 0.89 (0.80, 0.94), indicating good to excellent test-retest reliability. Patient-reported outcome measures are becoming more and more common in Greece, so it's critical to have access to Greek translations of validated instruments that are frequently used in literature.

Psychometric Assessment of Infant Colic Scale in Iranian Population.

Infant colic, causing excessive crying, poses anxiety for parents and a challenge for pediatricians and nurses. The Infant Colic Scale (ICS) serves to assess the severity and causal factors of colic. Despite its significance, the psychometric properties of ICS have not been evaluated in the Iranian population. This study seeks to address this gap by assessing the psychometric properties of ICS in Iran. A sample of 220 mothers with 2-16-week-old term infants diagnosed with infantile colic was selected through convenience sampling. Following forward and back-translation, the face validity, content validity, and construct validity of ICS were systematically evaluated. Reliability was examined through both internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest stability methods. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) values for ICS were 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The good fit indices confirmed the validity of the five-factor structure. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were 0.71 and 0.94, respectively. The Persian version of ICS is a valid and reliable tool, suitable for assessing infantile colic in the Iranian population. Future studies and clinical practice can utilize this tool to identify major causes of this disorder in the Iranian context.

The cross-cultural validation of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale among persons affected by leprosy or podoconiosis in Northwest Ethiopia.

The Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale has been developed and validated in different languages in different countries. However, this scale has not been validated in the Ethiopian Amharic language context. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the cross-cultural validity of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale, among Ethiopian families of persons affected by leprosy and podoconiosis. We explored the semantic equivalence, internal consistency, reproducibility, floor and ceiling effects, and interpretability of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale in Amharic. A cross-sectional study was conducted after the translation and back-translation of the instrument. A total of 302 adult persons affected by leprosy or podoconiosis was asked about their level of satisfaction with their family life, using the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale. In addition, 50 participants were re-interviewed two weeks after the initial assessment to test the reproducibility of the scale. Participants were recruited in the East Gojjam zone of Northwest Ethiopia. The findings of this study showed that the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.913) and reproducibility (intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.857). The standard error of measurement was 3.01, which is 2.4% of the total score range. The smallest detectable change was 8.34. Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate factor loadings and model fit indices like the original scale. The composite reliability and average variance extracted from the scale were acceptable. No floor and ceiling effects were found. Our findings indicate that the Amharic version of the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale has adequate cultural validity to assess the family quality of life in Ethiopian families of persons affected by leprosy and podoconiosis.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Traditional Chinese Version of the Italian Spine Youth Quality of Life (ISYQOL) Questionnaire.

The Italian Spine Youth Quality of Life (ISYQOL) is a validated health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaire for teenagers with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). We culturally-adapted ISYQOL to traditional Chinese (ISYQOL-TC) and then recruited 133 conservatively treated teenagers with AIS to complete the ISYQOL-TC and the Chinese version of the Scoliosis Research Society-22 revised (SRS-22r) questionnaire, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). They repeated ISYQOL-TC two weeks later. The internal consistency, unidimensionality, and test-retest reliability were measured using the Cronbach's alpha, Rasch measurement models, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC3,1), respectively. The concurrent validity of the ISYQOL-TC with SRS-22r, and its construct validity with other questionnaires were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients. The ISYQOL-TC demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.90 and 0.89 for items 1-13 and items 1-20), and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC3,1 = 0.95-0.96). The Rasch analysis supported the unidimensionality of all 20 items in ISYQOL-TC. The ISYQOL-TC percentage scores were positively correlated with SRS-22r total scores (r = 0.65; p < 0.05), but were negatively related to PHQ-9, GAD-7, and NPRS scores (r = -0.46 to -0.39; p < 0.01). Collectively, the ISYQOL-TC is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating HRQOL in Chinese teenagers with AIS.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Measurement Properties of the Expectations for Treatment Scale (ETS) for Greek-Speaking Patients.

Introduction Patients' treatment expectations are key factors influencing the health outcomes in various medical conditions. Using validated measures to capture these expectations has been strongly suggested to improve the prognosis of the health outcome and promote research investigations. The Expectations for Treatment Scale (ETS) is a well-established questionnaire designed to accurately measure treatment expectations in patients with low back pain; however, it is not available in Greek yet. We aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the ETS in Greek (ETS-Gr) and evaluate its reliability and validity in a Greek-speaking population with musculoskeletal disorders. Methods We followed published recommendations for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of the scale.Face and content validity were evaluated using interviews with patients and experts. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error were evaluated in 52 patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Results During forward and backward translation minor linguistic discrepancies were detected and effectively adapted for Greek-speaking patients. The ETS-Gr presented a high level of content validity (item content validity index: 0.88-1; and average scale content validity index: 0.90), acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.84), and excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.93-0.98). Conclusions The ETS-Gr is a short, reliable, and valid instrument to measure pre-treatment expectations in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Future investigations including other medical conditions are required.

Update and validation of the Canadian Behavior, Attitude and Nutrition Knowledge Survey (C-BANKS 2.0).

Understanding knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to nutrition is crucial in developing effective intervention strategies to promote healthy eating habits. This study revised and updated the Canadian Behavior, Attitude and Nutrition Knowledge Survey (C-BANKS) to align with the current Canada's Food Guide and dietary guidance and report on its reliability and validity with a new population. Data from 167 early childhood educators were recruited to test the revised C-BANKS' reliability and validity. Reliability, as measured by internal consistency, was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, while concurrent validity was determined by correlating the C-BANKS 2.0 scores with the CHEERS (Creating Healthy Eating and Active Environments Survey) and Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ). Responsiveness was assessed by comparing a baseline C-BANKS 2.0 score to a post-test score after completing an online healthy eating and physical activity educational intervention. The adapted C-BANKS 2.0 questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha >0.70) and construct validity with related measures CHEERS and MEQ (p < 0.05). The C-BANKS 2.0 demonstrated strong responsiveness. Specifically, C-BANKS 2.0 scores increased after the nutrition education intervention (p < 0.001). Additionally, there were no signs of floor or ceiling effects. The adapted C-BANKS 2.0 demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, construct validity, and responsiveness to measure of nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in an early childhood educator population. The revised C-BANKS 2.0 provides insight into the key factors that influence dietary habits thereby informing the design and evaluation of effective nutrition community intervention programs.