Ethical Criticism Research Articles

Theoretical and Methodological Justification of the Public Danger of an Act in Criminal Law

Public danger is a fundamental category of criminal law that defines its essence and social purpose. At the same time, science has not yet developed a unified view on the nature of public danger, its place and role in the structure of criminal law knowledge and law enforcement. In particular, the following questions remain unresolved: the legal boundaries of public danger, the correlation of the principle of legality with the social foundations of criminal liability, the correlation of the concept of harm with public danger, the possibility of its objective cognition, the impact on the assessment of public danger of acts of social values and personality, determining the quality of a crime. The paper analyzes the phenomenology of social perception of public danger in the aspect of law enforcement assessments of real harm. For this purpose, dialectics is used in the categories of reality and possibility. Harm is considered as a category of reality, and public danger as a category of opportunity. At the same time, the author understands harm and public danger not in a universal, but in a legal sense. The essence of harm means an encroachment on social values and a response to it from society and the state — a moral rebuke of the act, elevating it to the degree of social threat (danger). The public danger of a crime is constructed by the legislator, therefore this property (public danger) is associated with the reality of harm and is an important and necessary criminal law construct filled with real social meaning. The modern problem, actualized by the security paradigm, is the definition of moral criteria for the validity of socially dangerous harm.

APPROACHES TO DEFINING THE SOCIOECONOMIC PARADIGM AS A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The relevance of the topic is linked to the fact that socialization remains a global trend in economic development. However, in the context of the VUCA and BANI world, the task is not only to recognize changes and adapt to shifting circumstances, but also to make rational decisions, set new goals, and apply new algorithms. In such conditions, the socio-economic paradigm acts as a conceptual model of economic development. It represents a paradigmatic framework for studying socio-economic processes through the application of methodological approaches from disciplines such as economic sociology, economic theory, economic psychology, institutional economics, behavioral economics, and others. Therefore, the task of clarifying its content becomes relevant. The aim of the article is to identify and characterize the conceptual foundations of the socio-economic paradigm and the methodological approaches to its substantiation. The article outlines the content of the socio-economic paradigm as a conceptual model of economic development. It describes its substantive premises, reveals the cause-and-effect relationships between economic and social processes, defines the methodological approaches for studying and comparing socio-economics with other paradigms of economic development, and highlights the need to study the degree of influence of social sciences on the economy and the economy on social processes. It is proven that the economic version of socio-economics assumes that the social sphere, as well as various social processes, not only affect the economy but are also dependent on it, and this dependence requires economic evaluation. Socio-economics represents a scientific field that studies the patterns of modern economic life in the context of moral imperatives and criteria of social justice. The object of socio-economics is defined as economic activity carried out at different territorial and organizational levels, while its subject is economic relations regulated by moral and ethical requirements, attitudes, and prescriptions.

At the threshold of criminalisation: repression of ‘oppositional’ civil society organisations in the Israeli settler state

ABSTRACT This article discusses the processes of criminalisation of oppositional political activism of Jewish-Israeli citizens. Israel strives to maintain Jewish supremacy, providing a privileged position to Jewish-Israelis while treating Palestinians by default as a threat. The article focuses on the sustained campaign waged against Breaking the Silence, an organisation established by veterans of the Israeli army that attempts to use a moral critique to campaign to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Since 2009, the organisation has become a target of a right-wing campaign of delegitimisation intended to silence it. The article discusses the process through which oppositional civil society groups are transformed from a position of privilege to a threat to be neutralised. Such processes of criminalisation involve multiple informal and formal tools, and actors from ‘civil society’ and ‘the state’. I argue that the distinction between the two spheres is artificial as both are part of the same hegemonic system. I contend that understanding the nature of the threat and those that pose it opens a window into the vulnerability of the system. The states’ coercive side, which was previously geared against Palestinians, turns towards its privileged citizens, thus rendering its vulnerability more visible.

Mapping a Theory of Dialogic Ethical Criticism

Mapping a Theory of Dialogic Ethical Criticism

Moral judgment, self-determination, and toleration: Reflecting on reform intervention at the outer limits

Here, I reply to three commentaries on my recent book, Promoting Justice Across Borders: The Ethics of Reform Intervention. The main topics include the scope of the category “reform intervention,” to what extent it is appropriate to evaluate economic activity using moral criteria, the meaning of collective self-determination and its relationship to democracy, and the limits of toleration as a moral ideal.

APPLYING LITERARY ETHICAL CRITICISM TO TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION OF LITERARY TEXTS TOWARDS THE GOAL OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS' QUALITIES ACCORDING TO THE 2018 GENERAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

The article begins by applying moral literary criticism in teaching literary text comprehension and provides an overview of the theory of ethical literary criticism. It proposes an approach to literary texts from the perspective of moral literary criticism to develop students' qualities. The research is based on general research methods (theoretical and survey methods) and specific methods (structural analysis methods). The results show that applying moral literary criticism in understanding the texts of the Grade 12 Literature Textbook (Connecting Knowledge with Life series) is entirely feasible, paving the way for its implementation in other textbook series. Keywords: Literary ethical criticism; literary text comprehension; qualities; 2018 general education curriculum.

‘Kant on the Deceitful Art of Rhetoric’

Abstract Kant accuses bad rhetoric of being a deceitful art. In this article, I give an account of both what it means for Kant that bad rhetoric deceives and how this art deceives in the first place. Additionally, I explore significant moral and aesthetic repercussions of bad rhetoric’s being deceitful. The article is structured into Part A and Part B. I start by reconstructing Kant’s technical definition of deception as disagreement between the semblance and the cognition of truth. I go on to argue that bad rhetoric deceives by promising more than it provides. I show that bad rhetoric deceives technically. In Part B, I identify a distinctive trait of deception in bad rhetoric. By exploring this trait, I shed light upon Kant’s moral criticism of bad rhetoric, and I ultimately suggest Kant’s perspective on the appropriate aesthetic response to this art.

Being with Others and the Practice of Theodicy

In this article I aim to highlight one aspect of what it is like to address the problem of evil. The discussion aims to show that the suffering of others comes to matter, in part, because of the way in which we are with others, and they with us. Through a sustained discussion of the film 12 Years a Slave, and drawing on the idea of joint attention, I suggest that the possibility of sharing attitudes with others is central to our experience of the meaning of suffering. In dialogue with the moral philosophy of Stephen Darwall, I highlight the way in which—at least in some significant cases—being with others depends on mutual answerability. These points suggest that whilst moral critics of theodicy are right to emphasise the way that the practice of theodicy can involve a failure to recognise the seriousness of suffering, it is a mistake to think that the suffering of others is ‘hermeneutically off-limits’ to me: whilst we may often be concerned for others, we can also be concerned with them. This, it is claimed, is an intrinsic part of the difficulty of the problem of evil, as well as one reason for its moral significance.

Exploring Utilitarianism

This study explores the contrasting conceptions of virtue in Western philosophy and Islam. Western philosophers predominantly advocate a utilitarian perspective, emphasizing individual and societal utility as the ultimate moral criterion. Happiness and maximum benefit are prioritized, with little consideration for the broader welfare of others. In contrast, Islamic thought diverges, incorporating notions of sacrifice and communal welfare alongside material pursuits. Professionalism and materialism, central to Western ideals, are critiqued within an Islamic framework for their emphasis on acquisition at the expense of altruism.

An Ethical Critique of the Sexist Mining Myths and the Gender Factor in the Extractive Industry of Southern Africa

The extractive industry is an economic venue with enormous potentialities for men and women in Southern Africa particularly, DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. This part of the African Continent is flourishing with mineral resources in which women participate in different capacities. The contrast here is that of the increased number of women in this industry as opposed to the decline of social and economic wellbeing of women on account of gender based violence and many other oppressions against them. These dehumanising activities against women are fuelled by cultural and sexist mining myths from male peers reinforcing gender disparities. Thus, from an ethical perspective, the present study analyses cultural and sexist myths, deconstructing their patriarchal foundation and valorising women’s human agency and rights within the extractive industry. It is contended that women can contribute to the economic growth of the mining industry in Southern Africa provided that public institutions insure gender parity in the industry. In different levels, a response will be provided to the question: How can the cultural and sexist mining myths be ethically engaged to valorise women’s human agency and rights within the Southern Africa Extractive Industry? In response, this paper critically assesses the cultural basis of sexist myths from a perspective of feminist ethics, proceeding by deconstructing the patriarchal foundation of these myths and affirming women’s experience based on their human and economic capabilities. The present study proposes to contribute to the ethical discourse on gender parity, and the pursuit of women’s social and economic rights in the Extractive Industry.

Biomedical Research and the Need for Ethics

The objective of this paper is to determine to what extent clinical research meets moral criteria. We will briefly present virtue ethics, duty ethics, utilitarian ethics, human rights theory, and end we will end with a few words about moral bioimprovement.

Respect, Symbiosis, and Pluralism: Ideas of Ethics in Paradise Lost and Klara and The Sun

Literary ethics criticism regards literature as the specific ethical expression of human society at a particular stage of history, regarding literature as “the art of Ethics”. Ethical Literary Criticism takes it as its duty to explain the ethical function of literature, aiming at explaining the ethical phenomena in literature and making value judgments on them. In his Paradise Lost, which is regarded as “a monument in the history of European literature”, Milton explores ethical issues and considers the boundaries between good and evil in the classic Genesis stories of Satan's failure to rebel and Adam and Eve's expulsion from Paradise after stealing the forbidden fruit. As the edifying significance of literature gradually diminishes, the ethical thoughts embodied in literary works change with the times and break through the limitations of the times at intervals; in contemporary times, Kazuo Ishiguro, a Japanese writer with a “dual identity”, observes and participates in the life of Josie's family from the perspective of the AI in his novel Klara and The Sun, recounting insights into love and humanity and reflecting abundant ethical reflections on identity and moral goodness and evil, which shares some similarities with Paradise Lost written in the 17th century. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the three dimensions of self-internal, self and other, and self and morality attempting to show the ethical reflections on self-identity cognition, the relationship between man and other, the boundary between good and evil, and rationality and irrationality in Paradise Lost and Klara and The Sun, in order to reveal ethical changes of the times and explore the ethical ideals shared by Milton and Kazuo Ishiguro.

MULTICULTURALISM IN 20TH CENTURY AZERBAIJANI AND ENGLISH PROSE (BASED ON AZIZA JAFARZADEH'S “ELDAN ELA” AND DORIS LESSING'S “THE GRASS IS SINGING”)

In order to establish cooperation in the modern world, it is first necessary to achieve tolerance and multiculturalism in interpersonal relations. Multiculturalism primarily means ethnic, racial, religious, cultural diversity and values, and mutually tolerant relations with those values determine civilized moral and ethical criteria and values. It is an indisputable historical fact that the people who settled in Azerbaijan, regardless of their religion or language, lived in conditions of mutual understanding and tolerance in all periods of history. Even in the oldest examples of Azerbaijani literature, multicultural values have very deep roots. These values constitute the main line of the creativity of not only Azerbaijan, but also the wordsmiths and writers of the whole world. The highest criterion of personality is humanity, human relations, more precisely, tolerance. That is why representatives of other nations occupy a special place in the works of many writers who do not accept racial, national and religious discrimination. The fact that such improvement takes place through a multicultural environment once again strengthens the idea that multiculturalism has an important role in the real progress and development of humanity. The comparative study and evaluation of these issues in the work of Aziza Jafarzadeh, a bright figure of Azerbaijani literary prose, and a talented representative of English literature, Doris Lessing, is of great importance.

칸트와 윤리학

The moral law and the idea of freedom are the core concepts of Kant’s ethics. Through consideration of this concept, this study revealed what Kant has done in the field of ethics. Kant revealed that there is ‘the cause of freedom’ in humans, and that the cause of freedom is a ‘logical cause’ in that it is a regulation in the practical aspect of ‘pure reason’. What Kant did in the first critique revealed that human cognitive behavior contains ‘pure reason’ as an a priori condition of perception that is not explained only by sensory experience, revealing the metaphysics in epistemology. What Kant did in ethics was reveal that it is none other than metaphysics as a ‘practical use of pure reason’ that enables human moral behavior by revealing the idea of freedom as the basis for the establishment of moral behavior. Based on this, this study examined the characteristics of the second critique seen in relation to the first criticism. Given that the first critique is Kant’s metaphysics, which deals with the outline and fundamentals of the entire system of Kant’s philosophy, and the second critique is Kant’s moral philosophy, which deals with Kant’s ethical criticism in earnest based on the first critique it was discussed that the two critique are related to the metaphysical foundation of Kant’s ehics and that they are also related to epistemology and ethics and metaphysics. Furthermore, this discussion also revealed that its justification can only be secured from a metapraxis perspective (from the perspective of heart cultivation).

A Post-Darwinian Fable: Canine Narration in The Call of the Wild

The paper reads Jack London’s The Call of the Wild as a post-Darwinian fable that challenges the anthropomorphism and sentimentality in the notoriously charged genre of the animal fable. London’s post-Darwinian representation of canine narration in an evolutionary continuum seeks to deconstruct the inherent hierarchy embedded in the fable. Through a reconciliation of the animal fable’s internal and external conflict, London aims to draw an ethical critique of amoral aspects of social Darwinism that underlies the American industry culture at the turn of the century. The remapping of humanity/animality, progression/regression, and the society/the wild within a bispecies environment for coevolution embodies London’s endeavor to rescue the reputation of the genre of fable from a conventional naturalist mode. London’s proclaimed vigor and science in the critique of animal fable further aspire to redeem the feminized professionalism of writing.

Nurses’ moral judgements during emergency department triage – A prospective mixed multicenter study

IntroductionIn EDs, triage ensures that patients whose condition requires immediate care are prioritized while reducing overcrowding. Previous studies have described the manifestation of caregivers’ moral judgements of patients in EDs. The equal treatment of patients in clinical practice presents a major issue. Studying the impact of prejudice on clinical practice in the ED setting provides an opportunity to rethink clinical tools, organizations and future training needs. Our study sought to describe the moral judgements expressed by triage nurses during admission interviews in emergency departments and to assess their impact on patient management. MethodsAn exploratory sequential mixed-method study was performed. The study was conducted between January 1, 2018, and February 18, 2018, in the EDs of three French hospitals. Five hundred and three patients and 79 triage nurses participated in the study. Audio recordings, observations and written handover reports made by nurses during admission triage interviews were analyzed with a view to discerning whether moral judgements were expressed in them. We studied the impact of moral judgements on patient management in the emergency department. ResultsAbstract Moral judgements were made in 70% of the triage situations studied (n=351/503). They could be classified in seven categories. Patients were more likely to be subjected to moral judgements if they were over 75 years old, visibly disabled or if they had visible signs of alcohol intoxication. Being subjected to moral judgement was associated with differential treatment, including assignment of a triage score that differed from the theoretical triage score. ConclusionMore than two thirds of patients admitted to EDs were triaged using moral criteria. Patients who were morally judged at the admission interview were more likely to be treated differently.

Ethical Dimensions of Digital Phenotyping Within the Context of Mental Healthcare

AbstractDigital phenotyping (DP) refers to the emerging field within digital (mental) health that involves the collection of data from individual’s digital devices (smartphones, wearable, Internet usage, etc.) to monitor and analyse their behaviours, activities and health-related patterns. That such ‘digital footprint’ data can be mined for behavioural insights is an intriguing idea, which has motivated an increasing amount of research activity, particularly in the field of digital mental health. Whilst of potentially revolutionary utility in (mental) healthcare, the idea of DP also raises a set of rich sociotechnical, ethical and philosophical considerations, and a cottage industry of sociotechnical and ethical critiques of DP has emerged, particularly within the humanities. Within this scene of early empirical investigation in the health/behavioural sciences on the one hand and general conceptual critiques from the humanities on the other, in this paper we instead explore a case for the potential utility of DP in circumstances of clinical mental health practice and examine its ethical dimensions in this context. After providing an explicatory framework for DP and making a case for it within this framework, we subsequently examine the ethical pros and cons of three topics pertaining to DP in clinical practice, namely (1) issues in psychometric assessment/testing, (2) the role and responsibilities of mental health practitioners with regard to DP technology, and (3) the value DP can afford clients in terms of self-awareness/empowerment and strengthening the therapeutic alliance with their clinician.

Grief and loss in Shiʿi thought: Zayn al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī’s (d. 965/1558) Musakkin al-fuʾād

ABSTRACT Within scholarship on Islamic ethics, writings on consolation (taʿāzī) are a largely neglected genre. This article is a start on making good this scarcity in the secondary literature. It studies Zayn al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī’s (d. 965/1558) Musakkin al-fuʾād, a treatise on the grief over the loss of a child and consolations for it. Al-ʿĀmilī’s contribution to the genre presents a Shiʿi view, inflected by a Muʿtazilī understanding of divine justice and theodicy. According to this view, divine recompense (ʿiwaḍ) is offered to the bereaved on the condition of patient resignation with appreciation of the loss in relation to the ordeal and death suffered by the fourteen ‘Infallibles’ (al-maʿṣūmīn). Al-ʿĀmilī’s disparaging outlook on the world (al-dunyā) encourages abandonment of its material attachments through ideal modes of patience (al-ṣabr) and contentment (al-riḍāʾ). Musakkin al-fuʾād imagines a system of reward and loss, calibrated to the lessons of sacred texts. I examine al-ʿĀmilī’s use of these sources, including prophetic narratives, parables, and traditions (aḥādīth), to explore their implications for an idealized expression of Muslim mourning. From these examples, the personal becomes universal, generating moral criteria for an attitude to life, and necessitating appropriately modified responses to death.

Lived-through Experience, Multi-perspective Methodology, Contentious Polysemy: Challenges in the Study of Vulnerability

The article concludes the special section on vulnerability. By reflecting on the arguments in and the convergences between the contributions to the preceding trialogue, it outlines three key challenges in vulnerability research. Across disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological boundaries, the contributions agree in their criticism of negative, individualistic, and/or essentialist conceptualizations of vulnerability; instead, they call for a non-dualist, pluralist, and participative approach to vulnerability that takes the lived-through experience of individuals as its starting point. Based on this decision, the challenges arise of (1) how to conceptualize and identify the structures of lived-through experiences of vulnerability and of (2) how the experiences of individuals and groups in different social positions can be collected, understood, and interpreted. The trialogue texts, we argue, provide important impulses for the development of a multi-perspective methodology, which permits to analyze vulnerability in a way that is theoretically, ethically, and methodologically appropriate. Finally, by taking lived-through experience as a starting point, the articles in this special section (3) contribute to a better understanding of the contentious polysemy of the term vulnerability. By analyzing the constitutive ambivalence and ambiguity of experiences of vulnerability as well as the difficulties of intersubjective communicability, the contributions help to understand why articulations of vulnerability are often vague and why vulnerability can be politically instrumentalized. In this way, the comprehensive understanding of vulnerability (e.g., as positive and negative, enabling and inhibiting), promoted in the trialogue, also becomes a means of moral and political criticism.

Mengidentifikasi Dan Memaknai Paribasa Bali Pada Cerpen Gedè Ombak Gedè Angin Pupulan Sawelas Carita Cutet Basa Bali Karya I Made Suarsa

Paribasa is used in everyday life to convey the ideas and emotions of the Balinese people, as evidenced by the short narrative Gedé Ombak Gedé Angin by I Made Suarsa and other Balinese discourses. Furthermore, I Made Suarsa's short novel Gedé Ombak Gedé Angin employs Balinese paribasa to convey moral, ethical, and social critique principles that serve as a set of guidelines for daily life. The purpose of this study is to identify the various forms and interpretations of Balinese paribasa in I Made Suarsa's short novel Gedé Ombak Gedé Angin.The present study employs many theoretical frameworks, including the theories of identification, meaning, short stories, Balinese paribasa, and sorts of Balinese people. Using interviews and literature study techniques, this study is qualitative in nature. The study's findings indicate that: (1) There are two varieties of Balinese paribasa in the short narrative "Lahru Kangkang Tinibanin Udan Sawengi." (2) Three different kinds of Balinese paribasa are mentioned in the short novel "Gedé Ombak Gedé Angin" The short novella "Mati Maha Prawiréng Rana" features three distinct varieties of Balinese paribasa. The short novella "Stri Ngarania, Apuy Padania" features two distinct varieties of Balinese paribasa.included five interpretations of the Balinese paribasa in I Made Suarsa's short story Gedé Ombak Gedé Angin