Critical View Research Articles

Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism, Postcolonialism and Hybridity in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and August Wilson’s Radio Golf

This paper is a thematic study dealing with a postcolonial critical view of Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun (1959) and August Wilson’s Radio Golf (2005). In A Raisin in the Sun, Beneatha views Western cultures as superior and she ultimately opts for Afrocentrism. The spirit of Beneatha will be analysed with a focus on Frantz Fanon’s arguments against ‘négritude’ and Eurocentrism. Hansberry, through the voice of Mama Lena, calls for a union between the African and the American selves, as well as between the Western and the non-Western cultures. The issue of the oscillation between Eurocentrism and Africanness is shared by August Wilson in his last contemporary play where he exposes different facets and layers of identity. Contemporary black citizens have achieved their American dreams of collecting lucre, but they are still grappling between keeping faithful to their African heritage and cultural repertoire or adopting the Western way of life and distance themselves from their roots. This dilemma is best exemplified through Harmond and his wife Mame Wilks. Unlike Wilks, who imitates the prestigious way of life and looks for appearances and social status, Harmond crosses the boundaries of Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism and he tries to find a space for intercultural communication between the Western and the African cultures. The discussion part will relate the two plays to the recent events surrounding Floyd’s murder during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The aim is to examine the critical situation of blacks during crisis and to demonstrate that they are disproportionally targeted. The rationale for choosing a modern African-American text that explores contemporary Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism, assimilation, nativism, and decolonization is to show that race is a universal issue. The goal is to suggest hybridity as the best alternative for establishing a more humanitarian society where different races can be interwoven.

'Ancestral future': On consumption, ethics and the Anthropocene

Along with a growing debate around the emergence of a new time on Earth, called the Anthropocene, a critical perspective has emerged in the field of Human and Social Sciences that questions the terms of this nomination, including its temporality, its view of humanity as species, its capitalist impetus and its colonialist position. In this essay, I seek to materialize this critical view by analysing how corporate discourse has promoted "ethical solutions" for the Anthropocene, particularly in the sphere of consumption. Taking The Fable of the Bees of Bernard Mandeville as a starting point, I show that in the context of capitalism, consumption is based on the logic of excess and the promise of unlimited satisfaction, which is opposed to what the time of catastrophes demands. In dialogue with a prolific interdisciplinary academic production on another way of understanding the Anthropocene, I argue that it is not possible to think about an ethical consumption in the Anthropocene. I propose a return to the ancestral future of Indigenous peoples as a means to envision another ethics, one in which the critique of consumption does not evolve into an implicit endorsement of it or its future.

A Critical AI View on Autonomous Vehicle Navigation: The Growing Danger

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a transformative advancement in transportation technology, promising to enhance travel efficiency, reduce traffic accidents, and revolutionize our road systems. Central to the operation of AVs is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), which enables these vehicles to navigate complex environments with minimal human intervention. This review critically examines the potential dangers associated with the increasing reliance on AI in AV navigation. It explores the current state of AI technologies, highlighting key techniques such as machine learning and neural networks, and identifies significant challenges including technical limitations, safety risks, and ethical and legal concerns. Real-world incidents, such as Uber’s fatal accident and Tesla’s crash, underscore the potential risks and the need for robust safety measures. Future threats, such as sophisticated cyber-attacks, are also considered. The review emphasizes the importance of improving AI systems, implementing comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and enhancing public awareness to mitigate these risks. By addressing these challenges, we can pave the way for the safe and reliable deployment of autonomous vehicles, ensuring their benefits can be fully realized.

Management of Bile Duct Injury Complicating Cholecystectomy: Experience of the General Surgery Department of Avicenne Military Hospital in Marrakesh

Bile duct injuries are the most feared complication of a commonly performed cholecystectomy, which is generally considered as a safe and benign intervention. Eighteen cases of bile duct injuries were collected through a retrospective study conducted between January 2019 and December 2023 in the general surgery department of the Military Hospital Avicenne in Marrakesh. The average age was 53 years old, sex ratio M/F was 0.38. Acute cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, obesity and anatomical variations were the main risk factors found in our patients. For 13 patients, the iatrogenic injury had occurred in our department. For the remaining 5 patients, they were referred from peripheral hospitals. Intraoperative diagnosis was made in five cases. In the postoperative period, 6 patients had bile leakage from the drain, 5 patients had abdominal pain, one patient presented incisional bile leakage and one patient had a jaundice. The repair consisted mostly on Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy which was performed in 9 cases. Cystic duct ligation was performed in five cases. Two patients underwent primary repair on common bile duct with T-tube insertion. Two cases were treated by endoscopically. The six months’ follow up was favorable for 66,7% of the cases. The prevention and the respect of surgical rules and recommendations (critical view of safety) during cholecystectomy are the best means to avoid these lesions.

Fenestrating vs reconstituting laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed procedures by general surgeons. Strategies for minimizing bile duct injuries including use of the critical view of safety method, as outlined by the SAGES Safe Cholecystectomy Program, are not always possible. Subtotal cholecystectomy has emerged as a safe "bail-out" maneuver to avoid iatrogenic bile duct injury in these difficult cases. Strasberg and colleagues defined two main types of subtotal cholecystectomies: reconstituting and fenestrating. As there is a paucity of studies comparing the two subtypes of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy (LSC), we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the reconstituting and fenestrating techniques for managing the difficult gallbladder. A search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted to identify prospective and retrospective studies comparing fenestrating and reconstituting LSC. The outcomes of interest were bile leak, reoperation, readmissions, completion cholecystectomy, postoperative ERCP, and retained CBD stones. We screened 2855 studies and included 13 studies with a total population of 985 patients. Among them, 330 patients (33.5%) underwent reconstituting LSC and 655 patients (55.5%) underwent fenestrating LSC. Twelve studies were retrospective, and one was prospective. Notably, reconstituting STC was associated with decreased incidence of bile leak (OR 0.29; CI 95% 0.16-0.55; p = 0.0002; I2 = 36%). We also noted increased rates of postoperative ERCP with fenestrating STC in sensitivity analysis (OR 0.32; CI 95% 0.16-0.64; p = 0.001; I2 = 31%). In addition, there was no difference between the two techniques regarding the rates of completion of cholecystectomy, reoperation, readmission, and retained CBD stones. Fenestrating LSC leads to a higher incidence of postoperative bile leakage. In addition, our sensitivity analysis revealed that the fenestrating technique is associated with a higher incidence of postoperative ERCP. Further randomized trials and studies with longer-term follow-up are still necessary to better understand these techniques in the difficult gallbladder cases.

Critical Views on Values Clarification in School – A Knowledge Overview

Critical Views on Values Clarification in School – A Knowledge Overview

ThP5.9 - Evaluation of cholecystectomy service in a general NHS hospital

Abstract Background Cholecystectomy is commonly performed for biliary pathologies, as elective, emergency, or at prioritised basis (Hot Gall bladder service). Aim Evaluating local performance of cholecystectomy, outcomes and areas for improvement. Results Over a 4-week period, 38 cholecystectomies were performed, all laparoscopically. Almost half had cholecystitis or cholangitis requiring at least 1 admission with 5 patients required more than 1 admission in 12 months prior to surgery. 50% of cholecystectomies were done in 6 months, while the longest waiting time was 13 months. 50% of procedures were done electively, whereas the rest in emergency and hot gall bladder lists. Indications included acute cholecystitis (13), biliary colic (11), chronic cholecystitis (6), biliary pancreatitis (4), GB polyps (3) and CBD stones (1). Only 2 had subtotal cholecystectomy, and Nassar operative difficulty was graded as one in 18, two in 15, three in 4 and four in 1 of the cases. Critical view of safety was obtained in 85% and biliary anatomy was unusual in 12 cases. Operative cholangiogram and CBD exploration were performed in 5 and 8 cases respectively. Complications included bile spillage (12/38), and bleeding (7/38). 30-day follow up showed 16 patients were discharged in 24 hours and only 3 readmitted. The incidence of complications was 37%, 11 cases had SSI and 3 had pulmonary complications). No bile leak or CBD injury. All specimens were sent for examination showing benign histology. Recommendation Emergency and hot cholecystectomy services not only cut down waiting lists but also reduce costs of reoccurring admissions, with no significant added complications. Selective gall bladder histological examination may reduce costs with no recognised risks.

An Ambivalent Turn: The Changing Image of the Talmud Among Twentieth-Century German-Jewish Intellectuals

Abstract This essay explores the attitudes of five prominent German-speaking intellectuals, active in the early twentieth century, to the Talmud: Martin Buber, Max Brod, Shmuel Hugo Bergmann, Franz Rosenzweig, and Gershom Scholem. All were central and influential figures in the turn to irrationalism that characterized this period whose discovery of Kabbalah and Hasidism is well documented. However, this essay explores their interest in the Talmud and how it was related to their take on the trend toward irrationalism. These five intellectuals renounced the critical view of the Talmud that was prevalent during the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), and were inspired by the pivotal role of the Talmud in pre-modern and present East-European Jewry. Nevertheless, their turn was ambivalent, as they kept some of the Enlightened images of the Talmud, and were influenced by Buber’s disdain of the Halachic part of Judaism.

WP6.14 - Automated analysis of operative video in surgical training: Scoping review

Abstract Aims There is an increasing availability of operative video for use in surgical training. Emerging technologies can now assess video footage and automatically generate metrics that could be harnessed to improve the assessment of operative performance. This scoping review explores the current application of automated video analytics in surgical training. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane database were searched to identify studies which applied automated video analytics to trainee-performed operations. Search terms included ‘trainee’, ‘video analytics’ and ‘education’. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data on the methods of analysis, metrics generated and application to training. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed. Results Thirteen studies were identified. Computer vision tracking was the most common method of video analysis. Metrics were generated for processes (e.g. movement of instruments) and outcomes (e.g. intraoperative phase duration). Two studies generated metrics to assess critical safety elements (e.g. critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy). Automated metrics were able to differentiate between different skill levels (e.g. consultant vs. trainee) and correlated with traditional methods of assessment. There was a lack of longitudinal application to training and only one qualitative study reported the experience of trainees using automated video analytics. Conclusion Automated video analytics is an emerging field which provides an objective assessment of operative performance. Gathering evidence to demonstrate the impact of long-term use on training outcomes is a priority for future research.

Automated analysis of operative video in surgical training: scoping review.

There is increasing availability of operative video for use in surgical training. Emerging technologies can now assess video footage and automatically generate metrics that could be harnessed to improve the assessment of operative performance. However, a comprehensive understanding of which technology features are most impactful in surgical training is lacking. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the current use of automated video analytics in surgical training. PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane database were searched, to 29 September 2023, following PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Search terms included 'trainee', 'video analytics', and 'education'. Articles were screened independently by two reviewers to identify studies that applied automated video analytics to trainee-performed operations. Data on the methods of analysis, metrics generated, and application to training were extracted. Of the 6736 articles screened, 13 studies were identified. Computer vision tracking was the common method of video analysis. Metrics were described for processes (for example movement of instruments), outcomes (for example intraoperative phase duration), and critical safety elements (for example critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy). Automated metrics were able to differentiate between skill levels (for example consultant versus trainee) and correlated with traditional methods of assessment. There was a lack of longitudinal application to training and only one qualitative study reported the experience of trainees using automated video analytics. The performance metrics generated from automated video analysis are varied and encompass several domains. Validation of analysis techniques and the metrics generated are a priority for future research, after which evidence demonstrating the impact on training can be established.

791. ONLY HALF OF THE PATIENTS TREATED ENDOSCOPICALLY FOR EARLY BARRETT RELATED NEOPLASIA IS DETECTED DURING BARRETT SURVEILLANCE

Abstract Background Barrett’s esophagus (BE) with early neoplasia is an indication for endoscopic treatment. Patients with non-dysplastic BE are typically enrolled in an endoscopic surveillance program to enable early detection, and treatment, of BE related neoplasia. In contrast, a subset of patients with early BE neoplasia is concurrently diagnosed with BE and early neoplasia. Our goal was to distinguish cases detected through endoscopic surveillance programs (i.e. initial detection of non-dysplastic BE with progression to neoplasia later in time (metachronous neoplasia)) from cases where BE and neoplasia were diagnosed simultaneously (synchronous neoplasia). Methods We obtained data from the Dutch Barrett Expert Center Registry, a comprehensive nationwide registry encompassing data from all BE patients who underwent endoscopic treatment in Barrett expert Centers in the Netherlands. To enhance data completeness, we supplemented the registry with pathology reports sourced from the national pathology registry (PALGA). Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients diagnosed with BE and neoplasia simultaneously (synchronous neoplasia). Enrollment in an endoscopic surveillance program was defined as the presence of at least one endoscopy with non-dysplastic BE ≥12 months prior to endoscopic treatment initiation. Results A total of 2,091 patients were identified from the registry with a mean age of 66 years (SD±10) and 81% of the cohort being male. Median BE length was C2M5 (IQR 0-6; 3-8) and treatment indication encompassed low-grade dysplasia (LGD; 23%), high-grade dysplasia (HGD; 25%), or cancer (52%). Overall, 1149/2,091 patients (55%) underwent an endoscopy that revealed a new diagnosis of BE with synchronous neoplasia. Conversely, the remaining 942/2,091 patients (45%) were enrolled in endoscopic surveillance programs at the moment neoplasia was diagnosed, with a median duration of endoscopic surveillance prior to neoplasia detection of 8 years (IQR 4-13). The proportion of patients with new BE and synchronous neoplasia increased along with more severe histology at the moment of neoplasia detection. Specifically, the proportion of patients with synchronous neoplasia was 42% (198/475) for a treatment indication of LGD, 50% (260/520) for HGD and 63% (690/1096) for cancer (P <0.01). There was no significant difference observed concerning varying lengths of BE. Conclusions Remarkably, less than half of the patients with early Barrett’s neoplasia and neoplasia, receive a neoplasia diagnosis following enrollment in endoscopic surveillance programs, while the remaining patients present with de novo diagnosis of BE containing synchronous neoplasia. Notably, for patients with more severe histologic changes at the moment of neoplasia detection, the proportion of de novo BE with synchronous neoplasia is even higher. These findings support further critical view regarding the benefits of BE surveillance.

Surgical Intelligence Can Lead to Higher Adoption of Best Practices in Minimally Invasive Surgery.

To examine the use of surgical intelligence for automatically monitoring critical view of safety (CVS) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in a real-world quality initiative. Surgical intelligence encompasses routine, artificial intelligence-based capture and analysis of surgical video, and connection of derived data with patient and outcomes data. These capabilities are applied to continuously assess and improve surgical quality and efficiency in real-world settings. Laparoscopic cholecystectomies conducted at 2 general surgery departments between December 2022 and August 2023 were routinely captured by a surgical intelligence platform, which identified and continuously presented CVS adoption, surgery duration, complexity, and negative events. In March 2023, the departments launched a quality initiative aiming for 75% CVS adoption. Two hundred seventy-nine procedures were performed during the study. Adoption increased from 39.2% in the 3 preintervention months to 69.2% in the final 3 months ( P < 0.001). Monthly adoption rose from 33.3% to 75.7%. Visualization of the cystic duct and artery accounted for most of the improvement; the other 2 components had high adoption throughout. Procedures with full CVS were shorter ( P = 0.007) and had fewer events ( P = 0.011) than those without. OR time decreased following intervention ( P = 0.033). Surgical intelligence facilitated a steady increase in CVS adoption, reaching the goal within 6 months. Low initial adoption stemmed from a single CVS component, and increased adoption was associated with improved OR efficiency. Real-world use of surgical intelligence can uncover new insights, modify surgeon behavior, and support best practices to improve surgical quality and efficiency.

Critical view of safety in elderly versus non-elderly patients with acute cholecystitis: prospective observational study

Critical view of safety in elderly versus non-elderly patients with acute cholecystitis: prospective observational study

“Troublesome Performers, Beautiful Fighters”: Bringing to Life the Kolonial-Ausstellung of 1896 at the Museum and Beyond

In 2017 the exhibition ZurückGESCHAUT, produced by the district Museum Treptow in Berlin, made history when it partnered with antiracist organizations to tell the story of participants in a Völkerschau that had taken place in 1896. It was the first time that a German museum incorporated a critical view of German colonialism in its permanent exhibition and interwove local and global history. The exhibition inspired an artistic audio project, ZurückERZÄHLT (2019), and was subsequently revised (2021). The three projects grappled very differently with challenging source material, a set of anthropological photographs of participants. The article analyses the choices made by museum curators, activists, and artists who cooperated in these innovative, interlocking memory projects. It argues that the cooperation helped the museum relate the hard truths of colonial violence without reproducing that violence in the exhibition space.

Reproducing vortex-induced vibrations of rooftop twin-mast by multi-scale coupled simulation of urban wind fields

The Shenzhen Electronics Group (SEG) Plaza in Shenzhen, China, experienced visible vibrations attributed to significant vortex-induced vibrations of the large spacing twin-mast atop the building. The vibration event occurred under complex urban wind environments. In order to reproduce wind fields around SEG Plaza, a multiscale simulation was carried out by integrating the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The aerodynamic characteristics and wake modes of twin-mast are investigated by a downscale CFD simulation in detail. Finally, vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of twin-mast was analyzed considering fluid-structure interaction. This work reveals that wind conditions during the SEG Plaza vibration incident were appropriate for the VIV occurrence of twin-mast, and the results of VIV simulation agree well with the field monitoring results by computer vision identification. This study effectively reproduces the full pictures of VIVs of the rooftop twin-mast during this rare event, offering a critical view for the analysis of this event.

Neoliberal urban segregation and property tax: A critical view of Santiago, Chile

Urban property taxes are primordial land value capture mechanisms that can potentially redistribute public income to underprivileged areas in a city. However, in Santiago, Chile, a city with considerable socio-spatial segregation correlated with significant disparities in municipal budgets, social welfare, and intergenerational reproduction of wealth, the property tax system is weak to address this issue effectively. This study analyses the potential redistributive capacity of property taxes in Greater Santiago, comparing the evolution of real estate surplus values with municipal budgets. These results show that a 2% increase in property taxes would suffice to equalize per capita municipal budgets, essential to redistribute social welfare. In Chiles’s neoliberal planning framework, we argue that weak property taxes are critical for the intergenerational reproduction of wealth and poverty in different municipalities. Property as capital is efficient for capturing unearned value in the long term and obtaining rental income, two mechanisms of inequality reproduction, as property accumulation is only feasible if it is not progressively taxed. In sum, this analysis of property taxes in Santiago contributes to the theoretical understanding of passive mechanisms of inequality reproduction in a neoliberal system and empirical support for a progressive increase of property taxes.

Prediction of intraoperative surgical difficulty during laparoscopic cholecystectomy using drip infusion cholangiography with computed tomography.

Although findings from drip infusion cholangiography with computed tomography (DIC-CT) are useful in preoperative anatomic evaluation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), their relationship with intraoperative surgical difficulty based on the difficulty score (DS) proposed by Tokyo Guidelines 2018 is unclear. We examined this relationship. Data were collected from 202 patients who underwent LC for benign gallbladder (GB) disease with preoperative DIC-CT in our department. DIC-CT findings were classified into GB-positive and GB-negative groups based on GB opacification, and clinical characteristics were compared. DS assessed only on findings from around Calot's triangle was considered "cDS", and patients were divided into cDS ≤2 and ≥3 groups. Preoperative data including DIC-CT findings were evaluated using multivariate analysis. DIC-CT findings showed 151 (74.8%) GB-positive and 51 (25.2%) GB-negative patients. Surgical outcomes were significantly better in the GB-positive versus GB-negative group for operation time (107 vs. 154 min, p < .001), blood loss (8 vs. 25 mL, p < .001), cDS (0.8 vs. 2.2, p < .001), and critical view of safety score (4.0 vs. 3.1, p < .001). cDS was ≤2 in 174 (86.1%) and ≥3 in 28 (13.9%) patients. By multivariate analysis, DIC-CT findings and alkaline phosphatase values were independent factors predicting intraoperative difficulty. DIC-CT findings are useful for predicting cDS in LC.

Intelligent systems and consumer neuroscience in the age of computational advertising

Abstract The main goal of this article is to provide an overview of the use and characteristics of intelligent systems and neuroscience tools applicable in the field of contemporary advertising. The newly emerging field of computational advertising is undergoing dynamic development, and this concept is now placed in the context of advanced intelligent systems, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality. According to the specified parameters, a systematic literature search of scientific publications was carried out and subsequently evaluated. The research questions are focused on the identification of intelligent systems and current consumer neuroscience tools finding application in the current trend of computational advertising. It follows from the processed systematic literature review that there are currently a number of intelligent systems and also a number of tools in the field of consumer neuroscience that can find application within the broader concept of computational advertising. These more or less intelligent systems and neuroscientific tools are already affecting all phases of the advertising life cycle. At the same time, a number of ethical issues associated with the use of both these technologies and tools have been found, which still need to be explored. The article attempts to fill the gap in the lack of literature dealing with this issue. Last but not least, the article contains a critical view of these new technological possibilities and also describes a number of new ethical challenges arising in this area.

A critical view: Examining disparities regarding timely cholecystectomy

BackgroundImplicit bias may prevent patients with abdominal pain from receiving optimal workup and treatment. We hypothesized that patients from socially disadvantaged backgrounds would be more likely to experience delays in receiving operative treatment for cholecystitis. To study this question, we examined factors related to having a prior emergency department presentation for abdominal pain (prior emergency department visit) within 3 months of urgent cholecystectomy. MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who received an urgent cholecystectomy at an urban safety net public hospital between July 2019 and December 2022. The main outcome of interest was prior emergency department visit within 3 months of index cholecystectomy. We examined patient age, sex, race, ethnicity, preferred language, insurance, and employment status. Bivariate comparisons and logistic regression were used to determine the relationship between patient factors and prior emergency department visit. ResultsOf 508 cholecystectomy patients, 138 (27.2%) had a prior emergency department visit in the 3 months preceding their surgery. In bivariate analysis, younger age, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, non-English preferred language, and type of insurance (P < .05) were associated with prior emergency department visit. In regression, younger age, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and having Medicare or being uninsured were associated with higher odds of having a prior emergency department visit. ConclusionMore than 1 in 4 patients had an evaluation for abdominal pain within 3 months of having an urgent cholecystectomy, and these patients were more likely to be from socially disadvantaged backgrounds. Standardized evaluation pathways for abdominal pain are needed to reduce disparities from institutional or implicit bias.

The notion and practice of psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period. Part 2.

The paper further explores the development of psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period. Jaroszyński attempted to sketch out the idea of "emotional psychotherapy". Stryjeński organized a counseling clinic for the mentally ill, using psychotherapy as one of the means of treatment. Bilikiewicz developed oneiroanalysis - a psychotherapeutic method of dream analysis based on modifications of psychoanalysis. Gottliebowa advocated for the use of psychoanalytically influenced psychotherapy in the gynaecologist practice. Markuszewicz considered psychoanalysis the only psychotherapeutic modality aimed at unearthing the real causes of mental illnesses. Henryk Higier proposed to consider psychoanalysis practically as a method of psychotherapy and saw its heterogeneity as its advantage. Critical views on psychoanalysis as a psychotherapeutic method were delivered by Wirszubski and Mikulski. In general, psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period was highly influenced by psychoanalysis. Moreover, the understanding and practice of psychotherapy in public psychiatric facilities differed from that in private practice. In public psychiatric facilities, it was used mainly to deal with psychoses, so it urged clinicians to modify the classic psychoanalytic approach. In private practice, psychiatrists were dealing mainly with cases of neuroses and therefore could apply standard psychoanalytic procedures. Methods of suggestion, persuasion and hypnosis, characteristic of nineteenth-century psychotherapy, were still in use in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period. The main obstacles to the development of Polish psychotherapy in the interwar period were antisemitic attitudes contributing to hostility towards psychoanalysis, as well as the biological orientation of the majority of the Polish psychiatric society.