Critical Strain Values Research Articles

Simultaneous Measurement of Fiber-Matrix Interface Debonding and Tunneling Using a Dual-Vision Experimental Setup

BackgroundFiber-matrix debonding is a precursor for transverse cracking and several other types of damage in fiber composites. However, to date, there are limited experiment-based reports that study the fundamental mechanisms of fiber-matrix debonding.ObjectiveThis work aims to uncover the governing mechanisms of fiber-matrix interface debonding by full-field measurements supplemented by numerical simulations. In particular, the application of a dual-vision image-based characterization approach on single glass macro fiber samples is discussed and proven useful in understanding the in-plane and out-of-plane debonding characteristics at the fiber-matrix interface.MethodsFull-field strain and displacement measurements based on digital image correlation are performed on model single-fiber composites. The use of a dual-vision system allows strain measurements in the vicinity of the fiber-matrix interface, also allowing for the identification of critical strain and stress values corresponding to the initiation and propagation of debonding damage. The experimental data are used to calibrate an inverse identification approach that outputs the shape of the debonded interface along the fiber length.ResultsFull-field measurements allow for establishing correlations between local and global strain fields. Observation of debonding propagation along the fiber axis seems to be representative of the crack tunneling during the early stages of the failure process, i.e., when the crack tip is subjected to opening mode only.ConclusionsSide view measurements are useful as a first-order approximation of the debonding propagation velocity along the fiber axis but fail to provide accurate measurements for the debonding shape, esp. in areas where the crack is under a dominantly shear stress state. This issue can be resolved by full-field measurements coupled with computational simulations.

Quantitative calculation of rock strain concentration and corresponding damage evolution analysis

Understanding the critical strain and damage evolution process of sandstone can help engineers more accurately predict the failure modes and critical states of sandstone in actual engineering structures. Therefore, this article quantitatively analyzes the strain field data obtained through digital image correlation (DIC), and for the first time establishes a strain concentration calculation model (SCCM) to analyze the critical strain, compaction, and damage evolution process of sandstone under uniaxial compression conditions. The experimental results show that both elastic and plastic strain zones exist on the specimen surface. The proportion curve of strain concentration calculated by SCCM indicates that the strain field ε1 generally undergoes two stages: the elastic strain fluctuation stage and the plastic strain development stage. In contrast, the strain field ε2 exhibits roughly three stages: a rapid change phase, a slow change phase, and a stability phase. Microscopic strain analysis reveals an overlap between the compaction and damage processes of the specimen, and the critical strain value εmd for micro-damage in the specimen is significantly smaller than values obtained by traditional discrimination methods. Specifically, when the defect width of the specimen is 15 mm and 40 mm, the mean εmd vaules are approximately 0.006016 and 0.00539, respectively. In contrast, the mean critical strain values determined by traditional discrimination methods are 0.0180 and 0.0178, respectively. The above research results provide a new method for analyzing the strain field data of geotechnical materials, serving the optimization of engineering structure design.

Modeling local deformation, damage distribution, and phase transformation in zirconia particle-reinforced TRIP steel composites

This study investigates tensile deformation, damage analysis, and the effect of microtexture on a 10 % vol. zirconia particle-reinforced TRIP steel composite. In situ tensile tests and simulations were conducted, with sequential SEM images captured during tensile loading tests and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) providing initial crystal orientation data. SEM images were utilized in digital image correlation (DIC) analysis to calculate the local plastic strain distribution using VEDDAC software. Initial micrographs and EBSD data were transformed into geometry files for simulations, employing crystal plasticity with a dislocation density-based model and a newly proposed phase field approach-based ductile-brittle damage criterion for both austenite and ceramic particles. MATLAB's image processing functions were used to compare and validate experimentally observed damage instances with simulation predictions. The effect of microtexture combined with various physical quantities was explored using MTEX. The results show that the simulations accurately predict strain concentration around ceramic particles, with a higher strain observed in the middle region compared to the DIC observations. The simulated strain in the austenitic matrix is found to be 1.4 times higher than the DIC measurements. Quantitative analysis of damage pixels reveals that the proposed critical plastic strain value aligns closely with experimental results, showing an error of - 0.25 % compared to 1.121 % for a smaller strain case. This comprehensive analysis provides insight into the effect of microstructural attributes on material performance and behavior under tensile deformation, leading to a validated microstructural-informed damage-inclusive crystal plasticity model.

Experimental Characterization and Phase-Field Damage Modeling of Ductile Fracture in AISI 316L

(1) Modeling and characterization of ductile fracture in metals is still a challenging task in the field of computational mechanics. Experimental testing offers specific responses in the form of crack-mouth (CMOD) and crack-tip (CTOD) opening displacement related to applied force or crack growth. The main aim of this paper is to develop a phase-field-based Finite Element Method (FEM) implementation for modeling of ductile fracture in stainless steel. (2) A Phase-Field Damage Model (PFDM) was coupled with von Mises plasticity and a work-densities-based criterion was employed, with a threshold to propose a new relationship between critical fracture energy and critical total strain value. In addition, the threshold value of potential internal energy—which controls damage evolution—is defined from the critical fracture energy. (3) The material properties of AISI 316L steel are determined by a uniaxial tensile test and the Compact Tension (CT) specimen crack growth test. The PFDM model is validated against the experimental results obtained in the fracture toughness characterization test, with the simulation results being within 8% of the experimental measurements. (4) The novel implementation offers the possibility for better control of the ductile behavior of metallic materials and damage initiation, evolution, and propagation.

Mechanical stability of homogeneous holographic solids under finite shear strain

We study the linear stability of holographic homogeneous solids (HHS) at finite temperature and in presence of a background shear strain by means of a large scale quasi-normal mode analysis which extends beyond the hydrodynamic limit. We find that mechanical instability can arise either as a result of a complex speed of sound — gradient instability — or of a negative diffusion constant. Surprisingly, the simplest HHS models are linearly stable for arbitrarily large values of the background strain. For more complex HHS, the onset of the diffusive instability always precedes that of the gradient instability, which becomes the dominant destabilizing process only above a critical value of the background shear strain. Finally, we observe that the critical strains for the two instabilities approach each other at low temperatures. We conclude by presenting a phase diagram for HHS as a function of temperature and background shear strain which shows interesting similarities with the physics of superfluids in presence of background superfluid velocity.

When discrete fronts and pulses form a single family: FPU chain with hardening-softening springs

We consider a version of the classical Hamiltonian FPU (Fermi–Pasta–Ulam) problem with nonlinear force-strain relation in which a hardening response is taken over by a softening regime above a critical strain value. We show that in addition to pulses (solitary waves) this discrete system also supports non-topological and dissipation-free fronts (kinks). Moreover, we demonstrate that these two types of supersonic traveling wave solutions belong to the same family. Within this family, solitary waves exist for continuous ranges of velocity that extend up to a limiting speed corresponding to kinks. As the kink velocity limit is approached from above or below, the solitary waves become progressively more broad and acquire the structure of a kink–antikink bundle. Direct numerical simulations and Floquet analysis of linear stability suggest that all of the obtained solutions are effectively stable. To motivate and support our study of the discrete problem we also analyze a quasicontinuum approximation with temporal dispersion. We show that this model captures the main effects observed in the discrete problem both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Effect of Strain Rate, Temperature, Vacancy, and Microcracks on Mechanical Properties of 8-16-4 Graphyne.

The 8-16-4 graphyne, a recently identified two-dimensional carbon allotrope, exhibits distinctive mechanical and electrical properties, making it a candidate material for flexible electronic applications. This study endeavors to enhance our comprehension of the fracture behavior and mechanical properties of 8-16-4 graphyne. The mechanical properties of 8-16-4 graphyne were evaluated through molecular dynamics simulations, examining the impact of boundary conditions, temperature, and strain rate, as well as the coupled interactions between temperature, vacancy defects, and microcracks. The findings reveal that 8-16-4 graphyne undergoes fracture via the cleavage of ethylene bonds at a critical strain value of approximately 0.29. Variations in boundary conditions and strain rate influence the fidelity of tensile simulation outcomes. Temperature, vacancy concentration, and the presence of microcracks markedly affect the mechanical properties of 8-16-4 graphyne. In contrast to other carbon allotropes, 8-16-4 graphyne exhibits a diminished sensitivity to vacancy defects in its mechanical performance. However, carbon vacancies at particular sites are more prone to initiating cracks. Furthermore, pre-existing microcracks within the material can potentially alter the fracture mode.

Simplified methodology for fatigue analysis of reinforced asphalt systems

Fatigue analysis has an important role in evaluating the durability and performance of asphalt pavements, especially when novel or alternative materials are used. Numerous laboratory studies have investigated fatigue performance with the aim of estimating field behavior as accurately as feasible. Therefore, there are currently many different test methods and data analysis approaches that can be used. One of the most common laboratory test methods is the four-point bending beam (4PBB) test, which results are usually analyzed using the so-called traditional (where 50% reduction in initial stiffness is considered as failure criterion) or the energy ratio (ER) approach. However, outcomes from previous studies have shown that these approaches may not be appropriate and reliable if geogrids are used as a reinforcement. As a possible solution, this study proposes a new simplified flex point (SFP) approach that considers the flex point of the strain amplitude curve, measured during 4PBB fatigue tests, to calculate the number of cycles to failure. These three approaches were applied to four double-layered asphalt sets: one unreinforced and three reinforced with geogrids of different strength (50 x 50, 100 x 100 and 100 x 200 kN/m). The impact of reinforcement on the fatigue life was evaluated by comparing the critical strain values (ε6) of reinforced and unreinforced sets through the fatigue resistance improvement factor. The research findings showed that the use of geogrids improves fatigue life when the SFP and ER approaches are applied and that the traditional approach might not always be appropriate for assessing the fatigue resistance of reinforced asphalt mixtures.

A numerical study of dehydration induced fracture toughness degradation in human cortical bone

A 2D plane strain extended finite element method (XFEM) model was developed to simulate three-point bending fracture toughness tests for human bone conducted in hydrated and dehydrated conditions. Bone microstructures and crack paths observed by micro-CT imaging were simulated using an XFEM damage model. Critical damage strains for the osteons, matrix, and cement lines were deduced for both hydrated and dehydrated conditions and it was found that dehydration decreases the critical damage strains by about 50%. Subsequent parametric studies using the various microstructural models were performed to understand the impact of individual critical damage strain variations on the fracture behavior. The study revealed the significant impact of the cement line critical damage strains on the crack paths and fracture toughness during the early stages of crack growth. Furthermore, a significant sensitivity of crack growth resistance and crack paths on critical strain values of the cement lines was found to exist for the hydrated environments where a small change in critical strain values of the cement lines can alter the crack path to give a significant reduction in fracture resistance. In contrast, in the dehydrated state where toughness is low, the sensitivity to changes in critical strain values of the cement lines is low. Overall, our XFEM model was able to provide new insights into how dehydration affects the micromechanisms of fracture in bone and this approach could be further extended to study the effects of aging, disease, and medical therapies on bone fracture.

Effect of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Morphology, crystallinity and internal Exfoliation properties of Polypropylene melt and solid phases

ABSTRACT Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most important polymers widely used in different industries due to its many superior properties. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is generally used in the electronic packaging industry and insulator material production due to its high thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity. However, the lubrication properties have not yet been examined in the polymer matrix. The main purpose of this study is to examine the lubricating properties of hBN in the PP matrix and to expand its application areas. In this research, hBN/PP composites have been produced and characterized by scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX) and the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively. The linear viscoelastic behaviors (LVBs) and rheological properties of the hBN/PP composites have been investigated at 190°C by hybrid rheometer which had high temperature plate-plate geometry system; furthermore, the SEM has been used for searching hBN particles deformation, which was mechanical deformation and distribution into the PP. The oscillation sweeps tests have shown that the critical strain values and the gelation point of composites decreased with the increasing of the hBN content into the composites. Over the 10%, hBN addition into the PP elevated internal lubrication by the exfoliation of hBN plaques. The Williamson model and the discrete retardation spectrum (DRS) equation has been applied on the hBN loaded PP composites and the PP.

Low fouling electrochemical sensing interfaces based on Bovine serum albumin hydrogel for the detection of protein biomarkers in human serum

The development of electrochemical biosensor capable of detecting specific biomarkers in real complex biological samples remains a challenge significantly relevant to a range of disease diagnostic applications. Herein an antifouling electrochemical biosensor suitable for biomarker detection in human serum was constructed based on protein hydrogels. A typical protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to form a hydrogel, which was freeze-dried and re-swollen to exhibit excellent antifouling capability. The rheological testing revealed that the prepared BSA hydrogel possessed good elasticity with a critical strain value of about 600 %, which is important for the construction of stable hydrogel-based biosensors. Following the immobilization of CA125 antibodies onto the BSA hydrogel modified electrode, an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of CA125 was constructed, with a linear range of 0.1 ∼ 1000 U mL−1 and a limit of detection of 0.026 U mL−1. Owing to the unique properties of the BSA hydrogel, the biosensor exhibited good stability and excellent antifouling performances, and it was able to detect CA125 in human serum with acceptable accuracy. The strategy of constructing low fouling biosensors based on hydrogels prepared from BSA with biocompatibility and widespread availability represented a very promising advance along the road to develop biosensing devices with robust operation in complex biological fluids.

Experimental investigation on mode I fracture characteristics of Longmaxi formation shale after cyclic thermal shock and high-temperature acid etching treatments

Fracture toughness is a key parameter for shale hydraulic fracturing design, which directly affects the fracture initiation pressure. In this paper, the influence of cyclic thermal shock and high-temperature acid etching on the Mode I fracture of Longmaxi Formation shale was investigated. The crack propagation was obtained by using acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. Meanwhile, the fracture surface morphology and microstructure of the specimens were analyzed using white light interferometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results demonstrate that cyclic thermal shock severely degrades the nominal strength and fracture toughness of shale. The average fracture toughness is found to be only 0.67 MPa·m0.5, which accounts for a reduction of 25.9 %. AE analysis reveals that microfracture is the dominant mechanism, with the highest amplitude of AE source only 78 dB. The critical strain value of the fracture propagation zone (FPZ) is determined to be 1.35 ‰, and SEM images indicate that along-crystal fracture is the primary fracture mechanism. On the other hand, the shale specimen subjected to high-temperature acid-etching treatment exhibits an average fracture toughness of 0.86 MPa·m0.5, with the AE source amplitude reaching 86 dB. The critical strain value of the FPZ was measured to be 2.38 ‰. The fracture surface appears smooth and is mainly characterized by perforated-crystal rupture. The findings of this study not only enhance our understanding of shale mode I fracture toughness but also provide valuable insights for optimizing process parameters to reduce initiation pressure in deep shale formations.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) and açaí (Euterpe oleracea) extracts as active compounds of starch/gelatin-based solutions: Rheological characterization

This study aimed at an unprecedented rheological investigation of starch (S)/gelatin (G)-based solutions (SG) as possible candidates for food packaging films. Phenolic extracts from acerola (M. emarginata) fruit (AFE) and açaí (E.oleracea) seed flour (ASFE) were incorporated as active compounds in two different concentrations (2 and 4 mg extract g-1 solution). All the solutions were more elastic than viscous (G’ > G”) and the extracts incorporation decreased their elastic character, leading to higher tanδ (G”/G’) values (from 0.157 ± 0.006 in SG to 0.338 ± 0.036 in SASFE4G). The extracts improved the viscoelastic stability of the solutions, with critical strain values about 100% greater than SG. Moreover, G’ and G” moduli were more susceptible to cross (flow point) both as a function of frequency and temperature in the ASFE-containing solutions. The viscosity of the solutions was more influenced by the type of the extracts than by their concentration, ranging from 73.85 ± 9.22 Pa s (SASFE2G) to 116.50 ± 7.63 Pa s (SAFE4G). SASFE4G was the least sensitive solution to temperature changes, with the lowest activation energy (20.63 kJ mol-1). All the solutions presented non-thixotropic behavior, and the ASFE-containing solutions supported higher % of strain but recovered the least after deformation. Therefore, the results of the complete rheological assessment of starch/gelatin-based solutions containing phenolics from acerola fruit and açaí seed flour are a previous and unprecedent characterization of these materials and can be related to the application of the films formed by them in subsequent food packaging studies.

Failure simulation of nuclear pressure vessel under severe accident conditions: Part II – Failure modeling and comparison with OLHF experiment

This paper proposes strain-based failure model of A533B1 pressure vessel steel to simulate failure, followed by application to OECD lower head failure (OLHF) test simulation for experimental validation. The proposed strain-based failure model uses simple constant and linear functions based on physical failure modes with the critical strain value determined either using the lower bound of true fracture strain or using the average value of total elongation depending on the temperature. Application to OECD Lower Head Failure (OLHF) tests shows that progressive deformation, failure time and failure location can be well predicted.

Promising anisotropic mechanical, electronic, and charge transport properties of 2D InN alloys for photocatalytic water splitting

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with unique physical properties lead to new possibilities in future nanomaterial-based devices. Among them, 2D structures suitable to be the solar-driven catalyst for water-splitting reactions have become excessively important since the demand for clean energy sources has increased. Apart from the conventional crystals with well-known symmetries, recent studies showed that materials with exotic decorations could possess superior features in these kinds of applications. In this respect, we report novel 2D tetrahexagonal (th-) InN crystal and its ordered alloys In0.33X0.67N (X=Al, Ga) that can be utilized as effective catalysts for water splitting reactions. Proposed structures possess robust energetic, dynamical, thermal, and mechanical stability with a versatile mechanical response. After a critical tensile strain value, all monolayers exhibit strain-induced negative Poisson’s ratio in a particular crystal direction, making them half-auxetic materials. The examined materials are indirect semiconductors with desired band gaps and band edge positions for water-splitting applications. Due to their structural anisotropy, they have direction-dependent mobility that can keep the photogenerated charge carriers separated by reducing their recombination probability, which boosts the photocatalytic process. High absorption capacity in the wide spectral range underlines their potential performance. The versatile mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of 2D th-InN and its alloys, together with their remarkable structural stability, indicate that they can appropriately be exploited in the future for water splitting applications.

Estimation of peak stress of AM30 magnesium alloy during hot plane strain compression

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the hot deformation flow behaviour of magnesium alloy AM30. The true stress–strain curve's experimental results are used to plot the hardening curve. The critical strain value and maximum softening strain value are calculated using the hardening curve. The estimation of peak stress is done by employing the constitutive Arrhenius hyperbolic equation. Material constants are determined using exponential and power equations.The estimated peak stress compared with the experimental peak stress and good agreement between both the stress value is found.

Effects of root systems on crack formation: experiments, modeling, and analyses

Plant roots can increase soil shearing resistance directly by mechanical reinforcing. The 2D crack pattern of the surface soil near the plant were observed experimentally, and it was found that the soil cracking near the plant roots was inhibited, which may be due to the influence of the plant roots. This paper focuses on the mechanical reinforcement of soil by plant roots and investigates the development rule and formation mechanism of desiccation cracking under the influence of plant roots. A numerical model describing the process of desiccation cracking of soils in the presence of root systems, which is based on a lattice of Hooke springs model, was combined with a non-stationary random field characterized by a trend term and a random fluctuation term. The root density distribution function was introduced to describe the root distribution, and an exponential function of critical strain and root density was constructed to obtain the trend of critical strain distribution of the root systems (the root systems of a single plant). The random fluctuation term was generated by the conditional simulation technique. Minkowski densities (i.e., area density, length density and Euler number density) were adopted to quantify the crack patterns. Parameters of the model were calibrated and verified by the field experimental results, and its precision was evaluated. The effect of most input parameters (include the new parameters maximum critical strain value hc and the lateral distribution radius of RDDF rm) on the model output was analyzed. The results show that in the validation process the coefficients of determination R2 for the Minkowski densities is between 0.749 and 0.948. Root mean square error is between 0.000 2–0.120 9. BIAS is between 0.049 5–0.139 0, and the consistency index is between 0.908 and 0.987. The model is effective in predicting the formation and development of cracks in farmland soils under the influence of the root systems. The model produces the dynamic development of the desiccation cracking network of farmland soils under the influence of the root systems. The simulation results provide ample indication of the reinforcing effect of the root systems on the soil and the limiting effect of the root systems on desiccation cracking.

Rheological and Sensorial Characteristics of the Reformed Ras Cheese Made Using Cheese Trims and Different Starches

The objective was to study the technological suitability of using the Ras cheese trims and starch as casein stabilizer in making novel reformed Ras cheese (RRC) product and to evaluate the effect of two levels of corn, potato, and rice starches whether at the native form or pregelatinized, on the rheological and sensorial properties of that reformed Ras cheese which was supposed to be very close to conventional Ras cheese. Cheese trims were shredded, and table salt was added and kept at 25°C for 24 h. Starch was added in the form of whipped transparent paste, then the mixture was cooked without emulsifying salts to 75°C for 5 minutes at 120 rpm, the cooking temperature was then lowered until reaching 55°C at the same stirring speed, and then, the mixing speed was raised to 1400 rpm for another 1 minute. The molten cheese mass was poured into custom-made moulds. The height from which the cheese was poured into moulds was adapted to be 50 cm from the bottom of the mould. The samples were allowed to set at 5°C for 24 hours. The obtained results indicated that increasing the starch level significantly decreased the values of dry matter, protein, lactose, titratable acidity, water activity (aw), consistency coefficient ( K ), flow behavior index ( n ), Tan δ, hardness, springiness, melt distance, and shredding efficiency and increased the values of ash, pH, critical strain, adhesiveness, and sliceability. The starch source had no significant effect on critical strain, K , Tan δ, and sliceability. The rice starch RRCs were distinguished with the highest significant values of aw, n , cohesiveness, springiness, flavour, and total sensorial scores. The potato starch RRCs had the lowest hardness, fracturability, shreddability, and total sensorial score, as well as the highest melt distance, free oil, and adhesiveness. The corn starch RRCs were characterized with the lowest aw, n , springiness, body, and texture scores, as well as the highest hardness, fracturability, and shreddability. The pregelatinized starch RRCs were associated with increased aw, critical strain, n , Tan δ, fracturability, springiness, melt distance, shredding efficiency, sliceability, and all sensorial characteristics except appearance. The native starch RRCs were characterized with the highest pH, hardness, adhesiveness, free oil, and appearance score values.

A high-accuracy dynamic constitutive relation of die-cast Alâ¿¿Si aluminium alloy

Die-cast Al–Si aluminium alloys are increasingly used in the lightweight design of automobiles; their mechanical properties under dynamic loading are crucial and thus must be investigated. The original Johnson–Cook (J–C) constitutive model does not accurately predict the mechanical properties of this alloy, which further affects the reliability of subsequent analysis and calculations. To improve the predictive accuracy of the constitutive model and investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of this alloy, high-speed tensile tests of die-casting aluminium alloy Al–10Si–yCu–xMn–zFe are conducted. The tests are executed at room temperature using a universal electrical testing machine and a high-velocity testing system in a wide strain rate range of 1–800 s−1. The tensile deformation behaviour of this alloy at various strain rates is investigated. The experiments show that the flow stress of the alloy gradually increases with strain and varies significantly with the strain rate. The J–C model is unsuitable for predicting the flow stress of this alloy owing to its unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit. To accurately predict the flow stress of die-cast Al–Si aluminium alloys, we propose a new model based on experiments. Unlike other models, the proposed model incorporates the critical strain and flow stress limit value, which allows the flow stress to be predicted more precisely at various strain rates over a wide strain range of 0–0.17. The experimental data of other die-cast Al–Si alloys validate our model. The goodness-of-fit of the proposed model for this alloy is higher than that of the J–C model, which demonstrates that our model outperforms existing models in terms of estimation accuracy.

Practical approach for determining material parameters when predicting grain size after static recrystallization

The static recrystallization (SRX) behavior of 42CrMo steel was investigated by a non-isothermal hot compression test. The conventional empirical equation for SRX was applied to a finite element (FE) simulator using a nonconventional manner of parameter characterization. Parameter characterization was conducted by applying the FE-coupled optimization method to cylinder compression, which is an axisymmetric upsetting process. An accurate and practical flow stress model was used to precisely determine the critical strain value and define the instant when SRX occurred. The results revealed that the microstructural evolution during SRX was substantially influenced by temperature, strain rate, degree of deformation, and initial austenite grain size. The predicted recrystallized SRX grain sizes exhibited good agreement with the measured values when the model's parameters for the calculation of grain size were obtained using a FE-coupled optimization scheme.