Critical Science Research Articles

Small airway imaging phenotypes in biomass- and tobacco smoke-exposed patients with COPD.

Biomass and functional small airway disease http://ow.ly/gXu730abpKu

Filozofia edukacji Kazimierza Twardowskiego z perspektywy analitycznej

The reflection on philosophical foundations of pedagogy  is characteristic feature of the analytical tradition in philosophy. The creative work of Kazimierz Twardowski, famous polish philosopher, is an integral part of this tradition. His papers together form the analytical project, which lay the ground for the formation of a particular style of philosiphizing in pedagogical dimension. These features are most clearly manifested in problematizing the relation between  philosophy and pedagogy, in the analysis of  pedagogical  concepts, in the critic of irrationalism in pedagogy, in the coordination with  scientific criticism in pedagogy. 

Crítica científica de “Legitimação não tradicional da ação penal”: Defensoria Pública e a tutela de direitos por meio do direito penal – uma recusa

Em “Legitimação não tradicional da ação penal – a tutela de bens jurídicos por outras instituições públicas”, examina-se a questão da legitimidade da ação penal no caso de crimes com sujeito passivo indeterminado e propõe o reconhecimento de uma legitimação supletiva de outras instituições públicas (como a Defensoria Pública) para a promoção da ação penal de tais delitos quando houver inércia do Ministério Público. A análise realizada nesta crítica científica revela uma preocupação com os rumos da Defensoria Pública na esfera penal, que, ao se mostrar incapaz de tutelar bens jurídicos por meio do direito penal, pode se tornar mais um agente impulsionador do poder punitivo do Estado, com a consequente reprodução das desigualdades sociais e da violação da vida e dignidade humanas, justamente o reverso da ideia que motivou sua constituição como mecanismo de defesa dos direitos humanos dos vulneráveis.

Loren Graham. Lysenko’s Ghost: Epigenetics and Russia. 209 pp., illus., bibl., index. Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2016. $24.95 (cloth).

Loren Graham. <i>Lysenko’s Ghost: Epigenetics and Russia</i>. 209 pp., illus., bibl., index. Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2016. $24.95 (cloth).

SATIRE POLITIK DAN AGAMA DALAM NOVEL GULLIVER’S TRAVELS OLEH JONATHAN SWIFT

The Age of Enlightenment spread in Western Europe, Britain and American colonies in the eighteenth century. This period put emphasis in scientific ideas, skepticism, and critics about the abuse of power done by government and church. Literary works in this period contain classical critics, such as the using of satire, good diction and couplet. Gulliver’s travels was written by Jonathan Swift in this period. He used the character named Gulliver who sailed to some imaginative islands, Swift criticized political and religious conditions in Britain through satires. This research discussed the correlation between Jonathan Swift as a satire writer with political and religious satires in Gulliver’s Travels. The purpose of this research was to know the political and religious problems in the age of enlightenment in Britain, to know the efforts of Jonathan Swift to criticize the conditions thorugh his satires. The method of this research used literary sociology to discuss the problems. It can be concluded that Swift criticized used Gulliver and his voyages to Liliput as a representation of political and religious problems in Britain in 18 th century. The king’s minister, Walpole dominated the power to rule the government over King George II. While for the religious matters, the dispute caused by religious matters often asked many people’s lives. Through his satires and humours, Swift expected that the King and government could do some actions to solve the problems in the country.  Keywords : Jonathan Swift, the age of enlightenment, political and religious satires.

Getting personal: A feminist argument for research aligned to therapeutic practice

AbstractStudents and practitioners tend to assume that research requires them to set aside their embodied knowledge of practice and to produce radically different, objective and depersonalised forms of knowledge. Troubled by these assumptions, and coming from backgrounds within the humanities and social sciences shaped by critiques of this model of research, we offer personal stories through which to articulate and argue for a very different approach. Feminist critiques of science occupy a central place within our stories, which tell of the pull of the particular, the personal and the subjective, the importance of personally engaged, reflexive stories, and the influence of moving between disciplines. We understand the personal in research as inevitable, contextually located and deeply relational.

Forms of articulating epistemic Critique

For many years now, there has been a vivid debate on contemporary forms of articulating epistemic critique, especially concerning the peer review mechanism but also dealing with fund mechanisms and, in some cases, focusing on book reviews. As reviews become more frequent and continue to exert considerable infl uence on the political landscape of academia, it is increasingly apparent that a fundamental understanding of the internal structure of articulating epistemic critique long overdue. Against this background, the aim of this article is to put forward two arguments. First, we argue these forms of articulating critique should be distinguished in regard to their distinctive characteristics and respective relations to academia as a whole. In doing so, we construct a research heuristic based on two dimensions, the opportunity to participate and the opportunity to react. Second, in response to an ongoing debate in Critical Policy Studies we conducted a small explorative empirical case study about on how scientific critique is articulated in book reviews. Besides providing a new overall perspective on how to categorize these forms of critique we found notable diff erences corresponding to the varied characteristics of the publication process in two disciplines (sociology/chemistry). We identified three dimensions as central for determining the quality of the expressed critique. As these differences might be related with underlying types of scientifi c communication, we fi nally argue that there is a necessity to take a closer look at how confi gurations of the diff erent forms of scientifi c critique should be analysed and to address these in their full scope as ‘cultures of critique’.

Vico and Modern Scientism

The aspect of Giambattista Vico’s work most relevant to contemporary debates is the one least addressed in the often brilliant scholarship on his work. We hear of the verum/factum distinction, his work on Roman law, his theories of rhetoric, and his cyclical view of history, but his critique of scientism (as distinct from the natural sciences, to which he was drawn) receives little attention. This critique of scientism — the sterile rationalism of the deductive method, the application of natural laws to cultural facts, the invasion of scientific methods into humanist inquiry — took the form not only of a famous set of one-sided debates with Descartes, Spinoza, and Locke, but in his philosophical challenge to the “paralogisms” (Vico, Opere 1.145) of the major figures of the scientific Enlightenment. In a period like our own that seeks alternative intellectual traditions to undergird new political and ethical turns, Vico is the original enfant terrible confronting today’s scientistic incursions into literary theory (surface reading, distant reading) as well as the posthuman strains of science studies itself (Hayles, Latour). By contrast, he offers us a concise argument for the impossibility of any science that does not account for the civic origins of all inquiry.

Preface

preface this vibrantly eclectic issue of Feminist Studies can perhaps best be framed as a series of interventions into current literatures on masculinities and feminisms. Angela Willey and Banu Subramaniam explore the implications of the racialized “white nerd masculinity” that is at the heart of the popular television series The Big Bang Theory, while Jessica Johnson draws our attention to the significance of the virulently muscular brand of Christian masculinity preached by Mark Driscoll in his multi-state Mars Hill Church, which drew thousands of followers during the early 2000s. Both articles reveal the toxicity of these contemporary masculine formations, from their mundane and pervasive exposition in popular culture to more strident articulations in megachurches . Gergely Kunt offers a rare first-person glimpse into the complexities of a World War II sexual economy, examining via the diary of a Hungarian refugee the relationship between militarized masculinity and sexual assault and the exploitation of women in wartime. Other essays in this volume intervene in current debates about the form, histories , and implications of Western feminisms. Jennifer McLerran’s art essay on Mohawk artist Carla Hemlock expands on the “Native feminist ethics” invoked by Yaqui legal scholar Rebecca Tsosie, suggesting that for Native feminists, improving women’s lives cannot be separated from decolonization. Magdalena Grabowska demands Western feminists rethink their commonplace dismissal of women who lived under  Preface state socialism as non-agentive, while Jo Reger calls our attention to the frequently problematized “wave” metaphor as she locates the roots of disidentification with previous generations of feminists. And Eileen Boris’s review essay highlights the racialized, gendered, classed, and transnational intertwining of fashion and feminism. The poet featured in this issue is Rachel Marie-Crane Williams. The issue closes with two reflections on the January 21st Women’s March on Washington: Mrinalini Chakraborty, one of its national organizers, describes in an interview the inception and logistical challenges of the march, while Tracey Jean Boisseau describes uplifting interactions with strangers that many march-goers experienced that day. In “Inside the Social World of Asocials: White Nerd Masculinity, Science, and the Politics of Reverent Disdain,” Angela Willey and Banu Subramaniam analyze what they call the “reverent disdain” for science that continues to pervade feminist scholarship as well as public/popular culture. This reverent disdain leads to resistance to incorporating methodologies from the natural sciences into feminist studies, even while authority is ceded to knowledges produced within those disciplines . Willey and Subramaniam demonstrate the pervasiveness of this reverent disdain through a close reading of the immensely popular television show The Big Bang Theory. While the show portrays science as pure play and curiosity, with an innocent distance from the social, Willey and Subramaniam argue that, through its depiction of nerds, the show constructs brilliance in racialized and gendered ways that police and naturalize the boundaries of knowledge production in science, rendering it inaccessible to practice and to critique. In particular, the show creates an innocent white masculinity that effaces the hierarchies of race and gender that actually exist within science as well as in society at large. Willey and Subramaniam’s goal is to encourage feminist scholarship to reject the binaries of nature and culture and move toward more “naturecultural ” engagements in which critiques of science and engagement with scientific practice coexist as intellectual and political projects. If Willey and Subramaniam highlight how nerd masculinity is made to appear outside of the social even as it reinforces social hierarchies , in “Under Conviction: ‘Real Men’ Reborn on Spiritual and Cinematic Battlefields,” Jessica Johnson excavates a muscular, evangelical Christian project to transform the sociopolitical by intertwining virulent masculinity, Hollywood movies, and the global war on terror. Preface  Johnson troubles the distinction between the evangelical and the (secular ) popular in her ethnography of Seattle’s Mars Hill Church, which at its height spread to five states and had approximately 13,000 attendees. The church had a charismatic and social-media savvy preacher named Mark Driscoll who urged men to stop being “pussies” and instructed married women to become sexually alluring beings for their husbands, even as he lay the blame for men’s problems on single women who were too sexually...

Toward The Networked City? Translating Technological ideals and Planning Models in Water and Sanitation Systems in Dar es Salaam

AbstractOne of the most influential ideals for constructing and managing cities and infrastructures worldwide is that of the ‘networked city'. This ideal refers to the technological design and morphology of cities integrated and ordered by infrastructure networks and to a specific model in the operation, use and planning of infrastructures. Engineers, planners and public health officials have aspired to align with this circulating ideal of urban modernity, hygiene and rationalization of nature in (re)producing cities worldwide. Like many cities in the global South, Dar es Salaam cannot be characterized by universal access to centralized water and sewerage networks. While formal institutions, planning documents and strategies reflect significations, as well as organizational and planning models of a networked city, its urban environments are shaped by hybrid arrangements manifesting unequal access to water and sanitation services. We build on postcolonial critique in urban studies and science and technology studies to inquire into this contradiction by addressing the translation of the ideal of the networked city in Dar es Salaam. Our objective is to uncover the negotiations over the translation of this hegemonic model, and to delineate the scope of creativity in reinventing alternative urban modernities that defy simplistic notions of technology transfer.

Theoretical Malnutrition and the Realist Therapy in Political Science

David Easton’s 1953 complaint of political science’s ‘theoretical malnutrition and surfeit of facts’ has been echoed numerous times, recently for instance in the ‘Perestroika’ movement in American political science. Proposals for rectifying the theoretical deficit have been numerous, but one line of argument has come to predominate: the realist critique of political science’s positivism. This essay examines that critique and finds fault both with its characterization of positivism and its proposed remedy for the theoretical deficit. Its diagnosis and therapy are both philosophically inflated, with a dangerous promotion of a transcendental or speculative ontology and concomitant neglect of empirical constraints on theorizing. Yet with a restored but deeper emphasis on the empirical basis of theory, taking the question of the nature and causal mechanisms of ‘political culture’ as illustrative, and disregarding the inhibitions created by disciplinary boundaries, progress beyond theoretical malnutrition remains possible.

СТОЛЕТИЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ 1917 ГОДА В ФОКУСЕ АНТИРОССИЙСКОЙ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОПАГАНДЫ

The article analyzes the anti-Russian historical narrative focused on the 1917 events. The relevance of the theme is determined bythe wide-ranging discussion on the Russian revolution due toits anniversary. The authors solve the problem of the scientific criticism of the anti-Russian myths, focused on the assessments and interpretations of the two Russian revolutions of 1917. In the article there are shown the ideological basis and political context of the coverage of the events of 1917. The authors analyze 5 historical ideologemes, which are disseminated in the public consciousness. They also show the cognitive and political implications of adopting the respective ideology. As a typical liberal myth, the authors regard the interpretation of the October Revolution as &ldquo;stolen freedom&rdquo; provided by the February revolution. In the article there is shown that through the myth of &ldquo;stolen freedom&rdquo; the whole history of Russia is presented as a reproduction of the &ldquo;totalitarian regime&rdquo;. The authors prove the incorrectness of showing Bolsheviks as the initiators of the use of mass terror tactics, to which all major opposing forces resorted. There is considered the connection of the interpretation of the Revolution as the manifestation of the &ldquo;Russian rebellion&rdquo; with the Russophobic myth of the Russian barbarism. The authors criticize the idea of the Bolshevik imperialism, which is allegedly based on the ideology of world revolution. The article gives the deconstruction of the myth of the Bolshevik regime illegitimacy and shows the cognitive contradictions of the attempts to counter the concepts of &ldquo;October Revolution&rdquo; and &ldquo;October Coup&rdquo;. The authors reveal that the thesis of the Constituent Assembly, as an illustration of the Bolshevik illegitimacy, doesn&rsquo;t correspondent to the historical facts. The authors conclude that the issues of covering the events of both the Revolutionand the Great Patriotic War are linked to the national security of Russia.

Observe, hypothesize, test, repeat: Luttrell, Petty and Xu (2017) demonstrate good science

Many Labs 3 (Ebersole et al., 2016) failed to replicate a classic finding from the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (Cacioppo, Petty, & Morris, 1983; Study 1). Petty and Cacioppo (2016) noted possible limitations of the Many Labs 3 replication (Ebersole et al., 2016) based on the cumulative literature. Luttrell, Petty, and Xu (2017) subjected some of those possible limitations to empirical test. They observed that a revised protocol obtained evidence consistent with the original finding that the Many Labs 3 protocol did not. This observe-hypothesize-test sequence is a model for scientific inquiry and critique. To test whether these results advance replicability and knowledge transfer, we conducted direct replications of Luttrell et al. in nine locations (Total N=1219). We successfully replicated the interaction of need for cognition and argument quality on persuasion using Luttrell et al.'s optimal design (albeit with a much smaller effect size; p<0.001; f2=0.025, 95%CI [0.006, 0.056]) but failed to replicate the interaction that indicated that Luttrell et al.’s optimal protocol performed better than the Many Labs 3 protocol (p=0.135, pseudo R2=0.002). Neither Luttrell et al.'s effect size estimate for the need for cognition by argument quality interaction nor their estimate for the interaction with replication protocol fell within our corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Nevertheless, pragmatically, we favor the Luttrell et al. protocol with large samples for future research using this paradigm.

The role of the Kurdish Press (1898-1920) in the deployment and Emergence of the Kurdish Literary Arts and Literary Criticism

Literary output is the sum of the process of artistic creativity. Literary study is as science to literature which forms one side of the triangle, along with two other sides of the literary theory and the history of literature. Literary criticism studies and analyzes literary outcomes and evaluates them from intellectual, literary and artistic points of view. Due to the delay in the appearance of books and printing presses and publishing houses in the Kurdish language, the Kurdish press since its inception at the beginning of the twentieth century has played an active role and has undertaken the task of spreading the products of Kurdish literature where poetry formed the greatest part. Also, the Kurdish press has contributed from its early beginning, especially the period between the emergence of the first newspaper in Kurdish in 1898 to the ends of the first World war in 1920 and the emergence of modern literary arts in the Kurdish language, whether prose (Essay, Artistic story, and theatrical texts) or poetic types (Epic, poetic story and prose poem). Moreover, the first attempts to study literary criticism emerged and later evolved into an integrated technical literary work according to the plans and curricula to become an integrated cash scientific criticism theory. This study examines the role of the Kurdish press, between the period (1898-1920) in the deployment and the emergence of Kurdish literary prose and poetry, as well as tracing the footsteps of the emergence and development of the critical process in the Kurdish literature in that time period exclusively.

Mariano Artigas: 1979–1987

The period 1979 to 1987 was critical in the development of the intellectual interests of Mariano Artigas. He focused on the analysis and critique of scientism and its forms, particularly because of its impact on the debate on science and theology. In the field of meta-theory of consciousness he was influenced by John Eccles. He studied the properties of science, its limitations and, above all, its reliability.

Conflicts with the Reading and their Decisions through the Bibliopsychology

English Abstract: A reason for this research is the 70th anniversary from the death of the first theorist of the reading Nicolas A. Roubakine (23th of November 1946), with which expires the period of protection of the copyright on his works and their transition into the public domain. The real aim of the analysis is identification of the actual problems in the field of the mass communication and reading, which can be solved with the method of the bibliopsychology, created by Roubakine at the beginning of ХХth century. The methods answers to the requirements of theoretical study with application of the methods deduction and extrapolation in the system problem-decision, accompanied by a secondary research conducted through selective monographic method, document method, scientific critics of sociological researches, secondary data analysis and overview of scientific publications, available in the libraries worldwide. They are lead fifteen sharply conflict zones in the sphere of the reading, those regulation and management requires bibliopsychological approach. During the process of the study are determined two unpopular contributions of N. Roubakine towards the theory of the communications – he creates the communication formula with “The 5 W“ decades before Harold Lasswell and formulates the method of bibliopsychological archeology a half century before the appearance of the discipline media archeology. The possibilities of the bibliopsychology aren’t still used, although it is a subject of study of other sciences as library science, bibliography, psycholinguistics, linguistics, psychology. The modern attempts for development of this scientific discipline are insufficient. Very often the attention of the researchers is directed towards other sciences because the examined subject is considerably more complex.Russian Abstract: Поводом исследования послужило 70-летие со дня смерти первого теоретика чтения Николая Александровича Рубакина (23 ноября 1946 г.), с которой даты истекает период защиты авторского права его произведений и становится возможным их переход в публичный домейн. Настоящая цель анализа - установление актуальных проблем в поле массовых коммуникаций и чтения, которые можно решить при помощи метода библиопсихологии, созданный Николаем Рубакиным в начале ХХ-ого века. Методика соответствует требованиям теоретического исследования с применением методов дедукции и экстраполяции в системе „проблем – решение“, вместе с сопровождающим вторичным исследованием (secondary research), выполненным селлективным монографическим методом, документальным методом, научной критикой социологических исследований, анализом вторичных данных (secondary data analysis) и обзором научных публикаций, доступных в мировых библиотеках. Выявлены пятнадцать остро конфликтных зон в сфере чтения, регулирование и управление которого требует библиопсихологического подхода. В процессе исследования устанавливаются и два неизвестных вклада Николая Рубакина в теорию коммуникаций – он создает коммуникационную формулу пяти „К“ десятилетия до Гарольда Лассуэлла и формулирует метод библиопсихологической археологии полвека до появления дисциплины „медийная археология“. Возможности библиопсихологии все еще не использованы на благо различных научных областей, несмотря на то, что она является предметом исследования и других наук, как библиотековедение, библиография, психолингвистика, язикознание, психология. Современные попытки развития этой научной дисциплины недостаточны. Очень часто внимание исследователей нацелено к другим наукам, так как предмет, который она рассматривает, значительно сложнее.Bulgarian Abstract: Повод за изследването е 70-годишнината от смъртта на първия теоретик на четенето Николай А. Рубакин (23 ноември 1946 г.), с която изтича периодът на защита на авторските права върху произведенията му и преминаването им в публичния домейн. Същинската цел на анализа е установяване на актуалните проблеми в полето на масовите комуникации и четенето, които могат да се решат с метода на библиопсихологията, създаден от Николай Рубакин в началото на ХХ век. Методиката отговаря на изискванията на теоретично изследване с приложение на методите дедукция и екстраполация в системата „проблем – решение“, придружено с вторично изследване (secondary research) извършено чрез селективен монографичен метод, документен метод, научна критика на социологически изледвания, анализ на вторични данни (secondary data analysis) и обзор на научни публикации, достъпни в световните библиотеки. Изведени са петнадесет остро конфликтни зони в сферата на четенето, чието регулиране и управление изисква библиопсихологичен подход. В процеса на изследването се установават и два непопулярни приноса на Николай Рубакин към теорията на комуникациите – създава комуникационната формула с петте „К“ десетилетия преди Харолд Ласуел и формулира метода на библиопсихологическа археология половин век преди да се появи дисциплината „медийна археология“. Възможностите на библиопсихологията все още не са оползотворени, въпреки че тя е предмет на изследване на други науки като библиотекознание, библиография, психолингвистика, езикознание, психология. Съвременните опити за развиване на тази научна дисциплина са недостатъчни. Много често вниманието на изследователите се насочва към други науки, тъй като предметът, който тя разглежда, е значително по-сложен.

CONFESSIONS OF A LATE‐BLOOMING, “MISEDUCATED” PHILOSOPHER OF SCIENCE

AbstractThis article provides a survey of Walker Percy's criticism of what Pope Benedict XVI calls “scientificity,” which entails a constriction of the dynamic interaction of faith and reason. The process can result in the diminishment of ethical considerations raised by science's impact on public policy. Beginning in the 1950s, Percy begins speculating about the negative influence of scientificity. The threat of a political regime using weapons of mass destruction is only one of several menacing developments. The desacrilization of human life from cradle to grave leads Percy to assert that modern science's impact is often radically incoherent. In The Moviegoer, Percy finds his existential and theistic voice that would enable him to advance his critique of science.

The peatland vegetation burning debate: keep scientific critique in perspective. A response to Brown et al. and Douglas et al.

We are glad that Brown et al. [1] and Douglas et al. [2] agree that there is a need to move forward in the debate regarding the use of fire as a management tool in the UK uplands and appreciate their robust responses to some of the issues we identified. We may not agree, but discussing these problems and balancing the current debate from an ecological viewpoint is important. Our recent paper [3] contained a critique of certain aspects of two recent papers they published [4] and [5]. We believe this critique was important, because we believe the interpretations they provided sometimes lacked adequate engagement with existing research on peatland fire ecology, had the potential for damaging misinterpretation, and occasionally appeared to have an unintentional lack of balance. In the case of Brown et al. [4], this concern was exacerbated by the fact it was a review paper and such publications aim to provide an authoritative overview of knowledge in a certain area. We believe there were several respects in which that standard was not met. We also critiqued media outreach and coverage associated with their papers and, in the case of Brown et al. [3], the publication protocol associated with a research report they issued [6]. Here, we briefly address Brown et al. and Douglas et al.'s main concerns regarding our recent paper.

Ciencia y ficción. Notas sobre el escepticismo epistemológico del &lt;em&gt;Quijote&lt;/em&gt;

El presente trabajo pretende analizar la representación del saber científico en el Quijote de Cervantes, basándose en varios pasajes que subrayan los conocimientos científicos de don Quijote. Se constata que la novela revela una sutil crítica de las ciencias en cuyo fondo está un profundo escepticismo epistemológico frente a la arbitrariedad de nuestros conceptos del mundo. La caracterización de don Quijote como científico incluso permite deducir que sufre un doble daño de lectura (caballeresco y científico) y que Cervantes, por tanto, considera la propia ciencia como ficción, un punto de vista muy moderno.

Conditions of critique and the non-irreversibility of politics

Critique is a driving force not only for the development of political ideas and concepts but also for protecting humane and democratic politics against the perils of epistemic and political ideologies. Yet, while there is much debate about the question of ‘ What is critique?’ the conditions of critique appear largely under-reflected in International Politics and the Social Sciences more generally. This article goes beyond the question of what critique in politics and social science might consist of and holds that critique is not an end in itself, but rather requires a yardstick to discuss and judge its generative conditions, that is, its foundation, legitimization and direction that it must pertain to be meaningful. The following article will explore the oeuvres of twentieth-century political and social theorists Hans J. Morgenthau, Herbert Marcuse and Eric Voegelin and argues that the three principles of ‘perspectivity’, ‘negation’ and ‘noesis’ that can be concluded from their work provide such generative conditions of critique, practically leading to a novel policy framework of the non-irreversibility of politics.