Critical Path Model Research Articles

Analisis Critical Path Model yang Digunakan Dalam Manajemen Proyek dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001 Di Perusahaan Konstruksi Di INDONESIA

ABSTRACT
 
 Critical Path Model (CPM) has been widely used in construction project management as an effective and efficient tool for planning and managing project schedules. This study aims to analyze the contribution of CPM to quality management geothermal project at Lumut Balai, especially in the context of ISO 9001. By reviewing existing literature and case studies, this study explores how CPM can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of ISO 9001 quality management. From the analysis obtained 12 critical paths on the disciplines of Mist Eliminator, Piping, Mechanical, and Painting & Insulation. The results of this study show that the use of CPM can reduce the duration to 604 days compared to the initial schedule of 825 days. CPM can play a significant role in improving quality management in construction companies by providing clear and accurate project schedules, reducing delays, and improving overall project performance. In addition, integration of CPM with quality management tools can enhance overall quality management system and increase chance of project success. The conclusion of this study is CPM has great potential to assist construction companies in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of ISO 9001 quality management. Construction companies in Indonesia should adopt CPM as a project management tool to ensure project success and meet ISO 9001 quality standards. This study provides insights positive about the future of CPM in construction project management and open opportunities for further research in this field.
 
 Keywords: CPM, critical path, quali

A New Idea to Evaluate Networking Problem and MCGDM Problem in Parametric Interval Valued Pythagorean Arena

In this article, the concept of parametric interval valued Pythagorean number (PIVPN) has been introduced, which is an extended version of Pythagorean number (PN). Here, a new score and accuracy function have been innovated in the PIVPN environment along with the De‐Pythagorean value concept. The new tool and techniques have been fruitfully applied to two realistic problems, namely the networking critical path model (CPM) problem and the multicriteria group decision making problem (MCGDM) problem. In order to solve the MCGDM problem, we have prepared Parametric Interval valued Pythagorean Weighted Arithmetic Mean Operator (PIVPWAMO) and Parametric Interval valued Pythagorean Weighted Geometric Mean Operator (PIVPWGMO) operator in PIVPN environment. Finally, sensitivity analysis and industrious comprehensive numerical simulations have been performed to identify the reliability, efficiency, and usefulness of this novel work. In this article, we have shown that PIVPNs are a more well‐organized representation to grip a real‐life problem, and they can handle inconsistent conditions in a better compatible way in comparison to the other existing methods.

A Note on Simulating Predecessor-Successor Relationships in Critical Path Models

For any n entities, we exhaust all possible ordered relationships, from rank (or the highest number of connections in a linear chain, comparable to matrix rank) 0 to (n - 1). As an example, we use spreadsheets with the “RAND” function to simulate the case of n = 8 with the order-length = 3, as from a total of 10000possibilities by the number of combinations of selecting 2 (a pair of predecessor-successor) out of 5 (= card{A, B, C, D} + 1) matching- destinations followed by an exponentiation of 4 (= 8 – card{A, B, C, D}). Since the essence of this paper is about ordered structures of networks, our findings here may serve multi-disciplinary interests, in particular, that of the critical path method (CPM) in operations with management. In this connection, we have also included, toward the end of this exposition, a linear algebraic treatment that renders a deterministic mathematical programming for optimal predecessor-successor network structures.

Dynamic Cooperative M odel for R anking Construction R isks using Monte Carlo Simulation

Construction projects suffer from diverse uncertainties that hinder the key objectives’ achievement. These uncertainties represent risks that may appear through the project life cycle. This paper introduces a quantitative model to estimate and rank risks dynamically during the risk planning phase. Such ranking would help decision-makers appropriately respond to and/or control construction risks. The model provides proper risk contingency reserves for both project time and cost that meet decision-makers' selected confidence levels using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). In order to quantify the project uncertainty, severities of residual risks are determined and allocated at the project's activities-level using a planning/scheduling spreadsheet model and a MCS tool suitable for spreadsheets. The model is able to calculate the contribution of each risk from the determined contingency at both the project level for both the time and cost at the decision-maker confidence level.The model represents a direct implementation for a Risk Planning Contingency Model (RPCM); which involves four modules as follows: (1) Risk Register (RR), (2) Risk Allocator (RA), (3) Risk Simulator (RS), and (4) Contingency Calculator (CC). These modules are hosted in a critical path model scheduling spreadsheet to facilitate risk management. In addition, a simulation engine add-in is used for analyzing the probability distribution for the project time and cost outcomes. In order to verify the proposed model, the process and analysis have been applied to a case study project. The results show that the RPCM is capable to rank and estimate the residual risks in an easy, fast, and effective way.

Cylindrical neutrosophic single‐valued number and its application in networking problem, multi‐criterion group decision‐making problem and graph theory

In this study, the authors envisage the neutrosophic number from various distinct rational perspectives and viewpoints to give it a look of a conundrum. They focused and analysed neutrosophic fuzzy numbers when indeterminacy and falsity functions are dependent on each other, which serves an indispensable role for the uncertainty concept. Additionally, the idea of cylindrical neutrosophic single-valued number is focused here, when the indeterminacy and falsity functions are dependent to each other using an influx of different logical and innovative graphical representation. They also developed the score and accuracy function for this particular cylindrical neutrosophic single-valued number and analysed some real-life problems like networking critical path model problem and minimal spanning tree problem of operation research field when the numbers are in cylindrical neutrosophic ambiance. They also introduced a multi-criterion group decision-making problem in this cylindrical neutrosophic domain. This noble thought will help us to solve a plethora of daily life problems in the neutrosophic arena.

Critical breakdown path under low-pressure and slightly uneven electric field gap

The determination of the critical breakdown path in slightly uneven electric field has played a significant role in gas discharge starting process and electrode surface erosion. In order to study the law of the critical path position in the low-pressure breakdown case, a new algorithm based on the Monte-Carlo collision model and the postulation of " forward-back trajectory for electrons” is established, namely the determination of the critical path(DCP) model. In the DCP model, some electric field lines among the electrodes are regarded as the potential breakdown paths, and the probability of the excitation and ionization collisions between the electrons and the neutrals can be obtained by the Monte-Carlo model. The most probable path to trigger the breakdown will be selected from among all the potential paths, namely the critical breakdown path, and the corresponding breakdown voltage of the critical path will be calculated. A breakdown test with two different electrode devices is performed to examine the accuracy of the DCP model: the critical path and breakdown voltage obtained by the DCP could be examined respectively by capturing the surface traces of negative electrode and measuring the breakdown voltage. According to the test results, the critical breakdown path can transit at different gap pressures or flow rates, and this observation is qualitatively consistent with the calculation results. Meanwhile, the relative error maximum of the breakdown voltage obtained by DCP is less than 7.9%. The accuracy of the DCP model partly depends on the background pressure, and the background pressure in the application case should be less than 103 Pa. Based on the DCP model, the numerical analyses of another four electrode devices are conducted to acquire the common law about the critical breakdown path. According to the calculation results, the transition zone has both a high frequency of critical path transition and a " fluctuant and similarly straight” breakdown voltage curve with the gap pressure or flow rate increasing, and the critical path transition direction follows the rule of " from longer paths to shorter paths”. Lastly, the inherent laws of those regulations about the critical path are revealed by the DCP model.

Development and Evaluation of Light-Weight Active Noise Cancellation Earphones

This paper presents the development of active noise control (ANC) for light-weight earphones, and proposes using music or natural sound to estimate the critical secondary path model instead of extra random noise. Three types of light-weight ANC earphones including in-ear, earbud, and clip phones are developed. Real-time experiments are conducted to evaluate their performance using the built-in microphone inside KEMAR’s ear and to compare with commercially-available ANC headphones and earphones. Experimental results show that the developed light-weight ANC earphones achieve higher noise reduction than the commercial ANC headphones and earphones, and the in-ear ANC earphone has the best noise reduction performance.

A taxonomic foundation for evidence-based research on employee performance management

ABSTRACTThis study presents a taxonomic foundation for research on employee performance management practices based on a comprehensive review of the literature (198 articles and book chapters). The taxonomy consists of 50 practices organized within seven topic categories, including an evaluation of the amount of research evidence supporting each practice. This taxonomic foundation facilitates the aggregation, integration, interpretation, and explanation of performance management research based on a role-theoretic perspective derived from the behavioural approach to strategic human resource management. The proposed direct-linkage path model shows how this taxonomic foundation ties performance management practices to behaviours and results. We build on this Practice – Behaviour – Results (PBR) critical path model with moderators and mediators based on cognitive and social factors identified in the extensive previous research. This PBR model provides a foundation for orderly and structured growth for future research that will enhance the connection between research and improved organizational practices in performance management, as well as a guide to best practices in performance management.

Efficient health care service delivery using network analysis: a case study of Kwara State, Nigeria

This paper addresses challenges with prompt health care delivery using Network Analysis of Critical Path Model (CPM) to plan the hospital capacity with a view to achieving prompt health care service delivery. Hospital activities were identified as either critical and non critical, time or cost consideration was factored in. In all, 16 state health institutions were purposively selected on the basis of most equipped from 55 state health institutions. Data on patients’ arrival and departure were observed and recorded for a period of six months. This was subjected to further analysis to identify the most important activities (critical path) and less important together with their time duration. The average total time spent in the hospital was 43 minutes but with effective capacity planning using network analysis the total time was reduced to 18 minutes and the critical path (activities) were identified to be: A - Card section, F - Medical Doctor and H – Medical Team.Keywords: Critical Path Model (CPM), Capacity Planning (CP), Hospital Services, Network Analysis

A grey multi-objective linear model to find critical path of a project by using time, cost, quality and risk parameters

A project is a series of related activities which are organized to reach a defined goal or satisfy a certain need. Project management plays an important role in different fields of human life. The amount of resources spent on a project renders management of these resources a sensitive task. Determinant factors’ influencing the payoffs of a project mainly encompasses time, cost, quality and also the risk of each activity. Therefore, a critical path method is presented to find the longest path of a project completion time in order to draw managers’ attention to the critical activities. Critical path method is a well-known and widely accepted method to find the critical activities of a project and to concentrate on them for accomplishment of the project without any deviation. Classical critical path methods usually consider only a time factor, but growing complexity and importance of projects entail cost, quality and risk as the critical factors to be considered in project management. Due to the unavailability of certain information relating each factor of each activity, considering a novel approach to deal with such vague and unstable situations is really a controversial issue. Thus, another challenge of the project management contains uncertainty for approximating time, cost, quality, and risk factors of the project activities. Taking into account these two challenges, a grey multi-objective critical path model is proposed in this paper, where parameters of the activities are evaluated as grey numbers, dealing with their uncertainty. Meanwhile, a goal programming based method is illustrated to solve the problem of critical path identification, considering four considerable criteria including time, cost, quality, and risk. Eventually, a numerical example is represented to address applicability of the proposed method.

Use It or Lose It

Moore's Law scaling continues to yield higher transistor density with each succeeding process generation, leading to today's many-core chip multiprocessors (CMPs) with tens or even hundreds of interconnected cores or tiles. Unfortunately, deep submicron CMOS process technology is marred by increasing susceptibility to wear. Prolonged operational stress gives rise to accelerated wearout and failure due to several physical failure mechanisms, including hot-carrier injection (HCI) and negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI). Each failure mechanism correlates with different usage-based stresses, all of which can eventually generate permanent faults. While the wearout of an individual core in many-core CMPs may not necessarily be catastrophic, a single fault in the interprocessor network-on-chip (NoC) fabric could render the entire chip useless, as it could lead to protocol-level deadlocks, or even partition away vital components such as the memory controller or other critical I/O. In this article, we study HCI- and NBTI-induced wear due to actual stresses caused by real workloads, applied onto the interconnect microarchitecture and develop a critical path model for NBTI-induced wearout. A key finding of this modeling is that, counter to prevailing wisdom, wearout in the CMP's on-chip interconnect is correlated with lack of load observed in the NoC routers rather than high load. We then develop a novel wearout-decelerating scheme in which routers under low load have their wear-sensitive components exercised without significantly impacting cycle time, pipeline depth, area, or power consumption of the overall router. A novel deterministic approach is proposed for the generation of appropriate exercise-mode data, ensuring design parameter targets are met. We subsequently show that the proposed design yields an ∼2,300× decrease in the rate of wear.

A new probability model for insuring critical path problem with heuristic algorithm

Abstract In order to obtain an adequate description of risk aversion for insuring critical path problem, this paper develops a new class of two-stage minimum risk problems. The first-stage objective function is to minimize the probability of total costs exceeding a predetermined threshold value, while the second-stage objective function is to maximize the insured task durations. For general task duration distributions, we adapt sample average approximation (SAA) method to probability objective function. The resulting SAA problem is a two-stage integer programming model, in which the analytical expression of second-stage value function is unavailable, we cannot solve it by conventional optimization algorithms. To avoid this difficulty, we design a new hybrid algorithm by combining dynamic programming method (DPM) and genotype-phenotype-neighborhood based binary particle swarm optimization (GPN-BPSO), where the DPM is employed to find the critical path in the second-stage programming problem. We conduct some numerical experiments via a critical path problem with 30 nodes and 42 arcs, and discuss the proposed risk averse model and the experimental results obtained by hybrid GPN-BPSO, hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) and hybrid BPSO. The computational results show that hybrid GPN-BPSO achieves the better performance than hybrid GA and hybrid BPSO, and the proposed critical path model is important for risk averse decision makers.

The Accountancy Usage of Critical Path Model in Rationalizing the Maintenance Costs in Hammam Al-Alil Old Cement Factory

The Accountancy Usage of Critical Path Model in Rationalizing the Maintenance Costs in Hammam Al-Alil Old Cement Factory

A stochastic wire-length distribution for gigascale integration (GSI). II. Applications to clock frequency, power dissipation, and chip size estimation

For pt.I see ibid., vol.45, no.3, pp.580-9 (Mar. 1998). Based on Rent's Rule, a well-established empirical relationship, a complete wire-length distribution for on-chip random logic networks is used to enhance a critical path model; to derive a preliminary dynamic power dissipation model; and to describe optimal architectures for multilevel wiring networks that provide maximum interconnect density and minimum chip size.

Multiobjective optimization of VLSI interconnect parameters

The significant role played by interconnects in determining the speed and chip size of very-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) necessitates the development of new processes and tools for almost every device generation. Since such development usually requires lead times of several years, it has become essential to know, several years in advance, the various interconnect parameters for a particular generation. In this paper, a tool for optimizing interconnect parameters is presented. The formulation of an optimization problem that can be solved using standard algorithms is shown to be possible, and the optimization results obtained for future device generations are discussed. These results can be used to construct an interconnect technology roadmap. Last, shortcomings of and possible improvements to existing system-level critical path models are discussed.

Interconnect Limits on Gigascale Integration (GSI)

ABSTRACTOpportunities for Gigascale Integration (GSI) are governed by a hierarchy of physical limits. The levels of this hierarchy have been codified as: 1) fundamental, 2) material, 3) device, 4) circuit and 5) system. Many key limits at all levels of the hierarchy can be displayed in the power, P, versus delay, td, plane and the reciprocal length squared, L-2, versus response time, τ, plane. Power, P, is the average power transfer during a binary switching transition and delay, td, is the time required for the transition. Length, L, is the distance traversed by an interconnect that joins two nodes on a chip and response time, τ, characterizes the corresponding interconnect circuit. At the system level of the hierarchy, quantitative definition of both the P versus td and the L-2 versus τ displays requires an estimate of the complete stochastic wiring distribution of a chip.Based on Rent's Rule, a well known empirical relationship between the number of signal input/output terminals on a block of logic and the number of gate circuits with the block, a rigorous derivation of a new complete stochastic wire length distribution for an on-chip random logic network is described. This distribution is compared to actual data for modern microprocessors and to previously described distributions. A methodology for estimating the complete wire length distribution for future GSI products is proposed. The new distribution is then used to enhance the critical path model that determines the maximum clock frequency of a chip; to derive a preliminary power dissipation model for a random logic network; and, to define an optimal architecture of a multilevel interconnect network that minimizes overall chip size. In essence, a new complete stochastic wiring distribution provides a generic basis for maximizing the value obtained from a multilevel interconnect technology.

Technological Evolution, System Architecture and the Obsolescence of Firm Capabilities

We present a historical study of technological evolution in the mainframe computer industry. We show that the pattern of innovation in the industry is not well characterized by existing models. The incremental evolution of mainframe system performance as seen by the customer was the result of an aggregation that masked substantial discontinuities at the component level. New technological concepts led to the frequent obsolescence of existing capabilities, despite the stability of customer needs and the persistence of a dominant design. The nature of our observations is captured in a simple critical path model of technological evolution. Our conceptualization sheds light on the dynamics of the evolution of the capability base of firms in an environment characterized by complex products and rapid technological change. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.

Construction Scheduling: Principles, Practices, and Six Case Studies

The paper presents a review of the need for the planning and monitoring of construction work, a description of the characteristics of site construction work, particularly the degree of task repetition required for project execution, a review of two planning models comprising the critical path model, which is based on the concept that a project consists of a series of discrete activities, and the linear scheduling‐flow line model, which is based on the concept that a project consists of a series of repetitive activities. The practices of contractors when confronted with a construction scheduling problem and the use of the techniques derived from the models are examined. Six successful case studies are included, including two renovation projects and four commercial office buildings, two based on the critical path method, two based on the flow line method, and two that use both models in appropriate sections. The paper concludes with the general observations that: Few contractors use planning techniques to their full potential; critical path methods are best suited to nonrepetitive projects; flow line is best suited to repetitive projects; and as most contracts have dual characteristics, no single system can meet all a contractor's requirements for planning and monitoring construction work.

Parkinson's Law and Its Implications for Project Management

Critical path models concerning project management (i.e. PERT/CPM) fail to account for work force behavioral effects on the expected project completion time. In this paper, we provide a modelling framework for project management activities, that ultimately accounts for expected worker behavior under Parkinson's Law. A stochastic activity completion time model is used to formally state Parkinson's Law. The developed model helps to examine the effects of information release policies on subcontractors of project activities, and to develop managerial policies for setting appropriate deadlines for series or parallel project activities.

Parkinson's Law and Its Implications for Project Management

Critical path models concerning project management i.e. PERT/CPM fail to account for work force behavioral effects on the expected project completion time. In this paper, we provide a modelling fra...