Critical Messages Research Articles

Apologizing for Intergroup Criticism Reduces Rejection of Public Health Officials’ Pro-Vaccine Messages

ABSTRACT Compared to other medical experts, public health officials face added scrutiny of their pro-vaccine messages due to distrust of the US federal government. We consider reactions to such critical messages through the lens of conversational norms. Conversational pragmatics suggest that polite communication is essentially cooperative in nature, avoiding criticism of the other or excessive praise of the self. Applied to intergroup communication, this suggests that critical messages from outgroups will be viewed as impolite. Distrusted outgroup sources (such as government officials) are particularly expected to be uncooperative and impolite, increasing message rejection. Importantly, this perspective suggests that apologizing for the norm violation should mitigate these effects. Applying this reasoning to scientific messaging, we demonstrate that a message critical of the under-vaccinated is more likely to be rejected if made by a US federal public health official than by a private medical expert. However, this effect is reduced if the public health official apologizes in advance for violating the norm against criticizing other groups. Improved perceptions of the apologizing source’s motives and reduced message threat were associated with higher vaccination intentions. Practical and theoretical implications for intergroup communication are discussed.

In between the writerly and the readerly: Utopia and metafiction in Abe Kazushige’s Individual Projection

Elaborating on Barthes’ famous distinction, this article examines the relationship between the writerly and the readerly in Abe Kazushige’s novel Individual Projection (Indivijuaru purojekushon). The ‘writerly’ (scriptible) designates an open-ended, playful narrative, giving free rein to the interpretation of the reader who thus becomes a co-writer of the text. The readerly (lisible), by contrast, implies authority and redundancy: it imposes a meaning or message, thus turning the reader into a consumer rather than producer of the text. I argue that Abe’s novel is built upon an internal tension between the openness of the writerly and the more assertive and ethical message of the readerly. The first two parts of this essay focus on the writerly side of the text. Individual Projection could be first described as a parody (1. Political Utopia and Genre fiction as Parody in Individual Projection): through its unreliable narrator, the novel toys with stereotypes associated with political utopia and genre fiction. Such distancing with clichés destabilises the text and opens a free space of interpretation for the reader (2. Metafiction as Writerly Text: When the Reader Writes). Yet, the novel ends with a final metatextual reversal which reshapes our understanding of the story and redefines the reader’s own relationship to the text (3. Metafiction: Revenge of the Author?). This end illustrates the paradoxical nature of metafiction in its relationship to the reader: its apparent semantic openness can also be a means to assert the author’s authority over the text to convey a theoretical or philosophical message. Here, my own understanding of Individual Projection challenges Azuma Hiroki’s interpretation of Abe’s novel. Azuma saw in the openness of Individual Projection another illustration of his own theory both describing and advocating a free consumption of fiction, relying much more on the logic of recycling and recombination than on the linear path of the plot. If Azuma’s interpretation sheds interesting light on the agency devoted to the reader in Individual Projection, it yet fails to apprehend the potentially critical message of the text: Abe’s novel also suggests a pessimistic view of contemporary’s hyperreality which seems quite antithetical to Azuma’s own eulogy of postmodernity.

Lawrence Alma-Tadema and the nineteenth-century 'periode eye': Classical sources for his Entrance of the theatre (1866) and An exedra (1869)

The Anglo-Dutch artist Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836-1912) is known for being one of the leading representatives of historical genre painting. His paintings are often set in antiquity that usually transmits a peaceful atmosphere, although they also regularly refer to classical sources that include critical messages. Two key works of Alma-Tadema’s Pompeian period are Entrance of the theatre (1866) and An exedra (1869). These works are paradigmatic of the artist’s in-depth knowledge of classical civilization. He seemed obsessed with the historical accuracy of his paintings, which can be partly explained by the fact that general education at the time was steeped in the classics, and the public’s appreciation of his paintings must have been directly related to what was taught at school. Through a detailed analysis in conjunction with contemporary critical reviews, the author intends to reconstruct the nineteenth-century perspective on Alma-Tadema’s work. The question is how his contemporaries may have viewed his paintings, and how the concept of the ‘period eye’, developed by Baxandall, can be of use. It turns out that, with access to these classical sources, Entrance of the theatre becomes a scathing critique of the vanity and conceit of the wealthy class. Alma-Tadema’s reference to Terence’s comedy Andria convincingly complements a social criticism depicted through a public scene at the entrance of the Small Theatre in Pompeii. Additionally, the inscriptions and monuments that were associated with the famous family of the Holconians in particular, and theatrical patronage in Pompeii in general, must have been of particular interest to Alma-Tadema. This also emerged in An exedra, a scene around a tomb at the Via dei Sepolcri in Pompeii. The result is an image that, beyond a casual daily image from antiquity, also aims to show social injustice through the lost gaze of the enslaved person. These paintings show how Lawrence Alma-Tadema was capable of making numerous references, by layering several meanings and suggestions taken from antiquity. They also constitute a clear example of how he used and combined all his knowledge of classical architecture and fashion available at the time, to elaborate a pictorial narrative that pointed to the core of historical reconstruction.

Customer Engagement Through Transformational Campaigns: A Netnographic Exploration on the Storytelling Power of ‘Jaago Re’

Storytelling is a strategic marketing tool for building customer engagement by anecdotally structuring branded content to grab their attention. The present study renders a scholarly narrative of a transformational ad campaign and its resultant customer engagement on social media. The study follows a netnographic approach, using a qualitative triangulation method to observe the engagement around this campaign. Data are collected from online platforms, namely, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The study identifies the sentiments of customer engagement in the campaign. Furthermore, a semiotic analysis has appraised the storytelling elements in the campaign videos. The findings suggest that storytelling can effectively connect with audiences and drive home critical messages by using narratives and emotional elements. The findings have implications for marketing professionals who want to understand the impact of storytelling on transformational advertising campaigns.

Enhanced ICD-10 code assignment of clinical texts: A summarization-based approach

BackgroundAssigning International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes to clinical texts is a common and crucial practice in patient classification, hospital management, and further statistics analysis. Current auto-coding methods mainly transfer this task to a multi-label classification problem. Such solutions are suffering from high-dimensional mapping space and excessive redundant information in long clinical texts. To alleviate such a situation, we introduce text summarization methods to the ICD coding regime and apply text matching to select ICD codes. MethodWe focus on the tenth revision of the ICD (ICD-10) coding and design a novel summarization-based approach (SuM) with an end-to-end strategy to efficiently assign ICD-10 code to clinical texts. In this approach, a knowledge-guided pointer network is purposed to distill and summarize key information in clinical texts precisely. Then a matching model with matching-aggregation architecture follows to align the summary result with code, tuning the one-vs-all scenario to one-vs-one matching so that the large-label-space obstacle laid in classification approaches would be avoided. ResultThe 12,788 ICD-10 coded discharge summaries from a Chinese hospital were collected to evaluate the proposed approach. Compared with existing methods, the purposed model achieves the greatest coding results with Micro AUC of 0.9548, MRR@10 of 0.7977, Precision@10 of 0.0944, and Recall@10 of 0.9439 for the TOP-50 Dataset. Results on the FULL-Dataset remain consistent. Also, the proposed knowledge encoder and applied end-to-end strategy are proven to facilitate the whole model to gain efficacy in selecting the most suitable code. ConclusionThe proposed automatic ICD-10 code assignment approach via text summarization can effectively capture critical messages in long clinical texts and improve the performance of ICD-10 coding of clinical texts.

“Con absoluta libertad”: estrategias discursivas y conciencia crítica en Paralelo 35, de Carmen Laforet

In the fall of 1965, Carmen Laforet made a three-month trip to the United States at the invitation of the U.S. government. Her impressions of the country were portrayed in Paralelo 35, which was intended to be an “objective account of adventures and encounters.” Despite the claim of objectivity, these travel chronicles do not hide the writer’s admiration for the freedoms and rights enjoyed by American society, thus contrasting with Spain under Franco, the frame of reference from and for which Laforet writes. This essay identifies several rhetorical tools that allow us to read in Paralelo 35 the author’s emerging critical perspective through the tension between the portrait of the United States as an example of progress and democracy versus the lack of freedom in Spain. Connecting with scholars who recognize in Laforet’s work elements of dissidence with Francoism, I propose that Paralelo 35 reflects the search for narrative formulas that would allow to convey a critical message while securing publication in an editorial world strictly controlled by censorship.

Pesan Kritik Sosial Deforestasi Pada Lirik Lagu Rat Tua Karya FSTVLST

The aim of this research is to understand the social criticism message about deforestation in Indonesia through the song "Rat Tua" by FSTVLST. The current climate crisis can already be felt, for example, through temperature changes and high rainfall. Raising awareness about the importance of this climate crisis issue requires various efforts, one of which can be through music. Fans of the band will surely understand and become aware of the issues brought by their favorite band. This research aims to dissect the critical message in the song "Rat Tua" with various metaphors and archaic or rarely used language. It employs Ferdinand De Saussure's semiotic analysis method with data collection techniques in the form of document studies. FSTVLST creates a song about trees but does not use the word "tree". It can be concluded that human actions are the main factor in the climate crisis. Human awareness of trees and forests is still lacking, and deforestation is evidence that humans are not improving the earth but worsening the impact of the climate crisis.

A Mixed-Criticality Traffic Scheduler with Mitigating Congestion for CAN-to-TSN Gateway

The network architecture that Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is used as the backbone network and the Controller Area Network (CAN) serves as the intra-domain network is considered as the CAN-TSN interconnection network architecture, which has gained considerable attention within industrial embedded networks, such as spacecraft, intelligent automobiles, and factory automation. The architecture employs the CAN-TSN gateway as a central hub for transmitting and managing a significant volume of communications between the CAN domains and TSN. However, the CAN-TSN gateway faces a high congestion challenge due to the rapid growth in data volume, making it difficult to effectively support different time planning mechanisms provided by TSN. In this paper, we propose a two-stage mixed-criticality traffic scheduler. The scheduler in the first stage adopts a Message Optimization Algorithm (MOA) to aggregate multiple CAN messages into a single TSN message (including the aggregation of critical and non-critical CAN messages), which reduces the number of CAN messages requiring transmission. In the second stage, the scheduler proposes a Message Scheduling Optimization Algorithm (MSOA) to schedule critical TSN messages. This algorithm reassembles all the critical CAN messages (within the un-schedulable TSN messages) to generate new TSN messages for rescheduling. Experimental results show that our proposed scheduler effectively improves the acceptance ratio of critical and non-critical CAN messages and outperforms the state-of-the-art message scheduling method in terms of acceptance ratio while improving the bandwidth utilization and the number of schedule table entries. We further construct a hardware platform to evaluate the performance of MSOA. The consistency between practical results and theoretical results shows the effectiveness of MSOA.

Low-Latency Wireless Network Extension for Industrial Internet of Things.

The timely delivery of critical messages in real-time environments is an increasing requirement for industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks. Similar to wired time-sensitive networking (TSN) techniques, which bifurcate traffic flows based on priority, the proposed wireless method aims to ensure that critical traffic arrives rapidly across multiple hops to enable numerous IIoT use cases. IIoT architectures are migrating toward wirelessly connected edges, creating a desire to extend TSN-like functionality to a wireless format. Existing protocols possess inherent challenges to achieving this prioritized low-latency communication, ranging from rigidly scheduled time division transmissions, scalability/jitter of carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols, and encryption-induced latency. This paper presents a hardware-validated low-latency technique built upon receiver-assigned code division multiple access (RA-CDMA) techniques to implement a secure wireless TSN-like extension suitable for the IIoT. Results from our hardware prototype, constructed on the IntelFPGA Arria 10 platform, show that (sub-)millisecond single-hop latencies can be achieved for each of the available message types, ranging from 12 bits up to 224 bits of payload. By achieving one-way transmission of under 1 ms, a reliable wireless TSN extension with comparable timelines to 802.1Q and/or 5G is achievable and proven in concept through our hardware prototype.

Techniques for Enhancing Security in Industrial Control Systems

Increasingly Industrial Control Systems (ICS) systems are being connected to the Internet to minimise the operational costs and provide additional flexibility. These control systems such as the ones used in power grids, manufacturing and utilities operate continually and have long lifespans measured in decades rather than years as in the case of Information Technology (IT) systems. Such industrial control systems require uninterrupted and safe operation. However, they can be vulnerable to a variety of attacks, as successful attacks on critical control infrastructures could have devastating consequences to the safety of human lives as well as a nation’s security and prosperity. Furthermore, there can be a range of attacks that can target ICS and it is not easy to secure these systems against all known attacks let alone unknown ones. In this paper, we propose a software enabled security architecture using Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) that can enhance the capability to secure industrial control systems. We have designed such an SDN/NFV enabled security architecture and developed a Control System Security Application (CSSA) in SDN Controller for enhancing security in ICS by achieving real time situational awareness and dynamic policy-driven decision making across the network infrastructure. In particular, CSSA can be used for establishing secure path for end-to-end communication between devices and also deal against certain specific attacks namely denial of service attacks, from unpatched vulnerable control system components and securing the communication flows from the legacy devices that do not support any security functionality. We also discuss how CSSA provides reliable paths for safety critical messages in control systems. We discuss the prototype implementation of the proposed architecture and the results obtained from our analysis.

Political polarization and politainment: Methodology for analyzing crypto hate speech on TikTok

TikTok has become an international benchmark: In 2022 it was the most downloaded application in all of Europe. Political discourse has not stayed on the sidelines, and its rhetoric has been adapted to a young electorate who feels at home with this new platform. Given this social network’s explosion, the main objective of this research is to analyze which topics and approaches the parties with the greatest parliamentary representation use most frequently by looking at their activity on TikTok and determine how they have leveraged a time of polarization and political confrontation to a network geared toward entertainment. To achieve these objectives, a methodological triangulation based on three analyses –quantitative content, discourse, and qualitative content– is used. The sample consists of 250 posts from the official profiles of the following Spanish political parties: Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), Partido Popular (PP), Ciudadanos (C’s), Unidas Podemos (UP), and Vox. Specifically, a non-random stratification system was used, selecting the 50 videos from each party that had with the highest number of views since they launched their profiles on this social network. From a theoretical standpoint, this study proposes a new concept, the aggressive critical message (ACM), which is presented as a further contribution to the conceptual framework of emerging studies on crypto hate speech. From an empirical standpoint, the results obtained reveal that the partisan rhetoric on TikTok is not homogeneous, and substantial differences are seen between the topics addressed by the different parties. It also is concluded that the parties are implementing techniques used in entertainment alongside polarization itself, which trivializes politics, aiming to go viral rather than to provoke thought.

Enhancing safety communication in autonomous vehicles with hybrid elliptic curve digital signatures

<span>The autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a part of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) technology which is gaining a lot of researchers' attention for making the vehicle smarter and safer. In VANETs, the vehicles transmit various types of messages, some are important in terms of human lives while others are for infotainment. These messages give various information to the driver so that the driver can take appropriate precautions on the roads. In this work, the main aim was to concentrate on the safety messages that are very important in VANET infrastructure. In VANET the information transmitted are open, hence it is very easy for any attacker to manipulate or change the critical messages. Hence, in this paper, we intend to implement security to these safety messages by encrypting the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) algorithm which is further optimized by ate pairing. The results have been compared with the traditional ECDSA in terms of throughput. By using the hybrid ECDSA, we increase the strength of ECDSA and still maintain the integrity of ECDSA, making sure that the authenticity of the vehicles and privacy of the messages is maintained within the VANET infrastructure.</span>

Interpreters as Spin Doctors: The Interactional Role of Interpreters in China’s Political Press Conferences

China’s political press conferences have received increasing academic attention as they provide a revealing window into the workings of the political communication system in the authoritarian context. However, the interactional role that interpreters play in these cross-linguistic press conferences remains underexamined. Taking a conversational analytic approach, this qualitative study empirically examines the interactional import of government interpreters’ practices at the Chinese Premier’s Press Conferences (CPPCs) from 2007 to 2023. The analysis reveals that interpreters consistently transform journalists’ questions with respect to (1) word choices, (2) contextual backgrounds, and (3) question forms. These transformative practices work to soften the critical messages that these questions would otherwise convey while also enabling politicians to more easily address these questions without having to deal with the negative consequences that might otherwise follow. I argue that government interpreters in CPPCs actively intervene in substantive ways consistent with a spin doctor role within press conference exchanges.

A constructive airborne‐ground matrix algorithm for modern telecommunication systems

AbstractConventional Mobile Communication Systems (MCS) reliably transfer critical messages from authorised remote information sources like military bases and ground control stations in the war field. As tactical advancement grows rapidly, the challenges of transmitting tactical messages via conventional satellite methods increase the processing overhead related to cost, Line of Sight (LOS) communication, packet loss, delay, and retransmission requests. Modern mobile communication systems use Airborne Node Networks (ANN) between satellites and Mobile Ground Nodes (MGNs) as they provide many advantages in mobile communication systems. Hence airborne network reduces the burden of satellites as they are only used as relay stations. The mobility problem caused by ANN and MGNs is solved by proposing a novel constructive airborne‐ground matrix algorithm known as the Who‐To‐Whom (WTW) matrix. With the help of this matrix acting as a reference index, it determines which nodes relate to whom at every time interval T in the tactical environment. This WTW matrix holds precise status/information about connectivity among all stakeholders in the operating environment by carefully and effectively accounting for frequent location changes. The methodology of the proposed matrix is that it contains the physical parameters of the nodes and their behaviour in the tactical environment. The WTW matrix construction algorithm discusses how the reference matrix is constructed in every aerial node to monitor the mobile ground nodes by leading them to safety and providing aerial guidance as they move along the tactical environment. The performance metrics are measured with other existing schemes, and the merits and demerits of the proposed WTW matrix are identified and discussed in detail.

Disguised Full-Duplex Covert Communications.

Covert communications have arisen as an effective communications security measure that overcomes some of the limitations of cryptography and physical layer security. The main objective is to completely conceal from external devices the very existence of the link for exchanging confidential messages. In this paper, we take a step further and consider a scenario in which a covert communications node disguises itself as another functional entity for even more covertness. To be specific, we study a system where a source node communicates with a seemingly receive-only destination node which, in fact, is full-duplex (FD) and covertly delivers critical messages to another hidden receiver while evading the surveillance. Our aim is to identify the achievable covert rate at the hidden receiver by optimizing the public data rate and the transmit power of the FD destination node subject to the worst-case detection error probability (DEP) of the warden. Closed-form solutions are provided, and we investigate the effects of various system parameters on the covert rate through numerical results, one of which reveals that applying more (less) destination transmit power achieves a higher covert rate when the source transmit power is low (high). Since our work provides a performance guideline from the information-theoretic point of view, we conclude this paper with a discussion on possible future research such as analyses with practical modulations and imperfect channel state information.

Nested Hash Access With Post Quantum Encryption for Mission-Critical IoT Communications

Secure ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) has become a crucial requirement of mission-critical Internet of Things (IoT) applications and use cases including automotive driving, remote surgery, and many others. However, it is still challenging to protect initial access of massive IoT devices over wireless channels, especially when malicious quantum adversaries paralyse the initial access by overhearing and tampering critical wireless messages, i.e., preambles. We propose a nested hash access system with post-quantum encryption to solve this issue. The system performs random repetition coding and nested hash coding on multi-domain physical-layer resources to encode and decode preambles precisely and resiliently. Particularly, a subtle compression and encryption mechanism based on quasi-cyclic (QC)-moderate-density parity-check (MDPC) code is proposed between repetition and hashing operations to avoid passive eavesdropping during preamble encoding process. We show that the code information can be maintained at 128-bit or higher privacy level, depending on the length of repetition code. Besides, the preamble decoding process can be proved secure agaisnt active attacks with a tolerable loss of decoding errors. Then we formulate two non-convex integer programming problems, each problem corresponding to the minimization of upper bound of preamble decoding error in an example application scenario. Finally, we can derive the expressions of system failure probability to evaluate the reliability of URLLC system under mission-critical IoT scenarios. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme despite attack.

Advancements in COVID-19 Testing: An In-depth Overview.

COVID-19 rapidly evolved as a pandemic, killing and hospitalising millions of people, and creating unprecedented hurdles for communities and health care systems worldwide. The rapidly evolving pandemic prompted the head of the World Health Organisation to deliver a critical message: "test, test, test." The response from the diagnostic industry and researchers worldwide was overwhelming, resulting in more than a thousand commercial tests being available worldwide. Several sampling approaches and diagnostic techniques have been employed from the early stages of the pandemic, such as SARS-CoV-2 detection by targeting the viral RNA or protein indirectly via antibody testing, biochemical estimation, and various imaging techniques, and many are still in the various stages of development and yet to be marketed. Accurate testing techniques and appropriate sampling are the need of the hour to manage, diagnose and treat the pandemic, especially in the current crisis where SARS-CoV-2 undergoes constant mutation, evolving into various strains, which are pretty challenging. The article discusses various testing techniques as well as screening methods for detection, treatment, and management of COVID-19 transmissions, such as NAAT, PCR, isothermal detection including RT-LAMP, RPA, NASBA, RCA, SDA, NEAR, and TMA, CRISPR strategy, nanotechnology approach, metagenomic profiling, point of care tests, virus neutralization test, ELISA, biomarker estimation, utilization of imaging techniques such as CT, ultrasonography, brain MRI in COVID-19 complications, and other novel strategies including microarray methods, microfluidic methods and artificial intelligence with an emphasis on advancements in the testing strategies for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COVID-19.

Timing Analysis of CAN FD for Security-Aware Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

The CAN FD emerges as a promising CAN technology inside the ACPS due to its advantages of high data-phase bit-rate and message payload. HSM based security solution is recommended by auto industry to protect CAN FD from potential security attacks, but it induces new challenges on timing analysis of CAN FD messages, which is left open in the literature. This paper develops the first security-aware system model to describe the processing of CAN FD messages, and presents a new WCRT analysis to bound the interference induced by security-critical messages. We give the theoretical proof that our WCRT analysis can upper bound the response time of CAN FD messages. Using a small message set, we show that the WCRT computed by our new analysis is only 14% percent higher than the true WCRT obtained from an exhaustive search based simulator. By comparing with existing method, the number of impacted messages increases along with the increasing number of security critical messages, and for the two typical CAN FD systems, the percentage of WCRT increase varies from 12.43% to 14.57% and 7.0% to 10.89%, respectively; the percentage of WCRT decrease varies from 3.29% to 6.04% and 4.13% to 7.93%, respectively.

A Clustering-Based Routing Protocol Using Path Pattern Discovery Method to Minimize Delay in VANET

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications can link vehicles to each other, and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) messaging and communications can link roadside infrastructure such as routers. The vehicles in these networks act as relays that transmit critical messages in the network. Due to the high-speed movement of vehicles on the road, real-time messaging and minimizing the delay in sending messages is one of the most important objectives of VANET developers. On the other hand, the high mobility of vehicles causes communication interruptions and decreases the data delivery rate in VANET. To overcome this issue, predicting the path of vehicles can play an important role in sending data from the source to the destination. When an accident occurs on the road, the messages that are sensed by the imbedded sensors in the vehicles need to be sent, and if they are sent by the vehicles that change their route, these messages will not be sent to the destination and the performance of the network will be disturbed. Previous methods in the literature for data transmission in intervehicular networks have focused more on reliability and trust, and little attention has been paid to the prediction of vehicle movement paths in these types of networks. Therefore, for fast and reliable data transmission in VANET, accurate prediction of vehicle movement and creation of movement patterns can be effective in message transmission delay and data delivery rate. In this paper, we present an approach using a combination of cluster-based routing protocols and pattern discovery methods to minimize latency in VANETs. The outline of the proposed method has four modules: primary data collection and analysis, primary data preparation and analysis, pattern extraction and vehicle route discovery, and vehicle clustering and data/information transmission routing. The simulation results show that the proposed method with a delivery rate of 88.56% has significantly improved compared to the previous methods in terms of package delivery rate. Also, the proposed method with a total delay of 24.566 ms has a shorter delay than the previous methods in terms of message sending delay in the network.

Reversible data hiding based on histogram and prediction error for sharing secret data

With the advancement of communication technology, a large number of data are constantly transmitted through the internet for various purposes, which are prone to be illegally accessed by third parties. Therefore, securing such data is crucial to protect the transmitted information from falling into the wrong hands. Among data protection schemes, Secret Image Sharing is one of the most popular methods. It protects critical messages or data by embedding them in an image and sharing it with some users. Furthermore, it combines the security concepts in that private data are embedded into a cover image and then secured using the secret-sharing method. Despite its advantages, this method may produce noise, making the resulting stego file much different from its cover. Moreover, the size of private data that can be embedded is limited. This research works on these problems by utilizing prediction-error expansion and histogram-based approaches to embed the data. To recover the cover image, the SS method based on the Chinese remainder theorem is used. The experimental results indicate that this proposed method performs better than similar methods in several cover images and scenarios.