Critical Limits Research Articles

Will and Morality in Schopenhauer's Philosophy

｢의지와 표상으로서의 세계｣를 중심으로 하는 쇼펜하우어의 철학은 칸트 철학에 대한 근본적인 물음으로부터 시작된다. 쇼펜하우어가 보기에, 칸트의 인식론과 윤리학은 세계와 마음의 문제를 세밀하게 밝히지 못한다는 점에서 한계를 가진다. 쇼펜하우어는 세계와 마음의 존재방식과 양자 사이의 역동적 관계를 ‘의지’라는 하나의 형이상학적 세력에 의거하여 설명한다. 그에 의하면, 세계는 ‘표상’과 ‘의지’라는 두 측면으로 구분되며, 마음은 ‘의지 그 자체’와 ‘삶에의 의지’, 그리고 ‘자비심’ 사이의 관계로 규정된다. 표상세계 속에서 살아가는 인간은 삶과 교육을 통하여 자신과 세계가 궁극적으로 구별되지 않는다는 깨달음에 이르게 된다. 진정한 도덕의 동인으로서의 자비심은 존재의 내면에서, 나의 행위가 기준에서 멀어져 있다는 후회와 반성, 책임감과 통탄의 정서로만 알려진다는 특이성을 나타내며, 바로 이 부정적으로만 알려지는 그 정서만이 진정한 도덕적 의미를 가진다. 쇼펜하우어의 철학 전체는 ‘의지의 윤리학’이라는 하나의 방향성을 가지며 그것은 존재와 행위의 관계를 파악하는 새로운 관점과 도덕교육에 관한 새로운 모형의 가능성을 시사한다.Schopenhauer's philosophy throughout his main work The World as Will and Representation begins with some fundamental questions about Kant's philosophy. In Schopenhauer's view, Kant's epistemology and ethics have critical limits in that they cannot reveal the true meaning of world and human being in detail. Schopenhauer's central doctrine of the two aspects of world and human being is to explain the dynamics in between based upon the metaphysical force called 'Will'. The world is distinguished by representation and Will, and human being can be defined by the relations between 'Will in itself', 'will to life', and 'compassion'. Throughout his life and education, man comes to reach the knowledge that his being and world are not ultimately separated each other. The true moral incentive can be known only within one's existence negatively. The regrets and responsibilities show that my actions are far from the absolute moral standard, and they are the only places where the true meaning of morality emerges. Schopenhauer's philosophy as a whole has a direction of 'ethics of Will', which suggests the possibility of a new model for moral education and a new perspective on the relation between being and action.

Analysis of solid-state welding in extruding wide aluminium hollow profiles using a new three-container extrusion system

A novel multi-container extrusion has recently been proposed to extrude multiple billets simultaneously for manufacturing thin-walled wide engineering components with greatly reduced force. The metal flow behaviour and solid-state welding in the process are crucial factors that influence the final product quality and industrial application. In this study, thin-walled wide AA6063 hollow profiles were extruded by three-container extrusion technology under different combinations of extrusion temperature and speed. The bonding quality of the welds that formed between the adjacent billets during the extrusion process was experimentally evaluated via tensile tests of specimens at different positions of the extrudates. A three-dimensional numerical model was established and validated to characterise the metal flow behaviour and the solid-state welding. Ten points in the first 140 mm of the weld of the extrudate were traced to investigate the flow paths and the related physical information such as pressure, effective stress, velocity and strain rate to reveal the weld formation mechanism. The simulated results showed that the whole three-container extrusion process includes five stages, i.e. separation stage, smooth flow stage, welding chamber filling stage, die bearing breakthrough stage and steady extrusion stage. By evaluating the simulated results and the tensile testing results, the pressure-time (Q) criterion was found able to evaluate the welding quality individually for each extrusion condition, while the pressure-time-flow (K) criterion appeared suitable to predict the welding quality for various extrusion conditions within a small range of critical limits.

Relatively minor influence of individual characteristics on critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) limits during light activity in young adults (PSU HEAT Project).

Critical environmental limits are temperature-humidity thresholds above which heat balance cannot be maintained for a given metabolic heat production. This study examined the association between individual characteristics [sex, body surface area (AD), aerobic capacity (V̇o2max), and body mass (mb)] and critical environmental limits in young adults at low metabolic rates. Forty-four (20 M/24 F; 23 ± 4 yr) subjects were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber at two low net metabolic rates (Mnet); minimal activity (MinAct; Mnet = ∼160 W) and light ambulation (LightAmb; Mnet = ∼260 W). In two hot-dry (HD; ≤25% rh) environments, ambient water vapor pressure (Pa = 12 or 16 mmHg) was held constant and dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) was systematically increased. In two warm-humid (WH; ≥50% rh) environments, Tdb was held constant at 34°C or 36°C, and Pa was systematically increased. The critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGTcrit) was determined for each condition. During MinAct, after entry of Mnet into the forward stepwise linear regression model, no individual characteristics were entered into the model for WH (R2adj = 0.01, P = 0.27) or HD environments (R2adj = -0.01, P = 0.44). During LightAmb, only mb was entered into the model for WH environments (R2adj = 0.44, P < 0.001), whereas only V̇o2max was entered for HD environments (R2adj = 0.22; P = 0.002). These data demonstrate negligible importance of individual characteristics on WBGTcrit during low-intensity nonweight-bearing (MinAct) activity with a modest impact of mb and V̇o2max during weight-bearing (LightAmb) activity in extreme thermal environments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our laboratory has recently published a series of papers establishing the upper ambient temperature-humidity thresholds for maintaining heat balance, termed critical environmental limits, in young adults. However, no studies have investigated the relative influence of individual characteristics, such as sex, body size, and aerobic fitness, on those environmental limits. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of sex, body mass, body surface area, and maximal aerobic capacity on critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) limits in young adults.

Health risk assessment according to exposure with heavy metals and physicochemical parameters; water quality index and contamination degree evaluation in bottled water

ABSTRACT This survey analysed 71 bottled water brands in Tehran, Iran. The laboratory analysis was investigated for ten physicochemical parameters and 16 elements, including heavy metals comprising (bicarbonate, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Na, Mg, Ca, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ba, and, Zn). Statistical analysis were performed with R software. The water quality index (WQI) approach was applied to investigate water quality, the carcinogen risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) methods were used for assessing the health risks, and the cumulative impacts of heavy metals were evaluated with contamination degree (Cd) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI). The results showed that among the physicochemical parameters, EC, TDS, TH, and HCO3 and heavy metals like Sr > Zn > Cu > Ni had the Highest values. The WQI value in totals was 91.86 and had good quality class, and the order was good (60.56%), poor (35.21%), and very poor bottled water (4.22%). The correlation results demonstrated that WQI ~ Fe and Zn ~ Mn had significant correlation coefficients (r = 1). Moreover, there is a significant correlation between TH with Mg and Ca and also between HCO3 with EC, TH, and Ca, and then between SO4 with Na. Carcinogen risk for Cr in children and adults was 2 × 10−4 and 6 × 10−4, respectively. The responsible pollutants in non-carcinogen risk assessment were F and NO3, and their HI was greater than one in adult and child subgroups. The values of Cd and HEI were lower than critical limits. Also, Pb had a significant correlation with Cd and HEI (r = 1). This study revealed that bottled water contains minerals and may possess heavy metals, which pose significant human health risks, especially for children.

Does the Composition of Fiscal Deficit Matter for Economic Growth at the Sub-National levels? An Empirical Analysis for India

Does the Composition of Fiscal Deficit Matter for Economic Growth at the Sub-National levels? An Empirical Analysis for India

Evaluation of hydrocarbon accumulation and some chemical properties of soil sediment from crude oil polluted mangrove ecosystem in Okrika

Composite soil sediments samples collected from three polluted sites in Okrika local Government Area of Rivers State. Old Isakka (01), Imonitanbie (1M) and Agiahi Ama (AA) were investigated to examine the effects of crude oil pollution on chemical properties of soil sediments from mangrove ecosystems. The soil sediments were collected at a distance of 0, 20, 40 meters and a control sample taken from distance of 140 meters away from the polluted sites near the river with a spade from each of the locations. A total of twelve soil sediments samples were collected from the three locations. The samples were analyzed for: Total hydrocarbon contents (THC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Available Phosphorus (P), soluble potassium (K), Total organic carbon (TOC) and soil pH. Results of the study showed significant (P&lt;0.05) difference in % TOC in polluted soil sediments in all the distances and locations over the control samples. Percentage TOC increases in a decreasing order in the studied locations as: AA&gt;1M&gt;01. Available P in polluted soil sediments were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower than the control soil sediments. Available P in soil sediments increases with distance away from the polluted site with control samples having the highest values in all the locations. The value of P were below the critical limits of 8.15mg/kg. Total nitrogen was significantly higher in polluted sediments over control. There were significant variations in the content of soluble K in both the distance and locations in the studied area. The values of K were not consistent with crude oil pollution but above the critical limit. The order of significant of soluble K were 01&gt;1M&gt;AA. Significant (P&lt;0.05) difference was observed in THC between the crude oil polluted sediment and the control samples in all the distances and locations. Pollution of the soil sediment with crude oil impacted negatively on some soil sediments properties as there was a decrease in available P content, reduction of the soil sediment pH to strongly acidic (4.00±10c to 4.30±0.1a) in all the locations and an increase in TOC , TN and THC of the mangrove sediments. THC of the soil sediments in the three locations decreases in the order of 01&gt;1M&gt;AA. The THC of the studied sites exceeded the alert and intervention limit of 200 and 20000mg/kg for less sensitive soils and 100 and 1000mg/kg for sensitive soils.

Evaluasi cara produksi pangan yang baik (CPPB) dan rekomendasi hazard analytical critical control point (HACCP) pada UKM teh sereh di Metro, Lampung

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant often processed into brewing drinks such as tea. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Asha in Metro Lampung produces lemongrass tea with a production process consisting of size reduction, washing, drying, powdering, and packaging. To improve food safety in the production process is necessary to evaluate Good Manufacturing Practices/Good Food Production Methods (CPPB) and prepare recommendations for Hazard Analytical Critical Control Point (HACCP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of the principles of CPPB and provide recommendations for the HACCP Plan to Asha SMEs. This research carries out by conducting field observations and interviews with several Asha SMEs stakeholders. The results showed that the CPPB evaluation had two serious discrepancy criteria and two critical discrepancy criteria. Therefore, Asha SMEs is included in the food home industry (IRTP) level 4 so that internal audit recommendations can carry out daily. The HACCP analysis results show three critical control points (CCP), namely soaking, drying and packaging. Critical and control limits are recommended by SNI 3836:2013 concerning packaged dry tea. The HACCP recommendation for Asha SMEs are to control the possibility of physical and coliform contamination during the repeated washing process with running water. Drying at 70oC for 12 hours helps reduce water activity in lemongrass tea in preventing mold growth. Furthermore, packaging with attention to the hygiene of workers and tools can prevent contamination of the final product of lemongrass tea

Determination of Critical Loads for Eutrophying and Acidifying Air Pollutant Inputs for the Protection of Near-Natural Ecosystems in Germany

Under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, UNECE, to which Germany acceded in 1982, the harmful effects of air pollutants on the environment are to be steadily reduced and ultimately limited to a level that is compatible with nature. The ICP Modelling &amp; Mapping (ICP M&amp;M) under the Working Group on Effects (WGE) of CLRTAP maps critical loads for the entire Convention area and calculates the exceedance risks and associated risks to vegetation and biodiversity. A current data request was made in November 2015 with the aim of submitting new or updated ecosystem-specific critical loads for protection against acidification and eutrophication. For this task, critical loads were determined by the authors for one third of the territory of Germany using the simple mass balance (SMB) method according to the ICP Mapping Manual. The permissible eutrophying nitrogen input into the ecosystem CLnut(N), as well as the acidifying sulphur input CLmaxS, can be described as the setting of the equilibrium between substance inputs and outputs, provided that specific critical limits are met. The BERN database—created by the authors—serves as the basis for modelling vegetation-specific critical limits as a complement to the SMB model. The BERN database contains near-natural plant communities with clearly definable site constancy. The 25,600 German and a further 24,600 European vegetation records dating back to before 1960 were evaluated to determine the good ecological status of the plant communities. The results of the critical load calculation show that about half of the receptor areas have critical loads for eutrophying nitrogen below 10 kg ha−1 a−1 and critical loads for acidifying sulphur were below 1500 eq ha−1 a−1. It could be demonstrated that the BERN–SMB-modelled critical loads for eutrophying nitrogen inputs show lower values on average throughout Germany than those calculated using only the previous critical limits according to the ICP Mapping Manual. These values are closer to the empirical critical loads than the critical loads without BERN data. For the goal of the German National Biodiversity Strategy by 2007 and 2020 to define ecosystem-related impact thresholds for pollutants that describe the effects on biodiversity, the BERN/SMB critical loads for the protection of ecosystems provide a precautionary scientific basis.

Implementation of the HACCP System for Apple Juice Concentrate Based on Patulin Prevention and Control.

Patulin (PAT) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., which acts as a contaminant of most apples and their products. The internationally recognized HACCP system is selected as the theoretical basis to more effectively reduce the PAT in apple juice concentrate (AJC). Through field investigation of apple juice concentrate (AJC) production enterprises, we collected 117 samples from 13 steps of AJC production, including whole apple, apple pulp, and apple juice. PAT contents were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and compared with samples from the different production processes. The result demonstrated that the PAT content was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by five processes, receipt of raw apples, sorting of raw apples, adsorption step, pasteurization, and aseptic filling. These processes were determined as the CCPs. Monitoring systems for maintaining CCPs within acceptable limits were established, and corrective actions were proposed in case a CCP was surpassed. Based on the above-identified CCPs, critical limits, and control methods (corrective actions), a HACCP plan related to the production process of AJC was established. This study provided important guidance for juice manufacturers wishing to effectively control the PAT content in their products.

Contribution of outdoor noise-induced health risk in schools located in urbanized arid country.

Ambient noise pollution is deemed as one of the major growing public health issues, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the impact of noise pollution on public health. The aim of this study is to investigate the health risk of noise exposure levels in three schools: Kaab Bin Zeyd of Basic Education (school A), Hail Al-Awamour Girls school (school B), and Al-Fikr School (school C) in Muscat, Oman. The study employed a survey of 300 students, dose-response models, and regression models to quantify health risk and to determine the relationship between noise levels and perceived noise annoyance sources. The study found average noise levels (LAeq) of school A (70.03±8.21 dBA), school B (69.54±7.75 dBA), and school C (55.95± 5.67 dBA) to be higher than WHO's outdoor schools environment standard of 55 dBA and European (EN16798-1) classroom's critical limits of 30-34 dBA. Most of the students from schools A (30.9%), B (33.3%), and C (63%) have reported noise produced from traffic as extremely annoyed compared to aircraft of 15.4%, 11.5%, and 27.2%, respectively. Regression analysis shows that perceived traffic noise was strongly correlated with LAeq in school A (R2 =0.481), B (R2 =0.121), and C (R2 = 0.132) when compared with other subjective noise types. The health risk assessment results show that the percentage of highly annoyed (%HA) was higher in school A (15.2%) and school B (14.95%) than in school C (8.18%). The estimated highly sleep disturbed (%HSD) based on mean noise levels were almost the same in schools A (15.62%) and B (15.19%) but far higher compared to school C (6.01%). However, there was an association between the mean noise exposure levels and the risk of developing ischemic heart diseases (IHD) in school A (RR= 1.172, 95% CI: 1.020-1.334), school B (RR=1.167, 95% CI: 1.020-1.325), and school C (RR=1.051, 95% CI: 1.006-1.095). Moreover, attributable risk percentage (AR%) for school A (AR% =14.675, 95% CI: 2.028-25.037), school B (AR% =14.310, 95% CI: 1.960-24.528), and school C (AR% = 4.852, 95% CI:0.596-8.742) have shown that a substantial portion of the population could be prevented from developing IHD. It is expected that findings of the study can be applied in other arid regions with sprawl urbanized built environments.

PENERAPAN SISTEM HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) PADA INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA TAPE DI WILAYAH KECAMATAN SUKOSARI, KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO

In the application of the hazard analysis and critical control point in the tape householdindustry in the Sukosari area, there are still several components that do not meet therequirements, such as the area where the processing is not clean, the use of rusty foodprocessing equipment, food equipment and food ingredients that are not rinsed with cleanwater, the food packaging room that is not tightly packed with vectors, and not wearinggloves when handling food . The purpose of this study is to describe the application ofhazard analysis and critical control points in the household tape industry in the District ofSukosari, Bondowoso Regency.This type of research is descriptive and observational with the object of research beingthe entire home industry of tape production in the District of Sukosari with a population of2 IRTP. The research variables studied included the application of hazard identification,determination of CCP, determination of critical limits, monitoring of CCP, corrective actions,application of hazard analysis and critical control point systems and descriptive dataanalysis.The results showed that the application of hazard identification was in good category(70%), the determination of CCP was in a sufficient category (65%), determination ofcritical limit was in good category (80%), monitoring of CCP was in sufficient category(50%), corrective action was in good category (75%) so that the application of the hazardanalysis and critical control gets a good category (68.41%).The advice given to handlers is to wash their hands regularly after and before theproduction process and not use their hands directly when touching food. The IRTP paysmore attention to hygiene and sanitation in the processing of food production and routinelyperforms cleaning and maintenance at the production site.

Can hyper/hypo-osmoregulating fiddler crabs from the Atlantic coast of South America mobilize intracellular free amino acids as osmotic effectors during salinity challenge?

Weakly osmoregulating crustaceans use intracellular free amino acids (FAA) to attenuate cell volume changes consequent to alterations in hemolymph osmolality. Whether semiterrestrial, strong hyper/hypo-osmoregulators exhibit this ability is unknown. We investigate FAA mobilization in muscle tissue of 10 fiddler crabs from the genera Minuca, Leptuca, and Uca distributed along the Atlantic coast of South America. Crabs were subjected to severe hypo- or hyper-osmotic challenge at their lower or upper critical salinity limits for 5 days; reference crabs were held in isosmotic media. Hemolymph osmolality was measured, chela muscle FAA were identified and quantified, and percent contribution to intracellular osmolality (%FAA) was calculated. At isosmoticity, total FAA were nominally twofold higher in Minuca species (≈116 mmol/kg wet mass) compared to Uca (≈60 mmol/kg wet mass). Glycine, alanine, arginine, and taurine constituted >80% of the total FAA pool. On hyperosmotic challenge, hemolymph osmolalities ranged from 843 to 1282 mOsm/kg H2 O. FAA increased, although %FAA remained unaltered. Hypo-osmoregulating crabs thus can mobilize FAA, likely owing to a lesser ability to secrete salt near their upper critical limits. On hypo-osmotic challenge, osmolalities were regulated more tightly, between 475 and 736 mOsm/kg H2 O. Total FAA and %FAA showed little change, probably due to the crabs' strong hyper-osmotic extracellular regulatory ability, FAA consequently playing a diminished role in isosmotic intracellular regulation (IIR). Total FAA responses to hyper/hypo-osmotic challenge are thus asymmetrical. The lack of phylogenetic signal in FAA mobilization suggests that closely related fiddler crabs do not share similar strategies of IIR.

Carbohydrate‐rich diet increases critical thermal maximum in ants

AbstractTo understand species’ responses to climate change, we must better comprehend the factors shaping physiological critical thermal limits. One factor of potential importance is nutrient availability. Carbohydrates are an energy source that can directly affect an organism's physiological state. Ants are among the most omnipresent and ecologically relevant animal groups on Earth, and many ant species consume carbohydrate‐based diets. Additionally, as ectotherms, ants are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Here, we examined the relationship between foraging temperature, carbohydrate availability, and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). First, we conducted a laboratory experiment using 3–4 colonies of two species that forage at high temperatures (Camponotus blandus Smith and Dorymyrmex thoracicus Gallardo) and two species that forage at lower temperatures (Nylanderia fulva Mayr and Dolichoderus quadridenticulatus Roger). Each colony was divided into two experimental subcolonies, which were given diets containing different carbohydrate concentrations (5 vs. 20% sucrose solutions). We then measured CTmax. We also collected ants belonging to these species in the field and measured their CTmax. We found that CTmax was highest for the two species that forage at higher temperatures. For C. blandus and D. thoracicus, workers given 20% sucrose had higher CTmax than workers given 5% sucrose. No diet‐mediated differences in CTmax were seen for N. fulva and D. quadridenticulatus workers. Additionally, the experimental ants in both treatment groups had higher CTmax than their field‐collected conspecifics, except in the case of C. blandus. If carbohydrate‐rich diets can boost heat tolerance in some species, it is possible that changes in resource availability could determine how climate change affects ants, especially species with carbohydrate‐based diets. Furthermore, these impacts could ripple across the entire trophic network.

Experimental investigation of diesel engine running on diesel fuel supplemented with CeO2 metal nanoparticles

ABSTRACT Many factors depend on improving the performance and reducing pollutant emissions caused by fossil fuels in commonly used diesel engines. Nanoparticles have recently become popular in improving combustion performance due to the rapid decrease in fuel reserves and greenhouse gas emissions exceeding critical limits. In this study, a highly oxidizing and reactive additive, cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticle, was added to diesel fuel in four different amounts (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm). While the nanoparticle additive diminished the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), it developed the brake-thermal efficiency (BTE), in-cylinder pressure (ICP), and heat release rate (HRR). With the accumulation of 100 ppm CeO2, BSFC decreased by 12.08%, while BTE, EGT, ICP, and HRR increased by 13.73%, 21.3%, 3.26%, and 9.52%, respectively, compared to diesel. The ignition delay and combustion time were reduced thanks to increased nanoparticle additive surface area/volume ratio. By the accumulation of 100 ppm CeO2, the ignition delay decreased from 11.52°CA to 11.21°CA, and the combustion time from 82.08°CA to 79.92°CA compared to diesel. Finally, the supplement of CeO2 caused a growth in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions while reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emissions. Compared to diesel fuel, with 100 ppm CeO2, NOx emissions increased by 7.56%, and CO, HC, and smoke emissions declined by 13.26%, 15.49%, and 17.65%, respectively. Evaluation of the obtained results reveals the capability of using CeO2 nanoparticles as a fuel additive for diesel fuel.

Food safety, livestock health, and productivity of a farm fatting Japanese black cattle following implementation of a certificated Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system.

This study examined the safety and productivity data analysis of a beef cattle farm with Japanese black cattle over a 4-year period following the implementation of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system in 2018. The critical control point was "the selection of shipping cows" and no deviations from critical limits were observed, indicating the beef were safe. In addition, cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) less than 6 months after the introduction of cattle decreased, while the average Beef Marbling Standard and quality of meat (i.e., grades A5, B5, A4, and B4) in beef carcass trade standard scores increased. These results suggest that the HACCP system had a positive effect on the health and meat quality of the cattle.

Evaluating the Physico-chemical Properties of Forest Honey

Honey is a widely consumed functional food which has a valued place in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties of honey which was collected from the forest regions of Bastar division. Physico-chemical parameters include moisture, ash, pH, free acidity, electrical conductivity and sugar content which were determined by following the Food Safety Standard Authority of India and International Honey Commission methods. Each honey is unique on the basis of chemistry, quantity and combination of the various components that attributes towards its quality. The control and characterization of quality are of great importance and interest in apiculture. The present study analyzed the quality parameters of honeys from different tribal farmers and market under Bastar division and compared the results with the quality criteria laid by Food Safety Standard Authority of India and Codex Standard. Processing was noted to have detrimental effect on several quality parameters of honeys; in spite of which it was remarkably within the critical limits. The moisture values of all honey samples analyzed were above 20%. The free acidity was above 0.15% in 17 out of 18 samples (94.44%) collected tribal farmers, while 1 out of 18 collected honey samples (5.56%) showed lower values than 0.15%. In this study, 2 out of 18 honey samples (11.11%) from Bastar forest region had soluble solids content below 80 Brix. In terms of HMF, only 1 out of 18 honey samples (5.55%) exceeded 80 mg/kg, which is the maximum content of HMF set in standards. The values of some physicochemical parameters (free acidity, HMF, and soluble solids) of local and imported honey samples are not within the quality limits set in legislation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the properties of fresh honey produced in Bastar forest region and the stability of honey during prolonged storage.

Chemical properties of Oxisol cultivated with corn in management systems of soil irrigated with swine production wastewater.

Waste generated from agribusiness, such as swine production, can be used in agricultural soil; however, certain technical criteria should be followed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation with swine wastewater (SW), associated with the soil management system, on soil chemical attributes after two corn crop cycles. The experiments were conducted in the field, in an arrangement with two soil management systems (conventional tillage system - CTS and no-tillage system - NTS) and five depths of irrigation with SW (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of evapotranspiration from the crop - ETc). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m to determine the pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, P, Fe, Cu and Zn at the end of each crop cycle. Soil nutrient contents increased with the application of SW irrigation in the two crop cycles and in the depths of 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m, mainly with an increase of irrigation depths. No effect of the management systems was observed for the majority of the nutrients evaluated. The content of the heavy metals Cu and Zn remained below the critical limits established by the Brazilian Regulations.

Insight into the structural, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric properties of Fe2HfSi Heusler by DFT investigation.

At high pressure, the pressure dependencies of the structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of Fe2HfSi Heusler were calculated using the FP-LAPW method within the framework of the density functional theory. The calculations were carried out using the modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) scheme. Our calculations showed that the Born mechanical stability criteria confirmed the mechanical stability in the cubic phase. Further, through Poisson and Pugh's ratios critical limits, the findings of the ductile strength were computed. At a pressure of 0 GPa, the indirect nature of the material may be deduced from the electronic band structures of Fe2HfSi as well as the estimations for its density of states. Under pressure, the real and imaginary dielectric function responses, optical conductivity, absorption coefficient, energy loss function, refractive index, reflectivity, and extinction coefficient were computed in the 0-12 eV range. Using semi-classical Boltzmann theory, a thermal response is also studied. As the pressure rises, the Seebeck coefficient decreases, while the electrical conductivity rises. The figure of merit (ZT) and Seebeck coefficients were determined at temperatures of 300 K, 600 K, 900 K, and 1200 K in order to better understand the thermoelectric properties of a material at these different temperatures. Despite the fact that the ideal Seebeck coefficient for Fe2HfSi was discovered at 300 K and was determined to be superior to that reported previously. Materials with a thermoelectric reaction has been shown to be suitable for reusing waste heat in systems. As a result, Fe2HfSi functional material may aid in the development of new energy harvesting and optoelectronic technologies.

Applying a versatile, comprehensive, attribute-based waterhole classification scheme to ecosystem-based management challenges

Context Understanding habitat suitability for feral animals across a landscape is important for conservation planning because the spatial and temporal availability of water provides critical limits to native biodiversity and the processes that threaten it. Previous attempts to support management actions on feral pig populations through predictions of population abundance, distribution and seasonal resource constraints have been confounded by a lack of knowledge, classification and mapping of waterholes – which are critical to their survival. Aims In this paper, we aimed to apply a waterhole classification scheme for feral pig management to address gaps in our understanding of water and food availability through space and time, at scales relevant to feral animal movement and resource use. Methods We utilise an attribute-based waterhole classification scheme for ecosystem-based management by defining a waterhole typology of feral pig habitat suitability and applying it spatially. Key results Five attributes (water permanence, predictability of inundation, oceanic influence, dominant vegetation and shading) reflect many of the critical requirements for feral pig habitat in northern Australia. The attributes directly relate to the environmental constraints that exert population and behavioural pressure on feral pigs. These attributes were applied spatially in a specific hierarchy to group waterholes into 21 types. Conclusions A waterhole typology that characterises within the context of their suitability for feral pig populations is foundational for systematic adaptive management and monitoring programs that aim to reduce the impact of threatening processes on freshwater ecosystems. Implications Refining the mapping of important feral pig habitat variables (water and food) will greatly improve modelling approaches that aim to support data-driven management approaches, such as connectivity analysis and estimating population dynamics to inform culling programs. Here we demonstrate a significant increase in overlap with known feral pig distributions using a much smaller mapped effective management area when compared with previous best available spatial products.

Critical Limits of Zinc in Soil and Rice Plant in Hill District Soils of Manipur

Critical Limits of Zinc in Soil and Rice Plant in Hill District Soils of Manipur