Critical End Research Articles

Histoire du pastiche: Le Pastiche litteraire francais de la Renaissance a nos jours

Paul Aron trawls through the centuries, identifying constants and developments, and those prime cultural phenomena: fads. He moves comfortably between the minnows and the big fish. This comprehensive, largely historical approach has the merit of building up contexts around the more significant writers: Boileau, for instance, the most inveterate pasticheur of his times, which abounded in paraliterary skirmishes. Aron provides a clear chronology of pastiche, which comes from pasticcio: a medley: first used in the context of painting, then of music. He recognizes, of course, that pastiche is as old as the hills, a constant shadow of creativeness. Because many authors retain their childlikeness, Aron frequently stresses the potache (smart-ass schoolboy) aspect of much pastiche and its blood relative, parody. Literature did not wait for the twentieth century to concoct sequels and prequels—continuations or anticipations of famous books by another hand imitating the same style. Pastiche is, however, not merely literary shop-talk, though you have to be saturated in an author to imitate him/her. We are all attracted to taking off. One motive for such mimetic activity is hostility to others' posturing and showing off, although naturally the pasticheur implicitly proclaims ‘Anch'io son pittore’. Both parody and pastiche are plagiaristic, because they lift material, generally to comic or critical ends. Both also are linked with fakes: a work is fathered illegitimately. Taking off is either dependent (you need a model as springboard), or a step towards independence (taking off from … ). Proust's pastiches, inspired by his self-confessed imitative knack in social gatherings, are teasing in intention, neither wholly admiring (pastiche on occasion is an act of love), nor completely satirical. He saw such practices as therapeutic and educational for budding writers: they help them to find their own voice. Pasticheurs beg to be rumbled, because they mutely appeal to an ideally alert audience over the head of the victim. Aron astutely notes the similarity between collections of pastiches in the nineteenth century and the contemporaneous, proliferating sottisiers. Latching on to the stupider moments of leading writers is the name of both games. He misses out, however, the splendid critique by Jules Vallès of the institutionalized plugging of pastiche of famous classical authors as a learning tool in nineteenth-century lycées. He does include the programme of self-pastiche of Lautréamont, for pastiche is not always outward-turned. It was to be expected that Oulipiens like Queneau would want to flex their mental muscles by fabricating pastiches, for it was a key part of their cultivation of inventive recycling. We should listen, all the same, to Céline's spot-on terms for the parodist/pasticheur (he was a favoured Aunt Sally): ‘Half leech and half tapeworm’ (p. 280). Commonly, like Céline himself, pastiche goes over the top, for good taste is one thing, despite what snobs think, that you cannot copy. There is so much name-dropping in this survey that an index would have been helpful. Aron says that his bibliography can be found in a companion volume of texts featuring pastiche and parody. Aron knows his onions. His book is an excellent example of the best kind of French (or, more exactly, Belgian) literary history: continuously lucid and coherently structured throughout.

Performance proficiency as a measure of learning needs

Level 2 evaluation often advocates that pretest and posttest measures be collected to assess learning gains. In many military organizations, learning per se is less relevant than whether graduates can proficiently perform the job tasks for which they were hired. The critical end is performance proficiency. Incorporating methods for measuring existing performance levels as part of a Level 2 evaluation process has helped the U.S. Coast Guard prove training success.

Electricity's rush to gas: What about critical end uses?

Natural GasVolume 7, Issue 11 p. 12-13 Gas and Electricity—End Users Electricity's rush to gas: What about critical end uses? Edward J. Grenier Jr., Edward J. Grenier Jr. Edward J. Grenier, Jr., is head of the energy section at the Washington, DC, law firm of Sutherland, Asbill & Brennan and is the end user columnist for Natural Gas.Search for more papers by this author Edward J. Grenier Jr., Edward J. Grenier Jr. Edward J. Grenier, Jr., is head of the energy section at the Washington, DC, law firm of Sutherland, Asbill & Brennan and is the end user columnist for Natural Gas.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410071105 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume7, Issue11June 1991Pages 12-13 RelatedInformation

Critical Limb Ischemia in the Dialysis-Dependent Patient: Infrainguinal Vein Bypass Is Justified

The combination of critical limb ischemia and end-stage renal failure (ESRF, ie, dialysis- dependent) represents severe systemic atherosclerosis and is associated with a very poor medium-term survival. Many nephrologists and surgeons advocate primary amputation. We examined the recent experience in this unit to determine whether infrainguinal bypass in these patients can be justified. Retrospective study of all patients with critical limb ischemia and ESRF undergoing surgery in a regional vascular and renal unit between January 1996 and May 2003. Forty-two patients with ESRF (median age 65 years) were referred with critical limb ischemia. Seventeen patients underwent 24 (7 bilateral) infrainguinal bypasses (17 autologous vein, 7 polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE] conduit; tissue loss in 21/24, 88%), and 25 patients had primary major amputations of 32 limbs. Early occlusion occurred in 5 grafts (21%, all 5/5 PTFE). In-hospital mortality was 13% in the bypass group, 24% in the amputation group. Median in-hospital stay was 59 days in the bypass group, 46 days in the amputation group. Thirty-day, 1- and 2-year survival was 88%, 50%, and 33% in the bypass group; 83%, 39%, and 35% in the amputation group. The limb salvage rate was 66% at 1 year. Seventy-five percent (18/24) of operated on limbs (15/17 of vein grafts) avoided major amputation at follow-up (median 18 months) or death. The combination of critical limb ischemia and end- stage renal failure carries a poor medium-term survival independent of primary amputation or surgical revascularization. Infrainguinal bypass in selected cases with vein conduit can, however, allow the majority of these patients to avoid major limb amputation.

XY-spin fluids in an external magnetic field: An integral equation approach

We develop an integral equation approach to study anisotropic fluids with planar spins in the presence of an external field. As a result, the integral equation calculations for these systems appear to be no more difficult than those for ordinary isotropic liquids. The method presented is applied to the investigation of phase coexistence properties of ferromagnetic XY-spin fluids in a magnetic field. The soft mean spherical approximation is used for the closure relation connecting the orientationally dependent two-particle direct and total correlation functions. The Lovett-Mou-Buff-Wertheim and Born-Green-Yvon equations are employed to describe the one-particle orientational distribution. The phase diagrams are obtained in the whole range of varying the external field for a wide class of XY-spin fluid models with various ratios of the strengths of magnetic to nonmagnetic Yukawa-like interactions. The influence of changing the screening radii of the interaction potentials is also considered. Different types of the phase diagram topology are identified. They are characterized by the existence of critical, tricritical, critical end, and triple points related to transitions between gas, liquid, and para- and ferromagnetic states, accompanied by different external field dependencies of critical temperatures and densities corresponding to the gas-liquid and liquid-liquid transitions. As is demonstrated, the integral equation approach leads to accurate predictions of the complicated phase diagram behavior which coincide well with those evaluated by the cumbersome Gibbs ensemble simulation and multiple-histogram reweighting techniques.

Culture as Action

Culture as Action

The just and the lively: the literary criticism of John Dryden

Part I Themes and variations: the ends of criticism from theory to pratice (1664). Part II First principles: a French play (1665-1668) the new imbalance (1667-1668) a charter of freedom (1668-1670) varieties of comic experience (1671) the heroic play (1672) the heroic play (concluded) sweeping of the stakes (1672). Part III New directions: the classical moment (1673-1679) the great tradition (1680-1700) the battle of the books (1680-1700) a critic and scholar (1680-1700) the modern temper (1693-1700). Part IV A summing up: evaluations.

Origins of two surfactant phases (D and Dp′) in a temperature-composition space of water/C 12 EO 6 / propanol / heptane system: tricritical point and critical double end point

The origins of middle surfactant phases (D and Dp′) were investigated in the composition-temperature (49–73 °C) space of a water/hexaethyleneglycol dodecyl ether (C12EO6)/propanol/heptane system at atmospheric pressure. Two types of three-phase bodies exist in the dilute C12EO6 region of the four-component composition tetrahedron at 49.0 °C. A cone-like three-phase body consisting of aqueous (W), Dp′, and oil (O) phases becomes thinner with increasing temperature, and collapses into the superimposed critical tie lines (CTL) at 51.7 °C. One end of the superimposed CTL is a critical double end point where the closed-loop coexistence curve of the Dp′ and O phases disappears. The chiral three-phase body consisting of W, D, and O phases shrinks with increasing temperature, and finally vanishes at the tricritical point near 72.5 °C. The roles of C12EO6 and propanol are discussed and the conditions for the middle surfactant phases are discussed on the basis of the whole series of three-phase behavior.

The transition of three types of three-phase behavior in a temperature-composition space of water/C 12 EO 6 /propanol/heptane system

The change of three-phase behavior of a water/hexaethylene-glycol dodecyl ether (C12EO6)/propanol/heptane system was studied with increasing temperature (30.0–48.9 °C). A cone-like three-phase body consisting of aqueous (W), surfactant (Dp), and oil (O) phases is formed in the composition tetrahedron at lower temperatures. The body is expanded with increasing temperature, and touches the water–C12EO6–heptane triangle (the base) at 44.8 °C. At about 45.6 °C the loci of the Dp and O phases meet and cut off at a critical double end point and the three-phase body separates into two bodies: one has a chiral shape and the other is unclosed. The unclosed body is transformed with the change of shape of the tie triangle on the base as temperature increases and leaves from the base at 48.9 °C. A closed-loop miscibility gap between middle surfactant (D′p) and O phases or a cone-like three-phase body is formed inside the composition tetrahedron at higher temperatures. The roles of C12EO6 and propanol are also discussed.

Novel Bifurcation Set Cross-Section Method for Topological Analysis of Phase Diagrams

Bifurcation set cross-section method is proposed which allows to construct all the possible, at least, two-dimensional phase diagrams of models described by multiparametric thermodynamic potentials. The method is applied to investigation of the de Gennes model of smectic A mesophase in external field. Among other results, the most important one is that all the critical (end critical, tri-critical etc.) points of phase diagrams are peculiar points of the corresponding bifurcation sets.

New Palaeomagnetic results from the northern Bushveld Complex of South Africa

Abstract Palaeomagnetic data have been acquired from seventeen sampling sites in the northern Bushveld Complex, Transvaal, South Africa. Twelve sites are situated in the main zone in the Potgietersrus area, while the remaining five are in the upper zone in the Villa Nora area. Specimens were subjected to alternating field and thermal demagnetization. Two mean directions were found. One direction represents the main zone and yields a pole at 1.6°N and 22.3°E, with associated polar errors d p and d m 14.7° and 15.9°. The second direction represents the upper zone in the northern Bushveld Complex with a virtual geomagnetic pole at 7.9°N and 359.3°E with d p , d m 44.4° and 54.6°. The apparent polar wander path indicates a sequential emplacement process for the Bushveld Complex, starting with the intrusion of the critical zone and ending with the emplacement of the upper zone.

Multicritical points in the ferromagnetic binary Ising model

Abstract The phase diagram and the temperature dependence of the magnetization of the random-site binary ferromagnetic Ising model consisting of spin- 1 2 and spin-1 components in the presence of crystal-field interactions is investigated by the use of a mean field theory. By considering in this simple system all the exchange interactions positive, seven topologically different types of phase diagrams are achieved, including a variety of multicritical points such as tricritical, fourth-order, critical end, and isolated critical. An ordered phase persisting for large values of the crystal-field interaction is also observed.

The End of Criticism

The End of Criticism

Is religion therapeutically significant?

How are religion and medicine related? Each seeks to cope with many of the mysteries, tragedies, and critical beginning and end points of life; each is concerned with human well-being. Yet what respective roles do they play in the mysteries and tragedies of human existence and in the maintenance and secur ing of well-being? My concern here is to explore in a fresh way some of the interfaces between medicine and religion and in the process to suggest that the roles of religion are more extensive than is commonly assumed. I have in mind two exploratory theses.

Optimum fractionation of the C3H mouse mammary carcinoma using X-rays, the hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer Ro-07-0582, or fast neutrons

Experiments extending over several years have now been completed in which local control of mammary tumors in C3H mice was compared with acute skin reactions in other mice for a number of fractionated X-ray and fast neutron schedules. This paper presents the latest results, summarizes the previously published results, and discusses the pattern which has now emerged. Two types of fractionated treatment have been investigated: short overall times of up to 4 days and longer overall times of 9–18 days. The effectiveness of each schedule was estimated by comparing the local tumor control that could be achieved for a given skin reaction. In the short treatment schedules, the extent of tumor control was very variable, ranging from poor to good. It was critically dependent on fraction size and on the interval between fractions in a way that was consistent with reozygenation in the tumor bring the crucial factor. In the longer treatment schedules, fraction size and interval were not so critical end overall time was the governing factor; too long overall dam yielded poor results because proliferation in the tumor was faster then in skin. In the short, variable, type of treatment it was shown that poor results using X-rays could be improved, to about the same level as the best X-ray results, by using either the specific hypoxic-cell radiosensitizing drug Ro-07-0582 with X-rays, or by using cyclotron-produced fast neutrons. These observations support the concept of hypoxia and reoxygenation being the crucial factors in short treatment schedules.

RB.211 Engine Development

EXCELLENT progress is being made with the development of the 50 000 lb thrust Rolls‐Royce RB.211–524 engine. This engine gives 19 per cent more take‐off thrust than RB.211s which entered service in 1972 powering medium‐range Lockheed TriStar airliners. A bench development RB.211–524 engine recently completed a 150‐hour endurance test at the turbine entry temperature required for its airworthiness certification at 50 000 lb take‐off thrust. Subsequent inspection of the engine showed that the critical hot end components were in excellent condition.

King Lear: The Disguised and Deceived

S every reader of Shakespeare knows by now, King Lear is an irrational figment of critics' imaginations. The thing itself is as lost as Gloucester at Dover-but there is no Edgar * 7i3 to hear the beaten drum and bestow us with a friend. Fortune, that arrant whore, has inveigled critics into compromising positions, has set them in opposing tents so that instead of becoming reconciled with each other, they become diametrically opposed. At the moment, there are two respectable camps of Learists-to change the metaphor and coin a word. Many recent critics are aligning themselves with one of the two fundamental philosophic positions in interpreting Lear: one camp holds that essence precedes existence (Maynard Mack and Virgil Whitaker might be called its leaders), the other (led by Walter Kaufmann, David Horowitz, and the Polish critic Jan Kott) is certain that existence precedes essence. Hardly so presumptuous as to think I have heard the beaten drum, I hope merely to suggest a possible direction from which the beating might be coming, although admittedly my ears are more closely attuned to the existence than to the essence camp. The content [of drama] is thematic material, which, like everything that enters into a work of art, has to serve to make the primary illusion and articulate the pattern of 'felt life' the artist intends.' Arnold Kettle's comments on the novel are similar to Susanne Langer's on drama. He writes, must be emphasized that the two elements-life and pattern-are not separate. If we ask of any particular novel that 'lives' the question, 'what is it that gives it vitality?' we shall find that the vitality is inseparable from the novelist's view of life.2 Kettle's thesis is not confined to the novel: its implications for drama are evident. Although his terms differ, he is writing about that ineffable moral which A. C. Bradley suggests is the common substance of Shakespearean tragedy, or the order of nature and grace to which Virgil Whitaker finds view of tragedy compelled him . . . to relate his fundamental action,' or the motive-force of artistic energy . . . which perhaps Keats was seeking to express when he referred to Shakespeare's 'negative capability.' It is because Kettle's thesis is so fundamental to artistic judgment that critics continue to discuss Shakespeare's view of life. If the end of criticism

The ends of criticism

The ends of criticism