Critical Criteria Research Articles

Priority and Prospect of Sulfide-Based Solid-Electrolyte Membrane.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) employing sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) promise sustainable energy storage systems with energy-dense integration and critical intrinsic safety, yet they still require cost-effective manufacturing and the integration of thin membrane-based SE separators into large-format cells to achieve scalable deployment. This review, based on an overview of sulfide SE materials, is expounded on why implementing a thin membrane-based separator is the priority for mass production of ASSLBs and critical criteria for capturing a high-quality thin sulfide SE membrane are identified. Moreover, from the aspects of material availability, membrane processing, and cell integration, the major challenges and associated strategies are described to meet these criteria throughout the whole manufacturing chain to provide a realistic assessment of the current status of sulfide SE membranes. Finally, future directions and prospects for scalable and manufacturable sulfide SE membranes for ASSLBs are presented.

Waste-to-energy technologies as the future of internal combustion engines

Syngas has a promising future as alternative to petroleum products and as a fuel for combustion engines. This study provides an overview on the feasibility of using syngas to power internal combustion engines. It presents technological process solutions for producing syngas toward minimizing the formation of tars as the most undesirable component for engine applications.. The combustion process characteristic of syngas composition has been tackled including critical criteria such as the flammability limit, ignition delay, laminar velocity, turbulent velocity, and the subsequent challenges in determining a numerical methods that best matches the exprimental datas. The syngas usage as alternative resource, while tackling the uncertainty issue of its composition, for Compression Ignition (CI) and Spark Ignition (SI) with the emission and performance effectiveness has been studied as well. The results of the review showed that syngas can be a viable alternative for some stationary applications, such as advanced integrated systems (ICCG), but its application is, however, relatively limited, for example as a secondary fuel in engines (CI) for automotive applications. However, significant discrepancies between numerical (simulation) and experimental results have been noted. This suggests that there are many scientific and experimental challenges in the area of syngas combustion processes in internal combustion engines. However, given the potential of this group of fuels, especially in the face of the energy crisis, this research is highly desirable and has a significant application perspective.

The density of the rich meaning and the ease of formulations in the words of wisdom texts of Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) The knowledge words of wisdom as a model

The critics evaluated the speeches of the preachers and indicated their weaknesses and strengths based on an important critical criterion, which is that “the best speech is that which is too little to dispense you with a lot.” Accordingly, this research intends to study the words of wisdom texts on the concept of knowledge of Imam al-Baqir Muhammad ibn Ali (pbuh), to show the rich meanings and easy verbal formulation in them, through the relationship of grammatical functions and linking them to semantic functions in examples of them.The importance of the research is represented by showing the outstanding knowledge and cognitive effort of the imam in his wisdom related to knowledge, due to his status (pbuh), as the founder of the knowledge school, in promoting the culture of knowledge effort in his era.The method in this research is descriptive and analytical. It relies on the tools of deduction, interpretation and accuracy to clarify the intended meaning of the grammatical significance that corresponds to those words and the grammatical formulation according to the opinions of grammarians.The most important findings of the research are that the Qur’anic vision is clear in the methods of ruling the Imam (pbuh) and its meanings, and that he (pbuh) chose uncomplicated linguistic methods that are known to the general public, and he used more than the use of short phrases and the use of the imperative and conditional methods to urge learning and abundance Questioning and relying on the principle of cause and effect, which is consistent with urging science and taking its causes.

Preparation of (3R)-quinuclidinol using heterogeneous biocatalytic hydrogenation in a dynamically-mixed continuous flow reactor

Introduction: This work was carried out to understand if a heterogeneous biocatalytic hydrogenation system could be implemented in a slurry mode continuous flow reactor, as a “slot-in” alternative to a metal/carbon catalyst with minimal process or chemical engineering development.Method: Biocatalytic hydrogenation was compared to metal (Pd/C) catalysed hydrogenation for ketone to chiral alcohol conversion in both a continuous flow reactor (Coflore ACR, AM Technology) and analogous scaled down batch reactions.Results and discussion: Initial results demonstrated that batch reactions can achieve high conversions in 30 min, with relatively low biocatalyst loadings, meeting critical criteria for operation as continuous slurry mode process. Further results demonstrated full conversion of quinuclidinone to (3R)-quinuclidinol in continuous flow under mild conditions (35°C, 2 bar H2). On intensification of the process to higher substrate loading (50 mM), conversion was similar to with Pd/C, however the biocatalytic system achieved far higher turnover frequency and total turnover number (65 min−1 and 20,000, respectively) than the metal system (0.16 min−1, 37). Comparison to an analogous batch reaction highlights that the biocatalytic system has promise for further optimisation and intensification in the scalable Coflore ACR. Overall, biocatalytic hydrogenation is shown to offer a decarbonised biocatalytic route and a “slot-in” replacement to metal catalysts for hydrogenation reactions in continuous flow reactors.

An integrated multi-criteria decision-making framework for the selection of sustainable biodegradable polymer for food packaging applications.

Manifold aspects, such as the booming market for superior quality food items with increased shelf life and the escalating concern to mitigate plastic trash due to plastic packaging have motivated researchers and food industrialists to explore sustainable eco-friendly packaging solutions extensively. Biodegradable polymers are being rigorously investigated to replace conventional plastics that are toxic, non-biodegradable, and detrimental to the marine ecosystem. The scientific methodology for the prudent selection of biodegradable polymer among the frequently used biopolymers for food packaging is being reported here. The data were extracted from the available literature. A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making framework has been developed to address the problem of material selection owing to the multiple conflicting criteria involved. Assignment of equal weights to primary criteria was selected to establish the criteria weights. Different decision-making techniques (weighted sum method (WSM), weighted product method (WPM), weighted aggregated sum product assessment method (WASPAS), and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS)) were used for the comparative analysis. Thereon, the different ranks obtained for each alternative were aggregated using the degree of membership technique. The robustness of the solution was checked using sensitivity analysis which was conducted by varying weights of importance using the entropy method, the CRITIC method, and the equal weights to secondary criteria. The analysis reported polylactic acid (PLA) as the most reliable polymer for food packaging applications. The sensitivity analysis concluded that the solution was without prejudice, and water vapor permeation rating was the most critical decision criterion in deciding the optimal polymer.

Cloning, improved expression and purification of invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD): an effector protein of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)

ABSTRACT The widespread increase in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance is making it more difficult to treat gastrointestinal infections. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli is a prominent etiological agent of bacillary dysentery, invading via the fecal-oral route and exerting virulence on the host via the type III secretion system. IpaD, a surface-exposed protein on the T3SS tip that is conserved among EIEC and Shigella, may serve as a broad immunogen for bacillary dysentery protection. For the first time, we present an effective framework for improving the expression level and yield of IpaD in the soluble fraction for easy recovery, as well as ideal storage conditions, which may aid in the development of new protein therapies for gastrointestinal infections in the future. To achieve this, uncharacterized full length IpaD gene from EIEC was cloned into pHis-TEV vector and induction parameters were optimized for enhanced expression in the soluble fraction. After affinity-chromatography based purification, 61% pure protein with a yield of 0.33 mg per litre of culture was obtained. The purified IpaD was retained its secondary structure with a prominent α-helical structure as well as functional activity during storage, at 4°C, −20°C and −80°C using 5% sucrose as cryoprotectants, which is a critical criterion for protein-based treatments.

Optimization of Setting Angle Distribution to Suppress Hump Characteristic in Pump Turbine

Pump turbines play a quite important role of peak-valley shifting in the grid, and the hump margin is a critical criterion related to the safety and stability of operation in pump mode. Aiming at investigating the influence of runner outlet setting angle distribution on hump performance of a pump turbine, three runners with different linear distributions of setting angle at outlet were proposed, and the corresponding hump performance comparison was analyzed numerically through the SST k-ω turbulent model. The numerical result shows that, compared to the experiment, the relative errors of all simulated performances (energy characteristic, torque characteristic, and efficiency) were within 3%. Moreover, it was found that setting angle distribution modes could lead to a remarkably different performance in the hump region and, for the runner whose setting angle at shroud was 10° larger than that at hub, the hump safety margin could be increased from 4% to 4.5%. Thereafter, the corresponding mechanisms including energy input and hydraulic loss were investigated through the Euler head theory and the entropy method, respectively. It was found that hydraulic loss distribution played a more important role than the input energy on controlling hump performance. Moreover, for the runner with the largest hump margin, the hydraulic loss was distributed more evenly in the decreasing discharge direction, contributing to the elimination of hump performance. In addition, hydraulic loss distribution was calculated through local entropy production rate (LEPR) method. For all proposed runners, when the pump turbine entered the hump region from a normal operation point, the hydraulic loss was mainly concentrated in vaneless areas and guide/stay vane channels, while the runner with a large setting angle at shroud could better control the hydraulic loss distribution in both the spatial location and the discharge varying direction, increasing the hump margin. The design method presented in our paper is more likely to be applied in engineering applications.

Effects of alternative refrigerants on the ejector dimensions for single and dual ejectors enhanced bus air conditioning system

One of the most critical criteria influencing the performance of an ejector enhanced vapor compression refrigeration system is the ejector size. R134a was chosen as the refrigerant in the majority of the research studies since it is widely used in practical applications. The use of R134a refrigerant, on the other hand, is restricted under the Kyoto Protocol due to its high global warming potential (GWP). In this study, an investigation was conducted to evaluate the differences in ejector dimensions that may occur when alternate refrigerants such as R1234yf, R1234ze(E), or R600a were used in the ejector enhanced bus air conditioning system. The cycle is analyzed thermodynamically to determine the state points. The diameters and lengths of the ejectors were determined using continuity, energy, and momentum equations. It can be observed that the kind of refrigerant has a significant impact on the size of the ejector. It is also determined that the R1234yf has the closest size to the R134a, and it can be deduced that utilizing a dual ejector decrease the overall size of the ejector, hence eliminating technical concerns in the ejector production process.

Critical Criteria and Countermeasures for Mobile Health Developers to Ensure Mobile Health Privacy and Security: Mixed Methods Study.

Despite the importance of the privacy and confidentiality of patients' information, mobile health (mHealth) apps can raise the risk of violating users' privacy and confidentiality. Research has shown that many apps provide an insecure infrastructure and that security is not a priority for developers. This study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive tool to be considered by developers for assessing the security and privacy of mHealth apps. A literature search was performed to identify papers on app development, and those papers reporting criteria for the security and privacy of mHealth were assessed. The criteria were extracted using content analysis and presented to experts. An expert panel was held for determining the categories and subcategories of the criteria according to meaning, repetition, and overlap; impact scores were also measured. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for validating the criteria. The validity and reliability of the instrument were calculated to present an assessment instrument. The search strategy identified 8190 papers, of which 33 (0.4%) were deemed eligible. A total of 218 criteria were extracted based on the literature search; of these, 119 (54.6%) criteria were removed as duplicates and 10 (4.6%) were deemed irrelevant to the security or privacy of mHealth apps. The remaining 89 (40.8%) criteria were presented to the expert panel. After calculating impact scores, the content validity ratio (CVR), and the content validity index (CVI), 63 (70.8%) criteria were confirmed. The mean CVR and CVI of the instrument were 0.72 and 0.86, respectively. The criteria were grouped into 8 categories: authentication and authorization, access management, security, data storage, integrity, encryption and decryption, privacy, and privacy policy content. The proposed comprehensive criteria can be used as a guide for app designers, developers, and even researchers. The criteria and the countermeasures presented in this study can be considered to improve the privacy and security of mHealth apps before releasing the apps into the market. Regulators are recommended to consider an established standard using such criteria for the accreditation process, since the available self-certification of developers is not reliable enough.

Revisiting the Nexus Between Sustainable Supply Chain Management and the Performance of Steel Manufacturing Organizations: A Case Study From an Emerging Economy

Notwithstanding the accretive volume of research on sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) across multiple industrial segments, limited studies have shown concrete empirical evidence of SSCM performance evaluation (SSCMPE) of steel manufacturing organizations in the context of emerging economies such as India. This research attempts to evaluate the SSCM performance of four leading India-based steel manufacturing organizations. To this end, eight critical criteria were extracted from the literature and later verified by experts. Data were collected by developing a questionnaire and conducting interviews with the selected industry personnel. Next, this research employed an integrated multicriteria decision making (MCDM) approach, in which the objective weights of criteria were determined using the entropy method, and the case organizations were prioritized using the complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method. Results reveal that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">increase in scrap recycling</i> rate and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reduction in resource consumption by designing products for effective utilization of resources</i> are the two most influential criteria for SSCM performance. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the exactitude of the results. The distinctiveness of this research lies in considering environmental, operational, social, and economic issues in SSCMPE of the steel manufacturing organizations. The research findings may assist policymakers in formulating strategies for SSCM performance enhancement.

Improving Supply Chain in the Automotive Industry With the Right Bill of Material Configuration

An effective supply chain management approach needs to be holistic and integrated, to avoid inefficiency between the echelons of the global chain. To achieve this goal, supply chain directors and decision makers are required to trade-off a centralized planning approach for a decentralized one. This paper develops a mixed approach where only the critical products are centrally planned, while leaving the non-critical ones to autonomous decisions at the local plants of a multi-echelon supply chain. To validate the benefits of the proposed planning model, a complex supply chain in the automotive industry is used as testbed, where a comparison between Top-Down (from finished products to raw materials) and Bottom-Up (from raw materials to finished products) approaches is also introduced. ANOVA test is performed on a full factorial design involving six criticality criteria and it suggests that the proposed selection model reduces the system size by 10-30% with respect to a fully centralized approach, and the Top-Down procedure leads to a critical sub-system smaller in size by about 5-10% in terms of number of products compared to the Bottom-Up one.

Waveguide Transducer for Generation and Reception of High-Frequency Narrow-Beam Ultrasonic Wave

A new type of waveguide transducer with a bidirectional-tapering structure is proposed to generate and receive high-frequency narrow-beam ultrasonic waves, which can effectively improve the defect detection resolution of high-temperature critical components in specific direction. The waveguide unit is composed of an excitation region with a tapering structure, a uniform-thickness strip region, and an incident region with a broadening structure. The tapering structure will contribute to generating the high-frequency quasi-fundamental shear horizontal (SH <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0^{\ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) wave, and the uniform-thickness strip region is conducive to transmitting SH <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0^{\ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> wave nondispersively, while the broadening structure can conduce to the incidence of the high-frequency narrow-beam ultrasonic wave. The critical criteria for SH <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0^{\ast }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> wave propagation with nondispersive waveform and high signal-to-noise ratio in the bidirectional-tapering waveguide are established using simulation and experiments. Moreover, the heat dissipation performance and beam radiation of the bidirectional-tapering waveguide are verified. The results show that the proposed bidirectional-tapering waveguide transducer can generate pure high-frequency narrow-beam ultrasonic wave in the high-temperature specimen.

Phenolic compounds mediated biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles and evaluation of their bioactivities: A review

SummaryGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been applied in a variety of fields based on their unique physical and chemical properties. Phenolic compounds (PCs) are the largest variety of phytochemicals in foods and have received substantial attention owing to their extraordinary health benefits. Recently, extensive studies have been conducted on the synthesis and conjugation of PCs onto AuNPs (AuNP/PC) characterisation, their bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anticancerous, anti‐inflammatory. PCs served the dual roles, i.e., as reductant and stabiliser during the synthesis of AuNPs/PC in a one‐pot process. The synthesis parameters for AuNP/PCs and the characteristic properties of as‐synthesised AuNP/PCs should be evaluated to achieve the highly efficient bioactivities. Therefore, the critical criteria for the synthesis of AuNP/PC such as the temperature, pH, and molar ratio of the precursors are reviewed. It is found that the PCs mediated reduction of gold salt can provide the well dispersed and stable AuNPs with a high negative surface charge (−15 to −54 mV) and an average SPR band ranging from 520 to 600 nm. The presence of surface hydroxyl groups in AuNP/PCs was the indication of successful conjugation of PCs with AuNPs. It can be concluded that the synergistic effect of the PCs‐conjugated AuNPs greatly enhanced their bioactivities.

An improved method to determine the minimum extinguishing concentrations of ultrafine dry powder agents: Taking NaHCO3 and KHCO3 as examples

Ultrafine dry powder agents (UDPAs) are the most potential Halon substitutes due to the high extinguishing effectiveness and excellent environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, the method for obtaining minimum extinguishing concentration (MEC) is flawed and inaccurate. An improved method is proposed by developing the special laser measurement system without powder contamination, the concentration calibration test bench and the cup burner with uniform aerosol generating. The results show that the optimum calibration position is 0.35–0.65 m from the inlet in the y-axis coordinate. More accurate mathematical relationships between the transmittance of the laser measurement system and the NaHCO3 and KHCO3 powders are established, with the errors less than 12%. Upon reaching MECs in the modified cup burner, the flames pulsate, then fade and eventually die. Based on the phenomenon of the sudden change in the transmittance of the laser measurement system at the moment of flame extinguishment, i.e. the “step shape” curve, a more accurate critical criterion point for the MEC is proposed. The measured MECs for methane flames by NaHCO3 (32.2 g/m3) are approximately 4 times that of KHCO3 (8.2 g/m3), consistent with previous studies. The obtained MECs of NaHCO3 and KHCO3 for kerosene flame are verified by 1 m3 total flooding fire extinguishing experiments. The improved method may guide the design of industry fire protection systems based on UDPAs to achieve process safety.

A search for new back contacts for CdTe solar cells

There is widespread interest in reaching the practical efficiency of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar cells, which suffer from open-circuit voltage loss due to high surface recombination velocity and Schottky barrier at the back contact. Here, we focus on back contacts in the superstrate configuration with the goal of finding new materials that can provide improved passivation, electron reflection, and hole transport properties compared to the commonly used material, ZnTe. We performed a computational search among 229 binary and ternary tetrahedrally bonded structures using first-principles methods and transport models to evaluate critical material design criteria, including phase stability, electronic structure, hole transport, band alignments, and p-type dopability. Through this search, we have identified several candidate materials and their alloys (AlAs, AgAlTe2, ZnGeP2, ZnSiAs2, and CuAlTe2) that exhibit promising properties for back contacts. We hope that these new material recommendations and associated guidelines will inspire new directions in hole transport layer design for CdTe solar cells.

Experimental study of strong imbibition in microcapillaries representing pore/throat characteristics of tight rocks

Imbibition pervasively exists in many industrial processes and is fundamental in developing unconventional resources in tight formations. Micromodels have been widely used as powerful tools for real-time observations of imbibition dynamics to support numerical modeling developments and understanding of macroscopic patterns. However, the inherent limitation of 2D micromodels in presenting 3D features in the pores/throats of tight rocks may reduce the reliability of the microfluidic results. Here, we quantitively investigate imbibition dynamics in single pore geometries that consider 2D pore-scale characteristics of tight rocks with an etching depth higher than the critical geometric criteria for including 3D features. We discuss the experimental data based on varying parameters, such as five pore shapes, a wide range of pore-throat aspect ratios (6.25 to 100), two typical throat widths (3 and 8 μm), and local capillary numbers (10-6 to 10-4). The results show that the wetting phase saturations increase linearly with the increasing inlet flow rate, consistent with previous findings in cores and 2.5D micromodels, but only in macropores. Snap-offs are found when the moved meniscus front pressure is higher than the critical capillary pressure of snap-off. An etching depth higher than the critical geometric criteria is necessary but insufficient to mimic imbibition dynamics in tight rocks by 2D micromodels with a pattern that the most pore-throat aspect ratios are less than 30 at a strong imbibition condition.

Evaluasi cara produksi pangan yang baik (CPPB) dan rekomendasi hazard analytical critical control point (HACCP) pada UKM teh sereh di Metro, Lampung

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant often processed into brewing drinks such as tea. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Asha in Metro Lampung produces lemongrass tea with a production process consisting of size reduction, washing, drying, powdering, and packaging. To improve food safety in the production process is necessary to evaluate Good Manufacturing Practices/Good Food Production Methods (CPPB) and prepare recommendations for Hazard Analytical Critical Control Point (HACCP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of the principles of CPPB and provide recommendations for the HACCP Plan to Asha SMEs. This research carries out by conducting field observations and interviews with several Asha SMEs stakeholders. The results showed that the CPPB evaluation had two serious discrepancy criteria and two critical discrepancy criteria. Therefore, Asha SMEs is included in the food home industry (IRTP) level 4 so that internal audit recommendations can carry out daily. The HACCP analysis results show three critical control points (CCP), namely soaking, drying and packaging. Critical and control limits are recommended by SNI 3836:2013 concerning packaged dry tea. The HACCP recommendation for Asha SMEs are to control the possibility of physical and coliform contamination during the repeated washing process with running water. Drying at 70oC for 12 hours helps reduce water activity in lemongrass tea in preventing mold growth. Furthermore, packaging with attention to the hygiene of workers and tools can prevent contamination of the final product of lemongrass tea

A comparison study on functional and textural properties of mozzarella cheeses made from bovine and buffalo milks using different starter cultures

Cheese making was carried out using milk (bovine and buffalo) and different cultures (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) to improve the physicochemical and textural properties of mozzarella cheese. The pH and aw values of the samples varied between 6.05 and 5.89 and 0.772 and 0.743, respectively. The use of different milk and cultures affected the colour values of the samples. The meltability and stretchability properties, critical quality criteria for mozzarella cheese, increased in the samples using L. rhamnosus. The highest meltability in samples made from bovine and buffalo milk was measured as 52.31–51.36 mm, respectively. The highest stretchability was determined as 19.76–21.85 mm in bovine and buffalo milk samples. When the texture profile analysis (TPA) of the samples was examined, it was determined that using different milk and cultures was effective. Especially the use of culture has improved the physical properties of mozzarella cheese.

Corrosion cracking in Mg alloys based bioimplants

Recently, magnesium alloys have garnered a lot of interest as a potentially useful material for applications involving biodegradable implants. Cracking or fracture of metal-based implants under the combined action of corrosion and mechanical stresses, namely stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is an obviously critical criterion before any new material might be deployed as implants. Cracking or fracture of metal-based implants occurs under the simultaneous action of corrosion and mechanical stresses. This article gives a review of the existing literature on the SCC of magnesium alloys in corrosive environments, including simulated body fluid and the accompanying fracture process. It also indicates the knowledge gap that exists in this area of research. In addition, a high-level review of the preventative measures that may be taken to avoid potential corrosion fatigue failures in magnesium alloys is provided.

Performance engineered repair mixtures (PERM) for partial depth repairs

ABSTRACT Partial-depth repairs performed on jointed concrete pavements have not always achieved their expected service life. High stresses generated due to incompatibility between the repair material and the in-situ concrete can contribute to reduced life. A coupled laboratory and computational investigation were performed to quantify the contribution of different incompatibilities to additional stresses generated in a partial depth repair, and to identify the critical incompatibility criteria. Then, a guideline to design a performance-engineered repair mixture (PERM) for a material-compatible repair (MCR) was developed. Based on the results, thermal expansion compatibility between the repair material and the in-situ concrete and controlled drying shrinkage of the repair material are the two main compatibility criteria. The thermal expansion compatibility criteria can be achieved by a mindful selection of coarse aggregate type for the repair material. In addition, controlled drying shrinkage criteria can be achieved through internal curing. The results also indicate that using an MCR can reduce stresses induced at the bond interface by up to 50% when compared to that of conventional repair materials.