Critical Control Point Research Articles

Obtaining and investigating immunochemical properties of monoclonal antibodies against rCTLA-4 protein

Monoclonal antibodies are used to block control points of the tumor development of many oncological pathologies. One of the critical control points of tumor development of several oncological pathologies is the receptor for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Monoclonal antibodies against the CTLA-4 receptor are laboratory-derived humanized antibodies. An essential step in the humanization of antibodies is the production of murine hybrid cells producing monoclonal antibodies. This article describes studies of mice monoclonal antibodies against a recombinant human CTLA-4 receptor (rCTLA-4) expressed in Escherichia coli. To obtain strains of hybrid cells producing monoclonal antibodies were used methods of hybridoma technology. As a result, hybrid cells producing monoclonal antibodies to CTLA-4 were obtained. Strains of hybrid cells have high productive activity in vitro and in vivo. Monoclonal antibodies react with rCTLA-4 protein, belong to the class of IgG1, and have a high binding constant. They efficiently bind to the rCTLA-4 receptor and block the interaction of rCTLA-4 with the commercial recombinant human B7-1 Fc and rhesus monkey PD-1 hFc proteins. These monoclonal antibodies to rCTLA-4 can be used to obtain recombinant humanized monoclonal antibodies to the human CTLA-4 receptor.

Impact of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (HACCP) Application for Production of High Quality and Safe Table Eggs at Alexandria Governorate

HACCP is an important system for producing safe eggs from poultry farms. Also, HACCP helps to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with eggs by ensuring that they are produced in a hygienic environment with proper sanitation practices. Therefore, 120 eggs representing 24 groups (5 eggs group) were collected from one poultry farm before and after the application of the HACCP system (12 groups before and 12 groups after application of HACCP system) located in Alexandria governorate. The obtained results revealed that the poultry farm after application of HACCP system produced safe eggs with lower aerobic bacterial count and yeast & mould counts than the results of the same farm before application of HACCP system. In addition, egg content from the farm after application of HACCP system is free from pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella species and Escherichia coli), free from toxic elements (Lead and Cadmium) and free from veterinary drug residues. While the results from the same farm before application of HACCP system produced eggs with a higher incidence of total bacterial, yeast & mould count. Besides, two groups of egg from the same farm before application HACCP system were contaminated with Salmonella species which serological identified into Salmonella enteritidis; also, three groups contaminated with Escherichia coli which serologically identified into O91: H21 (EHEC) (2 isolates) and O2: H6 (EPEC) (1 isolate); In addition, egg content from this farm before application HACCP is contaminated with toxic elements such as lead and cadmium with incidence level 75 % and 66.7%, respectively. Finally, examination of veterinary drug residues in the farm before application of HACCP system indicated presence of Tylosin and Oxytetracycline residues in 7 egg groups. Therefore, the application of the HACCP system in poultry farms is essential for ensuring the safety of the eggs produced.

Implementation of the financial monitoring system into the Ukrainian enterprises activity based on the sustainable economic development and green financing concept

The article provides information on the financial monitoring as a critical control points observation tool, which is implemented to prevent financial stability risks. The connection of the enterprises monitoring system with the directions of the sustainable and green economy goals is characterized. At the internal level, financial monitoring is a prerequisite for the green financing projects realization and is used to evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation. It is stated that the company’s financial monitoring system serves as the instrument of achieving the sustainable development and green economy goals through the production, financial, personnel institutions mechanism and the company’s resource efficiency. Thus, the capital growth and the improvement of enterprise’s value-oriented indicators contribute to the stakeholders benefits and attracts green financing. It should be noted that the State Financial Monitoring Service closely correlates with the national and global sustainable development strategy, it takes into account international recommendations in the combating financial crime. The legislation and financial monitoring system adaptation to risks and compliance with international standards will allow green projects transparency. The article clearly states the place of internal and state financial monitoring in green financing and emphasizes its importance in studying the investment climate for green economy.

The Analysis of Hygiene, Hazard Analysis, and Critical Control Point Purchasing Department at Four Seasons Hotel Jakarta in Ensuring Food Safety for Guests

This study aimed to understand (1) The application of Hygiene using hazard analysis and critical point (HACCP) systems in Purchasing Department. (2) Ensuring the safety of hotel food by implementing HACCP system onto their hygiene procedure. This study used descriptive qualitative design that describes the data that have been collected through observation, interviews, documentation matrix analysis IFE and EFE during the research. The results of this study indicate that Four Seasons Hotel Jakarta has implemented the hygiene standart accordance with the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system. In carrying the activities at Purchasing Department, Four Seasons Hotel Jakarta still faces many problems. To overcome the problems Purchasing Department Manager have several strategies efforts to overcome them. Keywords: Hygiene, Purchasing, HACCP, Hotel

Process Study and Application of Hot-rolled Aluminum-Zinc Plating Steel Plate Unit

In accordance with the requirements of hot-rolled aluminum-zinc plating and cold-rolled aluminum-zinc plating mixed line for producing construction steel and the production process characteristics of hot-dip aluminum-zinc products, the critical process control points are put forward by combining theoretical analysis with experimental verification. We should select proper raw materials, ensure the cleanliness of strip steel surface, strictly control the annealing temperature, the temperature of the strip steel entering the zinc pan, the temperature and composition of the plating bath, and explore reasonable and feasible process parameters such as air knife and cooling after plating, so as to produce qualified products. This study is of great significance for the improvement and process control of hot-rolled aluminum-zinc plating plates in steel plate production enterprises.

Microbial risk assessment and health concern of vegetables irrigated with Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundThe consumption of vegetables is increasing in Ethiopia because of their high health benefits. Smallholder farmers who use water from the Akaki River for irrigation meet more than 60% of the vegetable needs of Addis Ababa. However, the Akaki River is severely polluted by anthropogenic impacts. Hence, the intake of vegetables grown in fecally contaminated water can lead to many health problems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate microbial contamination of irrigation water and vegetables in Addis Ababa. MethodsThis study assessed the quality of water and vegetables collected from the Akaki River. Fresh vegetables, such as Ethiopian kale, lettuce, cabbage, and spinach, were collected from 14 farmlands during the dry and wet seasons. The analysis of E. coli non-E. coli, total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and total aerobic plate count (TAC) were determined using standard methods. ResultsThe findings of this study indicated that all fresh vegetables were contaminated with total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and total aerobic plate counts in both dry and wet seasons. The overall mean counts of E. coli and non-E. coli in the water samples were 2.09 and >3.48 log10 CFU 10 mL−1, respectively. The mean counts of TC, FC, and TAC on the sampled vegetables were 3.22, 1.37, and 4.72 in the dry season, and 3.87, 2.57, and 5.09 log10 CFU per gram in the wet season, respectively. ConclusionThe Akaki River has been contaminated with non-E. Coli & E. coli coliforms, and did not meet the WHO guideline criteria for safe irrigation. The microbial contamination of vegetables was found to be high and exceeded the hazard analysis and critical control points for total quality management (HACCPTQM) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) limits for safe consumption. Therefore, the local government is responsible for ensuring that farmers can use pollution-reducing irrigation systems and that consumers are aware of the health risks of contaminated vegetables and take appropriate precautions.

Prevalence Of Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus in Raw Milk and its Products Sold for Human Consumption in Maiduguri, Northeastern Nigeria: A Potential Public Health Concern

Globally, milk represents an important human nutrition. However, it also serves as an important vehicle for transmission of foodborne pathogens some of which may be multidrug resistant. The current study was undertaken with the main aim of assessing the microbiological quality of raw milk and its products consumed in Maiduguri metropolis. Fresh milk was sampled from six different milk source outlets in the metropolis and the samples were subjected to standard microbiological procedures for the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 120 milk samples collected and cultured on appropriate growth and differential media and further biochemical tests were carried out in order to determine the presence of E. coli and S. aureus. A total of 66 (55.0%) of the 120 samples were contaminated with bacteria, while 54 (45.0%) milk samples tested were negative for the contaminants. Contaminating bacteria comprised 51 (42.5%) and 43 (35.8%) of S. aureus and E. coli respectively. The mean pH of the milk samples ranges from 3.3 to 6.3 respectively in ―Kindirmo‖ and fresh milk with an overall mean pH of 3.9. A high prevalence of both pathogens was detected in ―Kindirmo‖ and ―Nono‖ fermented milk products. Overall, a statistically significant association was found between the detection of Escherichia coli (p = 0.046) and Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.013) with the different types of milk samples examined. Our findings of the high prevalence of these pathogens in readily consumed fresh milk and its products in the study area raise public health concerns. Therefore, we recommended the application of strict quality control and good hygienic standards along the milk value chain by application of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). Public health awareness of the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated milk or its products is also highly recommended.

Microbiological Safety and Quality of Meals and Work Surfaces in Collective Catering Systems in Central Italy: A Five-Year Monitoring Study.

Ready-to-eat (RTE) meals produced and served by the catering system still represent one of the major causes of foodborne outbreaks, especially for susceptible consumers. Despite the great progress in food hygiene and safety, the systematic monitoring of microbial contamination of foodstuff is the most effective tool to ensure food safety and protect consumers' health. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough assessment of the microbial safety and quality of meals and work surfaces of collective catering systems in central Italy, over a five-year period (2014-2018). In total 11,012 microbiological analytical determinations were performed in food matrices (80.1%) and environmental samples (19.9%). The results obtained show a low level of non-conformities ranging from 2.2% to 6.3% of total samples, concerning both hygiene and safety parameters. A decreasing trend of non-conformities during the years was also highlighted (p-value < 0.05), especially for environmental samples. This study suggests that the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and the proper definition of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plans, combined with a thorough evaluation of microbiological monitoring, are able to ensure high levels of food safety and hygiene.

Prioritizing metal detector for finished pharmaceutical formulation: Manufacturing safe, quality product

Background: The pharmaceutical metal detector is a device to detect metal as well as non-metal contaminants of large size in the pharmaceutical dosage form. The detection of unwanted metal (contaminant) is important to produce a high quality of the dosage form. Main body: Pharmaceutical dosage forms are highly sensitive to the environment to which they are surrounded. It is challenging to keep a product in its original form throughout its shelf life. These metals find entry in the pharmaceutical formulation during various phases of manufacturing while passing through pipelines, sieves, conveyors, wires, buds, error in mixing processes, through raw materials. The Food and Drug Administration Hazard Evaluation board has given that the length of 0.3 inches to 1 inch of metal is considered unacceptable. The article highlights source of the metal contamination in pharmaceutical formulation types of detectors used, FDA standard for the metal detector, the need for a metal detector with its ideal properties, effect, hazards of ingesting metal fragments through medicines, working principle, uses, separation of metal contamination, test for the metal detector go about when metal is detected. Monitoring of system in a metal detector at the Critical control points some case studies involve reputed pharmaceutical manufacturers, which were forced to recall the batches for metal fragments detected in finished product. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical companies are bounded to produce quality safe products. One adulteration may cause recalls of products, cost loss of millions of dollar or total disruption of business as well. The selection of suitable metal detector is much needed. As the metal detector inclusively controls the contamination maintains a tough control on the quality of products.

HACCP plan for microbiological hazards associated with fermented crab,Episesarma mederiH. Milne Edwards 1853

To develop a model HACCP plan related to the microbiological hazards for the traditional fermented crab. The microbiological and chemical characteristics of commercial products were surveyed. Microbiological hazard analysis was performed for raw materials and during processing. Critical control points (CCPs) were determined using a decision tree, with CCP1 as saturated salt preparation and CCP2 as fermentation. The critical limit (CL) of CCP1 was at 100°C for 20 min applied to brining and of CCP2 was at 25% NaCl for the brine applied to fermented crab. Isolated microbial hazards and type strains were used for the validation of the CLs. Monitoring and verification of the proposed HACCP plan were carried out, and an effective HACCP plan was established. The HACCP plan promoted the safe consumption of fermented crab with the provided CCPs at the saturated salt preparation and fermentation steps. The effective CLs to ensure microbiological hazards as safe at the CCPs provide the best support for an effective plan. The hazards were reduced significantly after the HACCP plan had been applied.

Credible pigeon permissioned blockchain traceability platform integrated with IoT based on HACCP

The pigeon food production industry from breeding to processing into food for market circulation involves many stages and people, which is prone to food safety issues and difficult to regulate. To address these problems, one possible solution is to establish a traceability system. However, in traditional traceability systems, a number of stages involved and each of them provides their own data accumulated in the database. Therefore, complex traceability data are compose of too many stages easily result in confusing information for customers. Besides, centralized data storage makes data vulnerable to be tampered with. To solve these problems, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) principles have been utilized in our work which is a comprehensive traceability system. In this work, we analyze the pigeon food production industry through HACCP principles and determine some critical control points (CCPs), including incubation, breeding, transportation, slaughtering, processing, and logistics. With the help of these CCPs, we are able to build a traceability system with critical and abundant data but not too complicated for users. To further improve the system, there are different kinds of techniques integrated into it. Firstly, a permissioned blockchain, Hyperledger Fabric, is selected as blockchain module to enhance trustworthiness of data. Secondly, the system contains various IoT devices for automatically collecting environmental parameter data with the aim of reducing human interference. Besides, it is worth mentioning that the proposed information management device can decrease the data entry burden. Consequently, the implementation of the traceability system increase consumers’ confidence in pigeon food production. To summarize, it is a new application of modern agricultural information technique in food safety and a bold experiment in the field of poultry, particularly pigeons.

Monitoring of Pig Slaughter Stages and Correlation in the Prevalence of Pathogens and Levels of Microorganisms That Indicate Microbiological Quality and Hygiene Using a Predictive Model

Pig production is relevant to the Brazilian economy. Different stages of the raising and slaughtering process influence the microbiological quality of pig products and by-products. Microbiological analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs) are tools for monitoring microbiological quality indicator microorganisms. The construction of predictive models can assist the process of monitoring the microbiological quality of pig products. This study aimed to map the slaughter stages and develop a model to predict the absence or presence of Salmonella based on the process variables (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and aerobic mesophilic) and analyze their influence on contamination indicator microorganisms. A total of 810 samples were collected at nine stages of the slaughter process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, washing, evisceration, inspection, final washing, and chilling). The binary class predictive model was used as a microbiological quality predictor at the slaughter stages. Salmonella was identified at all process stages, with lower contamination levels at the scalding and chilling stages, whereas the highest levels were found at the dehairing and bleeding stages. The predictive model revealed an accuracy of about 85% for Salmonella being a tool to monitor the microbiological quality of pig slaughter.

POSTHARVEST QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans)

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) or fragrant nutmeg is an important commodity that has been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, hence its quality should be monitored. The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify Critical Control Points (CCP) in nutmeg’s postharvest handling process and prepare nutmeg HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) System and 2) provide a recommendation on GHP (Good Handling Practices) of nutmeg in order to maintain its quality in relation to food safety issue which is very important for international trade. Ripe fruits of nutmeg were collected after the fruits had reached maturity and fallen from their trees. A paranet was placed under each nutmeg tree to prevent the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground. The subsequent processes were taking out the nutmeg seeds from the fruits and separating the nutmeg seeds from the pulps and maces. After that, the nutmeg seeds underwent the drying process by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods until the moisture content of the nutmeg seeds was reduced by 10%. Subsequently, the nutmeg seeds were divided into two parts, prior to the storing process. The first part was fumigated by using phosphine (2 g/m3) for eight days and the second part was not fumigated. The sampling of nutmeg seeds was conducted at the beginning of storage and after four months of storage. The parameters observed were moisture content, percentage of damaged kernels, the population of each fungal species, and aflatoxin content. The results showed that moisture content, fungal population, aflatoxin B1, and total aflatoxin contents of nutmeg kernels having been dried by using the smoke- and oven-dried methods with and without fumigation still complied with the requirements related to food safety, although the nutmegs were stored for four months. The results of this research could also determine the Critical Control Point (CCP) in the postharvest handling process of nutmegs, i.e., 1) choosing only ripe nutmeg fruits to be harvested; 2) harvesting method by preventing the ripe nutmeg fruits from falling on the ground; 3) drying process of nutmeg seeds should be conducted immediately after separating the nutmegs from the maces by using the smoke- or oven-dried methods; and 4) nutmeg seeds were stored with the shells.

Batten down the hatches: Opportunities to protect Alaska from biological invasions through watercraft trade and traffic

Invasive species are spreading into northern latitudes and threatening food and water security. Alaska’s aquatic environments support some of the world’s most productive wild salmon fisheries. Yet, the influx of invasive species increases the strain on the ecosystems, cultures, and economies that depend on these fisheries. Especially worrisome is the potential transmission of aquatic invasive species (AIS) such as zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis), or Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) through the trade and traffic of recreational watercraft from AIS-infested regions. Since neither invasive mussels nor clams have been found in Alaska waters, there is opportunity to prevent introductions of invasive molluscs and avoid catastrophic impacts to some of the world’s last intact ecosystems. To date little data are available to guide human response to reducing the risk of transmitting freshwater AIS that affect critical natal habitat for Alaska’s salmon fisheries. This study triangulated existing data on watercraft registrations and inspections with key informant interviews to establish a first estimate of introduction rates for watercraft-related AIS. Results show that at least 129 used and motorized watercraft are estimated to enter Alaska annually from dreissenid-infested regions with an estimated 47 reaching Alaska freshwater uninspected. These watercraft are entering Alaska through both land and marine pathways. The study points toward the need for a collaborative response among state, federal, tribal, and local agencies, and watercraft owners to devise effective prevention. Response opportunities include inspections and decontaminations at critical control points, and an increased outreach and education campaign for watercraft users. Policy implications for salmon fisheries are discussed should AIS become established in Alaska. Also, the costs, and the long-term sustainability of a prevention program are discussed.

The cryopreservation process induces alterations in proteins associated with bull sperm quality: The equilibration process could be a probable critical control point.

The present study quantitatively characterized the proteomic changes in bull spermatozoa induced by the cryopreservation process. We performed high-throughput comparative global proteomic profiling of freshly ejaculated (before cryopreservation), equilibrated (refrigerated storage; during cryopreservation), and frozen (ultralow temperature; after cryopreservation) bull spermatozoa. Using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, a total of 1,692, 1,415, and 1,286 proteins were identified in fresh, equilibrated, and cryopreserved spermatozoa, respectively. When the proteome of fresh spermatozoa was compared with equilibrated spermatozoa, we found that 166 proteins were differentially expressed. When equilibrated spermatozoa were compared with cryopreserved spermatozoa, we found that 147 proteins were differentially expressed between them. Similarly, we found that 156 proteins were differentially expressed between fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa. Among these proteins, the abundance of 105 proteins was lowered during the equilibration process itself, while the abundance of 43 proteins was lowered during ultralow temperature preservation. Remarkably, the equilibration process lowered the abundance of sperm proteins involved in energy metabolism, structural integrity, and DNA repair and increased the abundance of proteins associated with proteolysis and protein degradation. The abundance of sperm proteins associated with metabolism, cGMP-PKG (cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase G) signaling, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton was also altered during the equilibration process. Collectively, the present study showed that the equilibration step in the bull sperm cryopreservation process was the critical point for sperm proteome, during which a majority of proteomic alterations in sperm occurred. These findings are valuable for developing efficient protocols to minimize protein damage and to improve the quality and fertility of cryopreserved bull spermatozoa.

Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) on The Production Process Line of Noni Juice Drink (Morinda Citrifolia L.)

Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is a preventive system to ensure food safety. This enables product protection and error correction, reduces costs due to quality defects and reduces overcontrol of the final product. Collecting data using in-depth interviews, field observations, and study of documents owned by the research object. The HACCP system is applied to the noni juice production line in UD Manjur Makmur Lumajang. this small industry is seeking marketing approval from the BPOM (Food and Drug Supervisory Agency). Therefore, in order to follow the HACCP concept and ensure the safety of the food produced, some changes are required in the production process. Determination of critical control points (CCP) has focused on activities that are considered critical to pose a hazard, critical limits at each critical control point have also been determined The main hazards found were in sorting, seal opening and pouring in a press. The application of the HACCP principle will enable more accurate control of the noni juice production process.

Isothermal inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in curd simulating the stretching phase in pasta-filata cheese process.

Raw milk and dairy products are usually considered the major sources of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) exposure for humans. During the production process of mozzarella cheese, as well as of other pasta-filata cheeses made with pasteurized or raw milk, curd is heated and stretched by addition of hot or boiling water. This step is the critical point for the inactivation of MAP during the production process, but, to our knowledge, no studies have been published about the thermal death time values of MAP in curd. The aim of this study was to determine the inactivation kinetics of MAP in curd used to produce pasta-filata cheese in six independent experiments. The milk was inoculated with a mix of MAP strains (field and registered strains) and, with the aim to simulate the thermal treatment of the curd during the stretching step, samples of 10 g of contaminated curd were vacuum packed and treated separately at six different temperatures from 60°C to 75°C in a water bath. MAP survival was then evaluated by plate count method and inactivation parameters were estimated for determining the thermal resistance of the pathogen directly in the curd. D-values increased from 0.15 min (D75-value) to 4.22 min (D60-value) and the calculated z-value was 10.2°C. These data aid: (i) to design food thermal process treatments defining acceptance limits of critical control points to ensure safety against MAP; (ii) to predict the time/temperature combinations needed to obtain a certain MAP log reduction during the curd stretching step; (iii) to optimize or validate pasta-filata cheese process.

Application of hazard analysis and critical control points concept for rural bottled drinking water production process

ABSTRACT Drinking water quality is one of the greatest factors affecting human health. The drinking water production process was investigated in 30 factories in Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand using hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) and water quality analysis. The results showed that the major hazards were pollution of the raw water source, final disinfection, personal hygiene of workers and drinking water quality. Overall, 28 samples contained total coliform bacteria, 23 samples were positive for fecal coliform bacteria and 16 samples contained Escherichia coli. These results suggested poor hygienic conditions in the water production process. To safeguard public health, more effort is required regarding a community program and strict regulation.

Microbiological contamination of commercial enteral feeding and blenderized tube feeding: A systematic review

Background: All types of enteral feeding (EF) formulations, whether blenderized tube feeding (BTF) at hospital kitchen, or commercial enteral feeding (CEF), contains nutrients. The nature of these foods (in terms of pH, nutrient contents, water activity, etc.) is so that if they become contaminated, would immediately grow pathogens inside and put the patient at the risk of infection. This systematic review aimed to investigate the microbial safety of BTF and CEF used in hospitals. Methods: Literature search was conducted in four English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, using multiple keywords, such as enteral nutrition, blenderized formulas, home enteral nutrition, enteral formula, EF, blenderized enteral formula, blended feeds, blenderized home-made food, CEF, microbial contamination, and bacterial contamination. Finally, 16 eligible studies were selected for the systematic review. Results: Out of 132 retrieved articles, 16 were selected and reviewed CEF was mostly exposed to contamination with total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, mesophilic bacteria, and Escherichia coli. In addition, contamination with gram-negative bacteria, Bacillus cereus, mold, and yeast was detected. Most BTF contamination was caused by total coliforms, mesophilic bacteria, Listeria spp., B. cereus, mold, and yeast. Conclusion: Due to the nonconformity of hygienic guidelines, the microbial safety of EF solutions in hospitals and homes are relatively low, which may lead to foodborne diseases. Therefore, a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system is essential in every hospital kitchen.

Emerging Roles of the Unique Molecular Chaperone Cosmc in the Regulation of Health and Disease.

The core-1 β1-3galactosyltransferase-specific chaperone 1 (Cosmc) is a unique molecular chaperone of core-1 β1-3galactosyltransferase(C1GALT1), which typically functions inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cosmc helps C1GALT1 to fold correctly and maintain activity. It also participates in the synthesis of the T antigen, O-glycan, together with C1GALT1. Cosmc is a multifaceted molecule with a wide range of roles and functions. It involves platelet production and the regulation of immune cell function. Besides that, the loss of function of Cosmc also facilitates the development of several diseases, such as inflammation diseases, immune-mediated diseases, and cancer. It suggests that Cosmc is a critical control point in diseases and that it should be regarded as a potential target for oncotherapy. It is essential to fully comprehend Cosmc's roles, as they may provide critical information about its involvement in disease development and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the role of Cosmc in normal development and diseases.