Critical Annotations Research Articles

Critical Annotations on Historical Documents: Methodological Possibilities for International Relations Research

This process note explicates the methodological intervention of maintaining fieldnotes on government documents and its significance for historically situated international relations (IR) research. For the most part, IR scholarship treats archival documents as the neutral preserve of the state, representing its coherent national interests. Building on discussions around critical methods within IR, I argue that there is a need to reflexively engage with the writing and curating practices of the state. This process note deploys the ethnographic hallmark of thick description within IR research through critical annotations on archival documents and other government publications on India’s eastern Himalayan borderlands between 1880 and 1965. These annotations encourage a granular reading of government documents and situate them within a larger context of their production, reception, archival memorialisation and subsequent access. I propose that critical annotations help us move beyond post-hoc analyses of foreign policy in terms of success and failure. Instead, in viewing IR theorising as ‘unfinished dictionaries of the international’, I argue that critical annotations challenge a unitary view of the state and facilitate a more nuanced analysis of foreign policymaking emphasising historical contingencies within which policies are articulated and enacted.

Using computer-supported critical annotation to improve perspective taking

Using computer-supported critical annotation to improve perspective taking

Again Awake: A White Researcher’s Iterative Positioning for Entering Black Spaces

In this blend of critical annotation and personal reflection, the author narratively frames a selection of works comprising a contextualized reading list for White researchers confronting and positioning their whiteness for the first time. Built around 21 influential texts, this personalized collection of what to read and possible directions for contemplation reflects one educator’s awakening to the crucial situating of White research in Black spaces. The texts include academic journal articles, magazine pieces, and book chapters covering topical and methodological considerations, in addition to monographs and popular press books. The narrative and annotation are interwoven, creating a mini literature review that is grounded in the author’s iterative forays into research with Black students as her own awareness of race as a power construct (Kendi, 2019) and of her whiteness are continually challenged and developed through classroom, community, and campus experiences. This iterative process is necessary and natural, but requires a zigging and zagging of racial consciousness for which semester-length course models and individual books do not automatically provide adequate guidance. The intended audience for this paper is any graduate student or professional researcher who is taking on not only the steep climb of antiracist activism out in the world, but also the internal, sincere, and cyclical self-education that comes with authentic racial awakening.

Use of Critical Annotation and Interactive Fiction for the Creation of Digital Educational Content

Interactive fiction and critical annotation are two very important activities in the field of philology teaching. The first activity aims to turn the reader into an ac-tive element in reading electronic books. For this, different gadgets and tech-niques are used that force the reader to have to make decisions in the reading process. With respect of the annotation, it is an activity that aims to enrich liter-ary texts with meta-information that allows explaining or extending the infor-mation that appears in the contents of a book. Both activities are fundamental in the training of philology students. In general, there are few specific electronic publishing tools for these activities, and those that exist have a professional ori-entation. In this article, two tools are described that have implemented the func-tionality necessary to carry out these activities but with an academic orientation. In this way, students can learn both activities in a friendly, intuitive environ-ment designed for education.

Same-Sex Spouses: More Free Movement, but What About Marriage? Coman: Case C-673/16, Coman et al. v. Inspectoratul General Pentru Imigrări, Judgement of the Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) of 5 June 2018, EU:C:2018:385

This paper provides a critical annotation of the case of Coman, where the Court of Justice clarified that the meaning of the term ‘spouse’ in Directive 2004/38 was gender-neutral, opening up the door for same-sex marriage recognition for immigration purposes all around the EU, thus destroying the hetero-normative misinterpretations of the clear language of the Directive practiced in a handful of Member States. The state of EU law after Coman is still far from perfect, however: we underline a line of important questions which remain open and which the Court will need to turn to in the near future to ensure that marriage equality in moves beyond mere proclamations in the whole territory of the Union. A more detailed analysis of the Case is provided by the authors in the pages of the Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (2020) and has also appeared, in draft, as an EUI Working Paper.

조직재편과 대표소송의 원고적격 - 대법원 2018. 11. 29. 선고 2017다35717 판결의 평석을 겸하여 -

조직재편과 대표소송의 원고적격 - 대법원 2018. 11. 29. 선고 2017다35717 판결의 평석을 겸하여 -

Ontology-Enhanced Educational Annotation Activities

Information and communications technology and technology-enhanced learning have unquestionably transformed traditional teaching–learning processes and are positioned as key factors to promote quality education, one of the basic sustainable development goals of the 2030 agenda. Document annotation, which was traditionally carried out with pencil and paper and currently benefits from digital document annotation tools, is a representative example of this transformation. Using document annotation tools, students can enrich the documents with annotations that highlight the most relevant aspects of these documents. As the conceptual complexity of the learning domain increases, the annotation of the documents may require comprehensive domain knowledge and an expert analysis capability that students usually lack. Consequently, a proliferation of irrelevant, incorrect, and/or poorly decontextualized annotations may appear, while other relevant aspects are completely ignored by the students. The main hypothesis proposed by this paper is that the use of a guiding annotation ontology in the annotation activities is a keystone aspect to alleviate these shortcomings. Consequently, comprehension is improved, exhaustive content analysis is promoted, and meta-reflective thinking is developed. To test this hypothesis, we describe our own annotation tool, @note, which fully implements this ontology-enhanced annotation paradigm, and we provide experimental evidence about how @note can improve academic performance via a pilot study concerning critical literary annotation.

Biography as Compilation: How to Encode Georg Nikolaus Nissen’s Biographie W. A. Mozart’s (1828) in TEI P5

The project of editing the early Biographie W. A. Mozart’s (1828) by Georg Nikolaus Nissen (Nissen Online) began as part of the Digital Mozart-Edition (DME) at the Mozarteum Foundation Salzburg. The aim of the edition is to reveal the structure of the text by identifying the diverse sources Nissen relied on when writing the biography. These include primary sources such as original letters and documents from the Mozart family, secondary sources such as contemporary literature about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and original text written by the author and later editors. Considering the challenges that arise when creating an edition that tries to define the different strands of a text, this paper describes how XML/TEI markup was applied to encode text passages which often do not correlate with common text structures (paragraphs, chapters); document different types of sources and their authors or editors; and integrate a detailed bibliography of the sources as well as critical annotations for each single text passage.

Knowledge Acquisition from Critical Annotations

Critical annotations are important knowledge sources when researching one’s oeuvre. They describe literary, historical, cultural, linguistic and other kinds of information written in natural languages. Acquiring knowledge from these notes is a complex task due to the limited natural language understanding capability of computerized tools. The aim of the research was to extract knowledge from existing annotations, and to develop new authoring methods to facilitate the knowledge acquisition. After structural and semantic analysis of critical annotations, authors developed a software tool that transforms existing annotations into a structured form that encodes referral and factual knowledge. Authors also propose a new method for authoring annotations based on controlled natural languages. This method ensures that annotations are semantically processable by computer programs and the authoring process remains simple for non-technical users.

Theoretical, methodological and terminological issues in researching indirect translation: A critical annotated bibliography

ABSTRACTThis is a critical annotated bibliography of publications on theoretical, methodological and terminological issues raised by the specific nature of research on indirect translation. It covers 19 bibliographic items (book chapters and journal articles). Each bibliographic entry is accompanied by a critical annotation summarizing the central theme of the selected publication and foregrounding its noteworthy contributions with regard to indirect translation theory, methodology and metalanguage. An introduction to the bibliography explains how the bibliographic items were located and selected. It also identifies key patterns that emerge from a brief bibliometric study of the publications collected thus far. An appendix to the bibliography contains an extensive listing of publications focused primarily on indirect translation, from which the bibliography was selected. It is hoped that both the bibliography and the appendix will provide a useful springboard for future research in the field.

Old Concepts — New Problems: Max Weber’s Sociology in the Light of Current Challenges

A review of the article by Thomas Schwinn and Gert Albert is an introduction to the analogous digest following the symposium held in April, 2014, in Heidelberg in honor of the 150th anniversary of Max Weber’s birthday. The representatives of a new generation of Weber-researchers are trying to present a panoramic view aimed at actualizing the ideas of the author and giving a new impulse to the study of his work. In the first part of the article, the authors trace the changes in the Weberian research tradition that occurred 50 years after the resonant Congress. The Weberian intellectual tradition at the present stage faces other challenges, the most important of which is the answer to the question whether Max Weber’s sociology has sufficient potential to be a reliable theory for diagnosing and forecasting the problems of globalization and modernization, which is apart from the awareness of how modern society has emerged and is being formed. In the second part, critical annotations of reports and publications are presented. Thus, there is an explication of the thesis about the sufficient research potential of the three-part Weberian paradigm (theory, methodology, and historical analysis) for studying both the transformational processes of the present and for forecasting the development of modernity in the future, thereby encompassing a wide spectrum of actualized Weberian sociology.

El horizonte hermenéutico y el valor etnohistórico en la anotación filológica del "Libro de los ritos" (1579) de fray Diego Durán (OP)

The following discussion offers a panorama of the hermeneutical horizon from which the philological annotation apparatus of the Libro de los ritos critical edition was created. The book, written by the Dominican friar Diego Duran in 1579, describes the religious life of the Nahua people with emphasis in the Mexicas or Aztecs of the postclassical period. Also, this work offers some considerations about the ethnohistorical value of the Libro de los ritos and explains how this idea was used as a hypothesis to create the philological annotation apparatus of the critical edition. The value of the analysis of this experience is the contribution that it offers to the discussion between philologists about the proper methodology that must be used for the critical annotation of the Indian chronicles, documents that conserve the memory of the Native American people.

How Viral Poems are Annotated

In How Viral Poems are Annotated: On ‘OCD’ by Neil Hilborn Kila van der Starre explores how, where and by whom viral poems are annotated. The article focuses on the performance of the poem ‘OCD’ by Neil Hilborn that went viral in the summer of 2013 and has been viewed more than 10 million times on YouTube. Researching online poetry performances and annotations can be seen as a new type of literary reception study in the digital age. It shows that poetry in the twenty-first century is a widespread, actively experienced and annotated, transmedia genre in what Henry Jenkins calls ‘convergence culture’ (Jenkins 2006: 2).The performance of ‘OCD’ triggered a broad array of reactions, including oral, written, creative, analytical, applauding and critical annotations. The video received more than 9,000 comments on YouTube from 130 countries and the poem was translated into at least thirteen languages. People used self-made films with actors, drawings, stop-motion techniques, footage montage and voice-overs to produce adaptations of the poem. Probably the most common annotation to the performance is a video in which a ‘cover’ performance of the poem is recorded; on stage for a live audience, in the original language or in translation, in the US, France, Germany, Servia and more.The way that Hilborn's poem is transcribed, translated, adapted, remade, remixed and analysed gives us insight into how people experience and understand poetry. Also, the ways in which online and offline annotations coincide give an alternative view on the idea that print and digital media are separate tracks that do not interact. By focusing on different types of annotations Van der Starre explores the ways in which active participants are ‘making meaning’ of the performance. The article shows how emotion, identification, translation, genre, authenticity, analysis and interpretation play a role in the way that people experience and understand the poem.

Toward a Scholarly Edition of Beckett's Critical Writings

This essay outlines the case for a new, scholarly edition of Beckett's critical writings, one that would be complete and with critical annotation. For the most part these texts (critical writings, tributes, in memoria and epigraphs) have been published in a range of places. As well as in the magazines, newspapers, books and special-issue publications in which pieces originally appeared, a number were collected in Disjecta (Calder 1983 & Grove 1984). This volume, however, is not exhaustive; it misses out a number of important texts (not least Proust) and contains some textual inaccuracies. Furthermore, Beckett's critical writings are currently not available from the UK publishers Faber and the Grove Press Centenary Edition of Beckett's works, the fourth volume of which contains a section entitled ‘Criticism’, presents only three works of criticism by Beckett (Proust, ‘Dante … Bruno . Vico . . Joyce’ and ‘Three Dialogues’). In this essay, we give a brief (and far from exhaustive) overview of the publication history of Beckett's non-fiction prose texts, before outlining some of the editorial challenges they pose. Although Beckett tended to be dismissive of these works, they form an integral part of his canon.

“Mors auxilium vitae”—Causes of death of body donors in an Austrian anatomical department

BackgroundAnatomical dissection is, despite several critical annotations, a highly valuable component of under- and postgraduate medical education and research. Our current causes-of-death statistics on our body donors is aimed to find out to which extent they are representative of the Austrian population. MethodsWe evaluated the causes of death stated in their death certificates of a total of 3399 people who donated their bodies to our department in the course of the last 25 years (1988–2013). The categorisation is based on the official ICD-10-WHO classification. ResultsOur data show a prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in about half of the donors (42%) examined; no gender difference could be revealed in cardiovascular diseases. Tumours were responsible for about 20% of deaths, lead by lung cancer; cancers showed a slight male excess. All other deaths were caused by diseases of the respiratory system, the digestive organs, the genitourinary system, the nervous system, alimentary and metabolic disorders, infections and blood diseases, psychiatric disorders, external and other causes in descending order. Compared to the official Austrian and German statistics, there are only minor deviations. ConclusionOur data clearly show that body donors, at least in our department, depict a representative sample of Austrian population in terms of their causes of death. Therefore anatomical dissection provides appropriate insight into the morbidity of the increasing major target population of medicine, the elders. Limitations in the acceptance by age, excluding either young or old donors, which appear to exist in other anatomical departments, will limit this representativeness. Being aware of these facts, the anatomical dissection course cannot only provide anatomical learning experiences but can also provide an introduction to the basics of epidemiology. Therefore, a topographical dissection course remains an indispensable method for both undergraduate and postgraduate training as well as for research.

Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini di Awal Sekolah Dasar Melalui Joyfull Learning: Catatan Kritis Terhadap Pembelajaran Menggambar Anak

One of the urgent aspects which has to be provided by adults in a child’s potency is the ability of drawing. Furthermore, the importance of drawing has a relevancy with the motoric trait development in children. Besides, drawing is able to enhance the ability of right brain as a visualization. This brain, moreover, has an essential part to strengthen all of intellectual activities. Nevertheless, it is slightly hard to expect that drawing will maximally contribute in children especially in an elementary school. Drawing which has been done in the elementary school is unfortunately accomplished without a construction concept by the teacher. This writing is a critical annotation to a drawing lessonat school, especially in early childhood education programs.

UNC Wilson MS 547 ~ “Blind Zeal or Party Enthusiasm”: A Freethought Response to Henry Sacheverell and the Stresses of 1710

This article locates the hitherto unknown manuscript poem “Blind Zeal or Party Enthusiasm” within the political context of 1710 and, in turn, examines Henry Sacheverell’s impact on Deism and Freethought in light of “Blind Zeal.” A complete text of the poem, with certain historical and critical annotations, is offered below. Finally, I offer an interpretation of the poem that may narrow our possibilities for attribution—focusing, most crucially, on the author’s construction of the poem’s speaker: an earnest and sententious individual compelled, by the violence of the religious schisms of 1709, to a fraught meditation on brotherhood. For years, John Toland and other Freethinkers had chronicled the rise of faction, and the Sacheverell Affair seemed to bring their worst nightmares to life. The poet of “Blind Zeal” draws on these very real anxieties—using a locus communis from Virgil’s Eclogues as a classical touchstone—but offers a glimmer of optimism in his valedictory invocation of Aesop, an author imitated by both the Earl of Shaftesbury and Toland.

Reply to: The Development of the Human Anorectum

Reply to: The Development of the Human Anorectum

The Digital Temple: A Preview of Features, Current and Potential

The Digital Temple is an electronic scholarly edition of George Herbert’s English verse. When complete, it will include diplomatic and modern-spelling transcriptions linked to corresponding digital images of three essential artifacts: Williams Manuscript Jones B62, Bodleian Manuscript Tanner 307, and a copy of The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations (first edition, 1633). The transcriptions are accompanied by critical annotations and glosses, and all materials – transcriptions, images, and apparatus – are presented through a customized user interface. The transcription files are marked up according to the Text Encoding Initiative P5 standard, a robust encoding protocol rendering the texts susceptible to an array of display and data search-and-retrieval operations. This essay briefly introduces the resource, its principal features and potential, and discusses some of the technical underpinnings that make it a potentially powerful research tool.

Ukrainian Futurism: Re-Appropriating the Imperial Legacy

This article surveys the research on Ukrainian Futurism that appeared just before and after Ukrainian independence (1991), and offers critical annotations of these publications. It deals with the literary as well as the visual arts, with works that appeared in Ukraine and in the West. The literature review is preceded by a short outline of Ukrainian Futurism and its fate in scholarship from the 1930s. Much of what has been written on Ukrainian Futurism has appeared in the context of more general ‘avant-garde’ and even ‘modernist’ debates. This paper respects these perspectives but foregrounds Futurism. The author shows that one of the central issues of the new research has been the delineation of a ‘Ukrainian’ movement on the basis of cultural capital that is generally still called ‘Russian’. The research discussed here highlights the multi-national character of avant-garde practices in the Russian and Soviet Empires, offers a suggestion on how imperial cultural processes should be conceptualized and questions the appropriateness of current ‘Russian’ terminology.